Ingestion, gastric fill, and gastric emptying before and after withdrawal of gastric contents

1994 ◽  
Vol 267 (5) ◽  
pp. R1257-R1265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joel M. Kaplan ◽  
William Siemers ◽  
Harvey J. Grill
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Emptying ◽  
Gastric Volume ◽  
Additional Contribution ◽  
Initial Test ◽  
Gastric Emptying Rate ◽  
Solute Content ◽  
Gastric Contents ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Food And Water Intake ◽  
Do So

The notion that satiation signals are derived from the stomach with no additional contribution of postgastric sources (J. A. Deutsch. In: Handbook of Behavioral Neuroscience. Food and Water Intake. 1990, vol. 10, p. 151–182) was evaluated in two experiments. In experiment 1, the gastric contents were withdrawn after the rat met the satiety criterion for an initial intraoral intake test (12.5% glucose delivered at 1.0 ml/min). Ten minutes later, the intraoral infusion was continued until the rat again met the satiety criterion. We found that rats reingested an amount closely corresponding to the amount withdrawn, in agreement with previous studies using spout-licking tests. Despite a lower gastric emptying rate during reingestion than during the initial test, the amount recovered from the stomach (both volume and solute content) after reingestion was significantly less (gastric volume 16% less; gastric glucose 18% less) than that withdrawn initially. In experiment 2, a portion (8 ml) of the gastric contents was removed after the end of an initial intraoral intake test and, after 10 min, rats were again given an opportunity to ingest to satiety. The procedure was repeated for a total of three withdrawals (24 ml) and three reingestion opportunities. Rats accurately replaced the amounts withdrawn such that net intake at the end of the experiment did not differ from that ingested during the initial test. In addition, the amount recovered from the stomach after the terminal test was considerably less (gastric volume 25% less; gastric glucose 29% less) than that recovered at the end of single-test control sessions. Both experiments show that gastric feedback cannot alone account for the termination of intraoral intake. The results suggest that rats defend total intake and do so via the integration of signals derived from postgastric as well as gastric sources. stomach; satiation Submitted on November 15, 1993 Accepted on May 12, 1994

Gastric emptying of milk in rat pups

1985 ◽  
Vol 248 (6) ◽  
pp. R732-R738 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. N. Lorenz
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Gastric Emptying ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Gastric Volume ◽  
Test Period ◽  
Related Effect ◽  
Gastric Emptying Rate ◽  
First Order ◽  
Rat Pups ◽  
Gastric Contents

Gastric emptying of rat's milk in rat pups was investigated using two experimental procedures. In the first experiment pups were matched for age, body weight, and gastric contents after ingesting mother's milk in the natural suckling situation. Then the pups were placed in one of three different environmental conditions for the test period. They were killed at 0, 2, or 4 h, and their gastric contents were weighed. The results revealed a very consistent gastric emptying process across ages, regardless of the presence or absence of the dam or moderate alterations in the environment. Gastric volume appeared to be the only factor affecting the rate of gastric emptying. In the second experiment gastric emptying was investigated in fasted pups after intubation with one of several volumes of rat's milk. Pups were killed at 0, 1, 2, or 4 h after gavage, and their gastric contents were weighed. The results indicate that the rate of gastric emptying is directly related to the immediate gastric volume. The emptying process is described as exponential, but the distribution of halftime values indicates the kinetics are not strictly first order. The volume-related effect on gastric emptying rate also correlated highly with the volume-related suppression of ingestion reported in a previous study. A model of gastric emptying is proposed for infant mammals.

Adaptation to high-fat diet accelerates emptying of fat but not carbohydrate test meals in humans

2002 ◽  
Vol 282 (2) ◽  
pp. R366-R371 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. E. Castiglione ◽  
N. W. Read ◽  
S. J. French
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Emptying ◽  
Dietary Intake ◽  
Test Meal ◽  
High Fat Diet ◽  
Lag Phase ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Gastric Emptying Rate ◽  
High Carbohydrate ◽  
Before And After

Previous work has shown that the gastric emptying rate in animals and humans can adapt due to previous dietary intake. The present study investigated whether adaptation in gastric emptying rate due to consumption of a high-fat diet (HFD) is nutrient specific in humans. Gastric emptying of high-fat and high-carbohydrate test meals was measured (using gamma scintigraphy) before and after consumption of an HFD for 14 days in eight free-living male volunteers. Visual analog ratings of appetite were recorded throughout each test. There was no effect of HFD on any parameters of gastric emptying rate (lag phase, half-emptying time, and linear emptying rate) measured for carbohydrate test meals. HFD led to an acceleration of the linear emptying rate of the high-fat test meal (0.36 vs. 0.47%/min; P < 0.05). All meals reduced appetite ratings, but there were no differences between tests. These results support our previous findings of accelerated gastric emptying of high-fat test meals following an HFD and show that these changes appear to be nutrient specific, confirming recent studies in rats.

Duodenogastric reflux in the dog

1982 ◽  
Vol 242 (6) ◽  
pp. G603-G607
Author(s):  
A. Sonnenberg ◽  
S. A. Muller-Lissner ◽  
G. Schattenmann ◽  
J. R. Siewert ◽  
A. L. Blum
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Emptying ◽  
Gastric Secretion ◽  
Intravenous Infusion ◽  
Duodenogastric Reflux ◽  
Gastric Volume ◽  
Gastric Digestion ◽  
Protein Meal ◽  
Gastric Emptying Rate

Duodenogastric reflux, gastric emptying, and gastric secretion were measured simultaneously by a double-marker technique after instillation of a liquid lipid meal (300 ml Intralipid) or a protein meal (300 ml Bactopeptone) in five trained mongrel dogs. A lipid meal was emptied slower and elicited less volume secretion than a protein meal. Duodenogastric reflux rate and intragastric accumulation of duodenal contents were similar with both meals. Intravenous infusion of atropine slowed gastric emptying and inhibited gastric volume secretion only in the case of protein meal. Atropine increased duodenogastric reflux rate and gastric accumulation of duodenal contents with both protein and lipid meals. The percentage of duodenal contents inside the stomach increased continuously during gastric emptying; it did not exceed 20% with both meals given alone and 40% with both meals given together with atropine. It is concluded that duodenogastric reflux and gastric accumulation of duodenal contents are common phenomena during gastric digestion of a meal. The degree of such accumulation does not depend on the type of meal. Intragastric accumulation of duodenal contents is increased when duodenogastric reflux rate is stimulated and when gastric emptying rate is inhibited simultaneously.

scholarly journals Changes in intragastric meal distribution are better predictors of gastric emptying rate in conscious pigs than are meal viscosity or dietary fibre concentration

2001 ◽  
Vol 85 (3) ◽  
pp. 343-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Guerin ◽  
Y. Ramonet ◽  
J. LeCloarec ◽  
M. C. Meunier-Salaün ◽  
P. Bourguet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Emptying ◽  
Dietary Fibre ◽  
Distal Stomach ◽  
Scintigraphic Imaging ◽  
Gastric Emptying Rate ◽  
Fibre Concentration ◽  
Fibre Diet ◽  
Gastric Contents ◽  
High Fibre ◽  
Beet Pulp

The effect of dietary fibre on the gastric emptying rate of solids is controversial. Similarly, the mechanisms by which it modulates food intake are partially unknown. Gastric emptying and proximalv.distal stomach filling were evaluated in triplicate on four conscious pigs using scintigraphic imaging. Each animal received in an isoenergetic manner a concentrate low-fibre diet enriched in starch (S) and two high-fibre diets based on sugar beet pulp (BP) or wheat bran (WB). All meals had the same viscosity before ingestion (100.0–100.5 Pa.s). Viscosity of the gastric contents was measured in four additional animals fitted with a gastric cannula. The gastric emptying rate of BP diet was significantly slower than S and WB diets (t1/278.4 (SEM 5.68), 62.8 (sem 10.01) and 111.6 (sem 10.82) min for S, WB and BP diets respectively,P<0.05). For BP diet only, rate of distal stomach filling was steady during the first 120 min after the meal whereas that of S and WB diets decreased in an exponential manner. Numerous backflow episodes from the distal into the proximal stomach were observed for BP diet that generated the larger intragastric viscosity (0.26 (sem 0.03), 0.3 (sem 0.02) and 0.52 (sem 0.002) Pa.s for S, WB and BP respectively). In conclusion, viscosity of the meal or the percentage total fibre, unlike viscosity of the gastric contents, are poor predictors for emptying. The reduced emptying rate observed with BP is associated with major changes in intragastric distribution of the meal absent with WB and S diets.

A Comparison of the Gastric Emptying Characteristics of Selected Sports Drinks

1999 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 263-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Murray ◽  
William Bartoli ◽  
John Stofan ◽  
Mary Horn ◽  
Dennis Eddy
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Gastric Emptying ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Average Power ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Gastric Volume ◽  
Double Sampling ◽  
Gastric Emptying Rate ◽  
Sports Drinks ◽  
Average Power Output

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of repeated ingestion of drinks containing varying concentrations of carbohydrate on gastric emptying rate during steady-state exercise. On five separate occasions, 14 subjects cycled for 90 min at an average power output of 151 ± 2 W. At 15-min intervals, subjects ingested 227 ± 3 ml of either water, 4% carbohydrate (CHO), 6% CHO, or 8% CHO. Gastric volume was determined prior to each drink and at 90 min using the modified double-sampling technique. Gross gastric volumes were significantly greater and mean gastric emptying rates and the percentage of ingested beverage emptied from the stomach were significantly less for 8% CHO. These data indicate that repeated ingestion of an 8% CHO beverage during exercise significantly reduces gastric emptying rate, whereas lower concentrations of carbohydrate do not. In addition, beverage osmolality is not as important as beverage energy content in influencing gastric emptying rate at these carbohydrate concentrations.

scholarly journals Gastric Emptying and Intragastric Behavior of Breast Milk and Infant Formula

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 726-726
Author(s):  
Guido Camps ◽  
Elise van Eijnatten ◽  
Glenn Van Lieshout ◽  
Tim Lambers ◽  
Paul Smeets
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Emptying ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Infant Formula ◽  
Gastric Volume ◽  
Funding Sources ◽  
Lactating Mothers ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Mri Scans ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri

Abstract Objectives This study aimed to compare gastric emptying and intragastric behavior between breast milk and infant formula in vivo using Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). Methods In this randomized crossover study lactating mothers (n = 16) underwent gastric MRI scans before and after consumption of 200 mL of infant formula or their own breast milk. MRI scans were performed after an overnight fast (baseline) and following ingestion. The primary outcomes were gastric volume and gastric layer volume over time. In addition, hunger, fullness, bloating and nausea were verbally rated at all time points on a scale from 0 to 100. Results Gastric emptying half time was 81.0 ± 21.6 min for infant formula and 75.9 ± 38.1 min for breast milk (p = 0.68). However, within a subgroup with similar initial gastric volume (&lt; 20 mL difference), breast milk emptied faster than infant formula (p = 0.017). Top layer volume was significantly greater for infant formula than for breast milk (17 ± 2.3 mL versus 10 ± 2.5 mL, p = 0.005). This effect was most pronounced during the first 20 min. Subjective ratings did not differ between the two treatments. Conclusions Breast milk emptied faster than infant formula, when taking initial gastric volume into account, and infant formula showed a significantly larger top layer volume in the first 20 min after ingestion. MRI in adults may find application in studies assessing gastric behavior of infant formula. Further elucidation of the processes underlying top layer differences between breast milk and infant formula and their implications for digestion and absorption is warranted. Funding Sources Sources of support: FrieslandCampina.

scholarly journals Effect of an abrupt switch from a milk-based to a fibre-based diet on gastric emptying rates in pigs: difference between origins of fibre

2004 ◽  
Vol 92 (6) ◽  
pp. 913-920 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gaëlle Boudry ◽  
Sylvie Guérin ◽  
Charles Henri Malbert
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Emptying ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Gastric Emptying Rate ◽  
Daily Food Intake ◽  
Daily Food ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Milk Substitute ◽  
Dietary Switch ◽  
Fibrous Diet

A characteristic dietary feature at weaning is a switch from a milk-based to plant-based diet, i.e. from a non-fibrous to a fibrous diet. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of such an abrupt dietary switch on gastric emptying rate in pigs maintained on a milk substitute after weaning. Eighteen piglets were kept on a milk substitute for 5 weeks after weaning and were then switched to wheat-based or barley-based diets or kept on the milk substitute (six piglets per group). All piglets were fasted for 1d before the switch and daily food intake was then increased linearly to reach initial values within 3d. The gastric emptying rate was measured by γ-scintigraphy before and after the switch. Corpo-antral peristalsis was also evaluated by the use of high-frequency scintigraphic frames. The gastric emptying rate of the wheat-based diet was accelerated on days 1 to 3 after the switch, but was similar to that in the milk-substitute group thereafter. This acceleration was concomitant with an enhanced frequency of corpo-antral waves on days 2 and 3. Conversely, the gastric emptying rate of the barley-based diet tended to be enhanced on day 2, but was delayed on days 4 and 5, without any change in frequency of corpo-antral waves. We conclude that a switch from a non-fibrous to a fibrous diet alters the gastric emptying rate differently depending on the type of dietary fibre.

Effect of meal volume and calorie load on postprandial gastric function and emptying: studies under physiological conditions by combined fiber-optic pressure measurement and MRI

2009 ◽  
Vol 297 (5) ◽  
pp. G894-G901 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monika A. Kwiatek ◽  
Dieter Menne ◽  
Andreas Steingoetter ◽  
Oliver Goetze ◽  
Zsofia Forras-Kaufman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Emptying ◽  
Fiber Optic ◽  
Gastric Wall ◽  
Gastric Volume ◽  
Absolute Pressure ◽  
Intragastric Pressure ◽  
Gastric Function ◽  
Gastric Emptying Rate ◽  
Postprandial Period ◽  
Physiological Conditions

This study assessed the effects of meal volume (MV) and calorie load (CL) on gastric function. MRI and a minimally invasive fiber-optic recording system (FORS) provided simultaneous measurement of gastric volume and pressure changes during gastric filling and emptying of a liquid nutrient meal in physiological conditions. The gastric response to 12 iso-osmolar MV-CL combinations of a multinutrient drink (MV: 200, 400, 600, 800 ml; CL: 200, 300, 400 kcal) was tested in 16 healthy subjects according to a factorial design. Total gastric volume (TGV) and gastric content volume (GCV = MV + secretion) were measured by MRI during nasogastric meal infusion and gastric emptying over 60 min. Intragastric pressure was assessed at 1 Hz by FORS. The dynamic change in postprandial gastric volumes was described by a validated three-component linear exponential model. The stomach expanded with MV, but the ratio of GCV:MV at t0 diminished with increasing MV ( P < 0.01). Postprandial changes in TGV followed those of GCV. Intragastric pressure increased with MV, and this effect was augmented further by CL ( P = 0.02); however, the absolute pressure rise was <4 mmHg. A further postprandial increase of gastric volumes was observed early on before any subsequent volume decrease. This “early” increase in GCV was greater for smaller than larger MV ( P < 0.01), indicating faster initial gastric emptying of larger MV. In contrast, volume change during filling and in the early postprandial period were unaffected by CL. In the later postprandial period, gastric emptying rate continued to be more rapid with high MVs ( P < 0.001); however, at any given volume, gastric emptying was slowed by higher CL ( P < 0.001). GCV half-emptying time decreased with CL at 18 ± 6 min for each additional 100-kcal load ( P < 0.001). These findings indicate that gastric wall stress (passive strain and active tone) provides the driving force for gastric emptying, but distal resistance to gastric outflow regulates further passage of nutrients. The distinct early phase of gastric emptying with relatively rapid, uncontrolled passage of nutrients into the small bowel, modulated by meal volume but not nutrient composition, ensures that the delivery of nutrients in the later postprandial period is related to the overall calorie load of the meal.

Perceptivity and Paraceptivity During Measurement of Gastric Emptying in Anorexia and Bulimia Nervosa

1989 ◽  
Vol 154 (3) ◽  
pp. 400-405 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. H. Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Anorexia Nervosa ◽  
Eating Disorder ◽  
Gastric Emptying ◽  
Visual Analogue Scale ◽  
Bulimia Nervosa ◽  
Analogue Scale ◽  
Mixed Meal ◽  
Gastric Emptying Rate ◽  
Gastric Contents

Gastric emptying of a mixed meal was measured in 22 patients with anorexia nervosa, ten with bulimia nervosa and ten controls. Ratings on a visual analogue scale (VAS) were made during the test. Patients with anorexia nervosa felt fuller and less hungry than controls, although satiety was not related to gastric emptying rate. Controls showed a correlation of about 0.6 between gastric contents and reported hunger and satiety. Patients with anorexia nervosa had significantly lower correlations between gastric contents and hunger, but normal correlations with fullness. Significant correlations were often observed between gastric contents and symptoms of eating disorder in both anorexic and bulimic groups, but not in controls.

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