Effects of prior exercise on pulmonary gas-exchange kinetics during high-intensity exercise in humans

1996 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Gerbino ◽  
S. A. Ward ◽  
B. J. Whipp
Keyword(s):  
Time Constant ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Warm Up ◽  
Prior Exercise ◽  
Co2 Output ◽  
Vo2 Kinetics ◽  
Gas Exchange Kinetics ◽  
Exercise In Humans ◽  
O2 Deficit

The effects of prior exercise on O2 uptake (VO2) kinetics during supra-lactate threshold (LT) cycling were assessed in 11 subjects. Protocols consisted of two consecutive 6-min work bouts separated by 0 W (6 min) with 1) both bouts sub-LT, 2) both bouts supra-LT, 3) bout 1 sub-LT and bout 2 supra-LT, and 4) bout 1 supra-LT and bout 2 sub-LT. Sub-LT VO2 kinetics were similar whether the prior bout was supra- or sub-LT. The VO2 kinetics for supra-LT work preceded by a sub-LT “warm-up” were similar to those for supra-LT work that was not preceded by exercise (O-W warm-up): the “partial”: O2 deficit averaged 2.64 vs. 2.57 liters, and the “effective” VO2 time constant averaged 56 vs. 65 s. Exercise responses (i.e., the change between O W and minute 6 of exercise) were unaffected for lactate concentration (4.58 vs. 4.50 meq/l), pH (-0.08 vs. -0.10), and CO2 output (VCO2; 2.65 vs. 2.49 l/min). However, when the supra-LT work was preceded by a supra-LT warm-up, VO2 kinetics were appreciably faster (O2 deficit = 1.82 liters, VO2 time constant = 37 s) relative to 0-W warm-up; the lactate (0.69 meq/l), pH (-0.01), and VCO2 (2.08 l/min) responses were smaller; and the effective VCO2 time constant was longer (58 vs. 43 s). The mechanism(s) that underlie this speeding of the VO2 kinetics cannot be firmly established, but we suggest that an improved muscle perfusion during the exercise may be involved consequent to the residual metabolic acidemia from the high-intensity warm-up.

Preconditioning Strategies to Enhance Physical Performance on the Day of Competition

2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 677-681 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liam P. Kilduff ◽  
Charlotte V. Finn ◽  
Julien S. Baker ◽  
Christian J. Cook ◽  
Daniel J. West
Keyword(s):  
Physical Performance ◽  
Short Duration ◽  
Ischemic Preconditioning ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Postactivation Potentiation ◽  
Strength And Conditioning ◽  
Warm Up ◽  
Prior Exercise ◽  
Recovery Strategies ◽  
Hormonal Priming

Sports scientists and strength and conditioning professionals spend the majority of the competition season trying to ensure that their athletes’ training and recovery strategies are appropriate to ensure optimal performance on competition day. However, there is an additional window on the day of competition where performance can be acutely enhanced with a number of preconditioning strategies. These strategies include appropriately designed warm-up, passive heat maintenance, postactivation potentiation, remote ischemic preconditioning, and, more recently, prior exercise and hormonal priming. The aim of this review was to explore the potential practical use of these strategies and propose a theoretical timeline outlining how they may be incorporated into athlete’s precompetition routine to enhance performance. For the purpose of this review the discussion is confined to strategies that may enhance performance of short-duration, high-intensity sports (eg, sprinting, jumping, throwing).

Effects of priming exercise on VO2 kinetics and O2 deficit at the onset of stepping and cycling

1989 ◽  
Vol 66 (5) ◽  
pp. 2023-2031 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. E. di Prampero ◽  
P. B. Mahler ◽  
D. Giezendanner ◽  
P. Cerretelli
Keyword(s):  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Lactate Production ◽  
Blood Lactate Concentration ◽  
Work Load ◽  
O2 Uptake ◽  
Vo2 Max ◽  
Double Exponential ◽  
Vo2 Kinetics ◽  
Male Subjects ◽  
O2 Deficit

Breath-by-breath O2 uptake (VO2) kinetics and increase of blood lactate concentration (delta Lab) were determined at the onset of square-wave stepping (S) or cycling (C) exercise on six male subjects during 1) transition from rest (R) to constant work load, 2) transition from lower to heavier work loads, wherein the baseline VO2 (VO2 s) was randomly chosen between 20 and 65% of the subjects' maximal O2 uptake (VO2 max), and 3) inverse transition from higher to lower work loads and/or to rest. VO2 differences between starting and arriving levels were 20–60% VO2 max. In C, the VO2 on-response became monotonically slower with increasing VO2 s, the half time (t1/2) increasing from approximately 22 s for VO2 s = R to approximately 63 s when VO2 s approximately equal to 50% VO2 max. In S, the fastest VO2 kinetics (t1/2 = 16 s) was attained from VO2 s = 15–30% VO2 max, the t1/2 being approximately 25 s when starting from R or from 50% VO2 max. The slower VO2 kinetics in C were associated with a much larger delta Lab. The VO2 kinetics in recovery were essentially the same in all cases and could be approximated by a double exponential with t1/2 of 21.3 +/- 6 and 93 +/- 45 s for the fast and slow components, respectively. It is concluded that the O2 deficit incurred is the sum of three terms: 1) O2 stores depletion, 2) O2 equivalent of early lactate production, and 3) O2 equivalent of phosphocreatine breakdown.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

scholarly journals High-Intensity Warm-Up Increases Anaerobic Energy Contribution during 100-m Sprint

Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 198
Author(s):  
Seung-Bo Park ◽  
Da-Sol Park ◽  
Minjun Kim ◽  
Eunseok Lee ◽  
Doowon Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Intensity ◽  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Blood Lactate Concentration ◽  
Young Male ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Warm Up ◽  
Sprint Time ◽  
Physiological Variables ◽  
And Performance

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of warm-up intensity on energetic contribution and performance during a 100-m sprint. Ten young male sprinters performed 100-m sprints following both a high-intensity warm-up (HIW) and a low-intensity warm-up (LIW). Both the HIW and LIW were included in common baseline warm-ups and interventional warm-ups (eight 60-m runs, HIW; 60 to 95%, LIW; 40% alone). Blood lactate concentration [La−], time trial, and oxygen uptake (VO2) were measured. The different energy system contribution was calculated by using physiological variables. [La−1]Max following HIW was significantly higher than in LIW (11.86 ± 2.52 vs. 9.24 ± 1.61 mmol·L−1; p < 0.01, respectively). The 100-m sprint time trial was not significantly different between HIW and LIW (11.83 ± 0.57 vs. 12.10 ± 0.63 s; p > 0.05, respectively). The relative (%) phosphagen system contribution was higher in the HIW compared to the LIW (70 vs. 61%; p < 0.01, respectively). These results indicate that an HIW increases phosphagen and glycolytic system contributions as compared to an LIW for the 100-m sprint. Furthermore, an HIW prior to short-term intense exercise has no effect on a 100-m sprint time trial; however, it tends to improve times (decreased 100-m time trial; −0.27 s in HIW vs. LIW).

Influence of work rate on ventilatory and gas exchange kinetics

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 547-555 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Casaburi ◽  
T. J. Barstow ◽  
T. Robinson ◽  
K. Wasserman
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Lactic Acidosis ◽  
Blood Lactate ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Cycle Ergometer ◽  
Work Rate ◽  
Co2 Output ◽  
Vo2 Kinetics ◽  
Exchange Kinetics ◽  
Gas Exchange Kinetics

A linear system has the property that the kinetics of response do not depend on the stimulus amplitude. We sought to determine whether the responses of O2 uptake (VO2), CO2 output (VCO2), and ventilation (VE) in the transition between loadless pedaling and higher work rates are linear in this respect. Four healthy subjects performed a total of 158 cycle ergometer tests in which 10 min of exercise followed unloaded pedaling. Each subject performed three to nine tests at each of seven work rates, spaced evenly below the maximum the subject could sustain. VO2, VCO2, and VE were measured breath by breath, and studies at the same work rate were time aligned and averaged. Computerized nonlinear regression techniques were used to fit a single exponential and two more complex expressions to each response time course. End-exercise blood lactate was determined at each work rate. Both VE and VO2 kinetics were markedly slower at work rates associated with sustained blood lactate elevations. A tendency was also detected for VO2 (but not VE) kinetics to be slower as work rate increased for exercise intensities not associated with lactic acidosis (P less than 0.01). VO2 kinetics at high work rates were well characterized by the addition of a slower exponential component to the faster component, which was seen at lower work rates. In contrast, VCO2 kinetics did not slow at the higher exercise intensities; this may be the result of the coincident influence of several sources of CO2 related to lactic acidosis. These findings provide guidance for interpretation of ventilatory and gas exchange kinetics.

Reduced norepinephrine response to dynamic exercise in human subjects during O2 breathing

1981 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 176-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Hesse ◽  
I. L. Kanstrup ◽  
N. J. Christensen ◽  
T. Ingemann-Hansen ◽  
J. F. Hansen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Subjects ◽  
Nervous Activity ◽  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Dynamic Exercise ◽  
Sympathetic Nervous Activity ◽  
Plasma Norepinephrine ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Co2 Output ◽  
Plasma Lactate Concentration ◽  
Exercise In Humans

The purpose of this investigation was to study the influence of hyperoxia on catecholamine response to dynamic exercise. While breathing either 21 or 100% O2 seven subjects performed submaximal bicycle exercise. Arterial blood pressure was similar in both exercise experiments. The CO2 output was not influenced by 100% O2 breathing, but increments in plasma lactate concentration were reduced. The increases in plasma norepinephrine and epinephrine concentrations and heart rate were significantly lower during 100% O2 than during 21% O2 breathing. The results suggest that O2 plays an important role in the regulation of sympathetic nervous activity during dynamic exercise in humans.

scholarly journals Effects of prior exercise on oxygen uptake and phosphocreatine kinetics during high‐intensity knee‐extension exercise in humans

2001 ◽  
Vol 537 (1) ◽  
pp. 291-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. B. Rossiter ◽  
S. A. Ward ◽  
J. M. Kowalchuk ◽  
F. A. Howe ◽  
J. R. Griffiths ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Knee Extension ◽  
Prior Exercise ◽  
Knee Extension Exercise ◽  
Exercise In Humans

Frequency domain analysis of ventilation and gas exchange kinetics in hypoxic exercise

1991 ◽  
Vol 71 (6) ◽  
pp. 2394-2401 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. C. Xing ◽  
J. E. Cochrane ◽  
Y. Yamamoto ◽  
R. L. Hughson
Keyword(s):  
Frequency Domain ◽  
Binary Sequence ◽  
Domain Analysis ◽  
Exponential Model ◽  
Frequency Domain Analysis ◽  
Pseudorandom Binary Sequence ◽  
Warm Up ◽  
Co2 Output ◽  
Gas Exchange Kinetics ◽  
Kinetics Of

The kinetics of O2 up-take (VO2), CO2 output (VCO2), ventilation (VE), and heart rate (HR) were studied during exercise in normoxia and hypoxia [inspired O2 fraction (FIO2) 0.14]. Eight male subjects each completed 6 on- and off-step transitions in work rate (WR) from low (25 W) to moderate (100–125 W) levels and a pseudorandom binary sequence (PRBS) exercise test in which WR was varied between the same WRs. Breath-by-breath data were linearly interpolated to yield 1-s values. After the first PRBS cycle had been omitted as a warm-up, five cycles were ensemble-averaged before frequency domain analysis by standard Fourier methods. The step data were fit by a two-component (three for HR) exponential model to estimate kinetic parameters. In the steady state of low and moderate WRs, each value of VO2, VCO2, VE, and HR was significantly greater during hypoxic than normoxic exercise (P less than 0.05) with the exception of VCO2 (low WR). Hypoxia slowed the kinetics of VO2 and HR in on- and off-step transitions and speeded up the kinetics of VCO2 and VE in the on-transition and of VE in the off-transition. Frequency domain analysis confined to the range of 0.003–0.019 Hz for the PRBS tests indicated reductions in amplitude and greater phase shifts in the hypoxic tests for VO2 and HR at specific frequencies, whereas amplitude tended to be greater with little change in phase shift for VCO2 and VE during hypoxic tests.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

High-Intensity Warm-Ups: Effects During Subsequent Intermittent Exercise

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 498-503 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Zois ◽  
David Bishop ◽  
Rob Aughey
Keyword(s):  
High Intensity ◽  
Intermittent Exercise ◽  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Team Sports ◽  
Blood Lactate Concentration ◽  
Team Sport ◽  
Warm Up ◽  
Reactive Agility ◽  
Intermittent Activity ◽  
Small Improvement

High-intensity, short-duration warm-up techniques improve acute physical performance, but sparse research has examined their consequence when followed by intermittent activity, which is pertinent to team sports. The authors compared a 5-repetition-maximum (5RM) leg-press, a small-sided game (SSG), and a current team-sport warm-up in 10 semiprofessional soccer players after 2 intermittent-activity protocols consisting of 15 repetitions of a 60-s circuit that included sprinting, slalom, walking, jogging, decelerations, changes of direction, backward running, and striding activities. There was a large improvement in countermovement-jump height in the 5RM after the 1st intermittent-activity protocol (mean, ±90% CL 6.0, ±4.0%, P = .03) and a small improvement after the 2nd (4.6, ±4.0%, P = .04) compared with team sport. Reactive agility was moderately faster via 5RM after the 1st intermittent-activity protocol (3.1, ±2.6%: P = .04) and the 2nd (5.7, ±2.7%, P = .001) than via SSG. There was a small improvement in reactive agility after the 1st intermittent-activity protocol in the 5RM, compared with team sport (3.3, ±2.9%, P = .04). There was a small improvement in mean 20-m-sprint times after both intermittent-activity protocols in the 5RM, compared with SSG (4.2, ±2.0%, P = .01, and 4.3, ±2.0%, P = .01) and, after the 1st intermittent-activity protocol only, compared with team sport (4.2, ±2.1%, P = 0.02). Small increases in blood lactate concentration were observed (46.7, ±18.6%, P = .01) in the 5RM compared with the SSG after the 2nd intermittent-activity protocol. Improved performances after the 5RM warm-up should encourage practitioners to reduce activity time and include high-intensity tasks in team-sport warmups aimed at inducing a potentiating effect.

Oxygen effect on O2 deficit and VO2 kinetics during exercise in obstructive pulmonary disease

1995 ◽  
Vol 78 (6) ◽  
pp. 2228-2234 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Palange ◽  
P. Galassetti ◽  
E. T. Mannix ◽  
M. O. Farber ◽  
F. Manfredi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Respiratory Exchange Ratio ◽  
Exercise Heart Rate ◽  
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Co2 Output ◽  
Copd Patients ◽  
Ergometer Exercise ◽  
Vo2 Kinetics ◽  
O2 Deficit

We evaluated the effect of supplemental O2 on energy metabolism of hypoxemic humans by measuring O2 uptake (VO2) kinetics and other cardiorespiratory parameters in nine male chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients and seven age-matched control subjects (on air and on 30% O2) at rest and during moderate cycle ergometer exercise. Heart rate, ventilation, VO2, CO2 output, respiratory exchange ratio, O2 cost of work, and work efficiency were measured with a computerized metabolic cart; O2 deficit and VO2 time courses were calculated. In COPD patients, 30% O2 breathing resulted in 1) reduction of O2 deficit (from 488 +/- 34 ml in air to 398 +/- 27 ml in O2; P < 0.05) and phase 2 VO2 time constant (from 116 +/- 13 s in air to 74 +/- 12 s in O2; P < 0.05); 2) a smaller steady-state increment in CO2 output than in room air (315 +/- 17 ml/min in O2 vs. 358 +/- 27 ml/min in air; P < 0.02), which resulted in a lower exercise respiratory exchange ratio (0.75 +/- 0.02 in O2 vs. 0.80 +/- 0.02 in air; P < 0.02); and 3) reduced steady-state ventilation (22.6 +/- 1.0 l/min in O2 vs. 25.4 +/- 1.1 l/min in air; P < 0.05). In conclusion, 30% O2 breathing accelerated exercise VO2 kinetics in mildly hypoxemic COPD patients. The observed VO2 kinetics improvement with O2 supplementation is consistent with an enhancement of aerobic metabolism in skeletal muscles during moderate exercise.

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