Thermal balance in infants

1996 ◽  
Vol 80 (6) ◽  
pp. 2234-2242 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. P. Bolton ◽  
E. A. Nelson ◽  
B. J. Taylor ◽  
I. L. Weatherall
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Body Surface ◽  
Heat Balance ◽  
Heat Losses ◽  
Thermal Balance ◽  
The Body ◽  
Death Scene ◽  
Metabolic Heat ◽  
Iterative Calculation ◽  
Skin Temperatures

A theoretical model of heat balance is presented that could clarify the matching of babies' wrapping with their environments. Best estimates of metabolic heat input and heat loss by all known routes are defined for 22 parts of the body surface. The variation of these with core temperature, posture, skin vasodilatation, and the onset of sweating are calculated: first, by using presumed skin temperatures and second, by following iterative calculation of the skin temperature and the consequent total heat losses. Calculation of the highest tolerable ambient temperature (HTAT) for a given set of clothes, underbedding, and covers shows that a well-wrapped baby lying face down could have an HTAT 10 degrees C lower than if he/she were lying supine. Representative values for highest and lowest tolerable temperatures (defined in text) are presented for the first 6 mo of life. Retrospective estimation of thermal balance from death-scene data on clothing and bedding can permit assessment of hyperthermia or hypothermia as a contributing cause of death. Recommendations are made on the avoidance of hyperthermia.

„Die letzte Visite“: Leichenschau im Notarztdienst

2020 ◽  
Vol 145 (05) ◽  
pp. 327-335
Author(s):  
Benjamin Ondruschka ◽  
Claas Buschmann
Keyword(s):  
Body Surface ◽  
The Body ◽  
Rigor Mortis ◽  
Manner Of Death ◽  
Death Scene ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Unconscious Patients ◽  
Death Cases ◽  
Emergency Doctors

AbstractThe declaration and investigation of death cases is a non-delegable task of medical doctors and should be mastered in the same quality as all examinations on living patients. A person is death when at least one sign of death is established (livores mortis, rigor mortis, putrefaction, injuries incompatible with life, brain death). In all other cases of unconscious patients a sufficient cardiopulmonary resuscitation should be started.If the person is declared death, an external post mortem examination has to be realized as soon as possible. Emergency doctors should be informed about the regional juridical features. The investigation of the death scene scenario, potentially known pre-existing disorders of the patients as well as medical records should be added to the findings of the body surface to conclude the most plausible cause and manner of death of the corpse. Doctors must be alarmed, when petechial bleedings are established at the face or the conjunctives, raising the suspicion of strangling forces to the neck.Internal causes of death are often invisible from the body surface, resulting in difficulties to declare the cause of death of the individual by external’s only. Injuries are most often visible and could be a hint of a crime scene scenario or external harm.

Temperature Regulation and Heat Balance in Flying White-necked Ravens, Corvus Cryptoleucus

1981 ◽  
Vol 90 (1) ◽  
pp. 267-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
DENNIS M. HUDSON ◽  
MARVIN H. BERNSTEIN
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Wind Tunnel ◽  
Body Surface ◽  
Heat Balance ◽  
Metabolic Heat ◽  
Steady State Levels ◽  
Cutaneous Evaporation ◽  
Body Heat ◽  
Respiratory Evaporation

During level flight at 10 m.s−1 in a wind tunnel, white-necked ravens (Corvus cryptoleucus, mass 0·48 kg) exhibited an increase in body temperature to steady-state levels as high as 45°C, exceeding resting levels by nearly 3°C. This reflects the storage of up to half of the metabolic heat produced (Hp) during 5 min of flight. During steady-state flight, body heat was dissipated in part by respiratory evaporation and convection (13–40% of Hp) evoked by increases in ventilation proportional to body temperature. Remaining heat was lost by cutaneous evaporation (10% of Hp) as well as by radiation and convection from the external body surface. The results suggest strategies that might be used by ravens during flight under desert conditions.

Role of the sweating from the tail in the thermal balance of the rat-kangaroo Potorous tridactylus

1975 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 453 ◽  
Author(s):  
JW Hudson ◽  
TJ Dawson
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Heat Balance ◽  
Heat Load ◽  
Thermal Balance ◽  
The Body ◽  
Thermoregulatory Response ◽  
Thermoregulatory Responses ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Potorous Tridactylus

Among the marsupials the thermoregulatory response of sweating is uncommon and has only been described in the larger macropodids. Sweating in kangaroos is very unusual in that it only occurs in response to an exercise heat load. The thermoregulatory responses of a smaller, more generalized rat-kangaroo Potorous tridactylus were therefore examined to obtain a more general appreciation of sweating in macropodids. The pattern of heat balance at low and neutral temperatures was characteristic of that previously found for macropodids; body temperature was 35.9 � 0.52 (mean � se). Standard metabolism was only slightly higher than the predicted level for marsupials and minimal conductance was low, c. 1.3 W m-2 per degree Celsius. At moderate air temperatures heat was primarily lost by vasodilation and panting. The thermoregulatory responses at high air temperatures (near or above body temperature) also included copious sweating from the tail, but not from the body generally. Sweating rates of 600-650 g water per m2 per hour were obtained; these are about twice the generally reported rates for eutherians such as cows and horses.

Heat Balance and Distribution during the Core-Temperature Plateau in Anesthetized Humans

1995 ◽  
Vol 83 (3) ◽  
pp. 491-499. ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Kurz ◽  
Daniel I. Sessler ◽  
Richard Christensen ◽  
Martha Dechert
Keyword(s):  
Heat Loss ◽  
Core Temperature ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Heat Balance ◽  
Thermal Flux ◽  
The Body ◽  
Metabolic Heat Production ◽  
The Core ◽  
Metabolic Heat ◽  
Temperature Plateau

Background Once triggered, intraoperative thermoregulatory vasoconstriction is remarkably effective in preventing further hypothermia. Protection results from both vasoconstriction-induced decrease in cutaneous heat loss and altered distribution of body heat. However, the independent contributions of each mechanism have not been quantified. Accordingly, we evaluated overall heat balance and distribution of heat within the body during the core-temperature plateau. Methods Nine minimally clothed male volunteers were anesthetized with propofol and isoflurane and maintained in an approximately 22 degrees C environment. They were monitored for approximately 2 h before vasoconstriction and for 3 h subsequently. Overall heat balance was determined from the difference between cutaneous heat loss (thermal flux transducers) and metabolic heat production (oxygen consumption). Arm and leg tissue heat contents were determined from 19 intramuscular temperatures, ten skin temperatures, and "deep" foot temperature. Heat constrained by vasoconstriction to the trunk and head was calculated by subtracting the expected change in that region (overall heat balance multiplied by the fractional weight of the trunk and head) from the actual change (change in distal esophageal temperature multiplied by the specific heat of human tissue and the weight of the trunk and head); the result represents the amount by which core heat exceeded that which would be expected based on overall heat balance, assuming that the change was evenly distributed throughout the body. Results Vasoconstriction and passive tissue cooling decreased heat loss but not to the level of heat production. Consequently, heat loss exceeded metabolic heat production throughout the study. Core temperature decreased approximately 1.3 C during the 2-h prevasoconstriction period; however, core temperature remained virtually constant during the subsequent 3 h. In the 3 h after vasoconstriction, arm and leg heat content decreased 57 +/- 9 kcal, and vasoconstriction constrained 22 +/- 8 kcal to the trunk and head. Conclusions These results confirm the efficacy of thermo-regulatory vasoconstriction in preventing additional core hypothermia. Decreased cutaneous heat loss and constraint of metabolic heat to the core thermal compartment contributed to the plateau.

scholarly journals Variations in the body surface temperature of sows during the post weaning period and its relation to subsequent reproductive performance

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (7) ◽  
pp. 1138-1147
Author(s):  
Ruey-Chee Weng
Keyword(s):  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Body Surface ◽  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
The Body ◽  
Infrared Thermometer ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Lactation Length ◽  
Body Surface Temperature ◽  
Skin Temperatures

Objective: A study was made investigate factors affecting body surface temperature changes after weaning in sows, whether these can be used to aid detection of natural estrus and how they relate to subsequent reproductive performance.Methods: A total of 132 sows were selected during summer from a breeding farm, with mean parity of 3.6±2.3 and 28.5±0.9 days lactation length. Four daily measurements (6:00, 8:00, 16:00, and 18:00) of vulva (VST), udder (UST), ear base and central back skin temperatures for individual sows were taken by an infrared thermometer, continuing up to 8 days post weaning.Results: The VST obtained from sows showing estrus at 4 days post-weaning (4DPW), 5DPW, and 6DPW showed a peak at the fourth day post-weaning, but then started to decrease. The VST of sows not detected in standing heat (NDPW) remained at a lower level during the experiment, but UST was increased soon after weaning. The VST-UST temperature differences during daytime of sows that were showing behavioural standing heat on 4DPW, 5DPW, 6DPW, and 7DPW were 0.46°C±0.123°C, 0.71°C±0.124°C, 0.66°C ±0.171°C, and 0.58°C±0.223°C, respectively. The NDPW sows had the highest UST observed, but also the lowest VST so that a more negative value of temperature difference (–0.31°C) was seen during first few days post-weaning. A total of 119 sows were observed to show standing heat and were bred. The later the estrus, the smaller the litter size (p = 0.005).Conclusion: Sows which did not show behavior indicative of stable standing heat after weaning had a VST which remained at a lower level, but the UST increased soon after weaning. Therefore, for sow heat detection under field conditions, the changes of VST and UST and difference between the two should be considered together to increase the accuracy of detection.

The Role of Computer Modeling in Electrocardiography

1990 ◽  
Vol 29 (04) ◽  
pp. 282-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. van Oosterom
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Activity ◽  
Computer Modeling ◽  
Body Surface ◽  
Electrical Current ◽  
The Body ◽  
Volume Conductor ◽  
Current Generator ◽  
Cardiac Electrical Activity ◽  
Source Models

AbstractThis paper introduces some levels at which the computer has been incorporated in the research into the basis of electrocardiography. The emphasis lies on the modeling of the heart as an electrical current generator and of the properties of the body as a volume conductor, both playing a major role in the shaping of the electrocardiographic waveforms recorded at the body surface. It is claimed that the Forward-Problem of electrocardiography is no longer a problem. Several source models of cardiac electrical activity are considered, one of which can be directly interpreted in terms of the underlying electrophysiology (the depolarization sequence of the ventricles). The importance of using tailored rather than textbook geometry in inverse procedures is stressed.

The use of Body Surface Index as a Better Clinical Health indicators Compare to Body Mass Index and Body Surface Area for Clinical Application

2018 ◽  
pp. 131-136
Author(s):  
Shirazu I. ◽  
Theophilus. A. Sackey ◽  
Elvis K. Tiburu ◽  
Mensah Y. B. ◽  
Forson A.
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Body Surface Area ◽  
Clinical Application ◽  
Body Surface ◽  
Body Height ◽  
Health Indicators ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Parameters ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Individual Body

The relationship between body height and body weight has been described by using various terms. Notable among them is the body mass index, body surface area, body shape index and body surface index. In clinical setting the first descriptive parameter is the BMI scale, which provides information about whether an individual body weight is proportionate to the body height. Since the development of BMI, two other body parameters have been developed in an attempt to determine the relationship between body height and weight. These are the body surface area (BSA) and body surface index (BSI). Generally, these body parameters are described as clinical health indicators that described how healthy an individual body response to the other internal organs. The aim of the study is to discuss the use of BSI as a better clinical health indicator for preclinical assessment of body-organ/tissue relationship. Hence organ health condition as against other body composition. In addition the study is `also to determine the best body parameter the best predict other parameters for clinical application. The model parameters are presented as; modeled height and weight; modelled BSI and BSA, BSI and BMI and modeled BSA and BMI. The models are presented as clinical application software for comfortable working process and designed as GUI and CAD for use in clinical application.

Mannose-binding C-type lectins as defense molecules on the body surface of the sea urchin Pseudocentrotus depressus

2021 ◽  
Vol 116 ◽  
pp. 103915
Author(s):  
Chihiro Iiyama ◽  
Fuyu Yoneda ◽  
Masaya Tsutsumi ◽  
Shigeyuki Tsutsui ◽  
Osamu Nakamura
Keyword(s):  
Sea Urchin ◽  
Body Surface ◽  
The Body ◽  
Mannose Binding ◽  
Defense Molecules

Development and Validation of a New Scoring Tool to Evaluate the Clinical Evolution of Adult Patients with Nonsegmental Vitiligo

Dermatology ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
María Luisa Peralta-Pedrero ◽  
Denisse Herrera-Bringas ◽  
Karla Samantha Torres-González ◽  
Martha Alejandra Morales-Sánchez ◽  
Fermín Jurado Santa-Cruz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Surface ◽  
Task Force ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Response To Treatment ◽  
Similar Response ◽  
Clinical Evolution ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Patient Reported ◽  
Extreme Groups

<b><i>Background:</i></b> Vitiligo has an unpredictable course and a variable response to treatment. Furthermore, the improvement of some vitiligo lesions cannot be considered a guarantee of a similar response to the other lesions. Instruments for patient-reported outcome measures (PROM) can be an alternative to measure complex constructions such as clinical evolution. <b><i>Objective:</i></b> The aim of this study was to validate a PROM that allows to measure the clinical evolution of patients with nonsegmental vitiligo in a simple but standardized way that serves to gather information for a better understanding of the disease. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> The instrument was created through expert consensus and patient participation. For the validation study, a prospective cohort design was performed. The body surface area affected was measured with the Vitiligo Extension Score (VES), the extension, the stage, and the spread by the evaluation of the Vitiligo European Task Force assessment (VETFa). Reliability was determined with test-retest, construct validity through hypothesis testing, discriminative capacity with extreme groups, and response capacity by comparing initial and final measurements. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Eighteen semi-structured interviews and 7 cognitive interviews were conducted, and 4 dermatologists were consulted. The instrument Clinical Evolution-Vitiligo (CV-6) was answered by 119 patients with a minimum of primary schooling. A wide range was observed in the affected body surface; incident and prevalent cases were included. The average time to answer the CV-6 was 3.08 ± 0.58 min. In the test-retest (<i>n</i> = 53), an intraclass correlation coefficient was obtained: 0.896 (95% CI 0.82–0.94; <i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.001). In extreme groups, the mean score was 2 (2–3) and 5 (4–6); <i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.001. The initial CV-6 score was different from the final one and the change was verified with VES and VETFa (<i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.05, <i>n</i> = 92). <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> The CV-6 instrument allows patient collaboration, it is simple and brief, and it makes it easier for the doctor to focus attention on injuries that present changes at the time of medical consultation.

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