scholarly journals Positive net movements of amino acids in the hindlimb after overnight food deprivation contribute to sustaining the elevated anabolism of neonatal pigs

2008 ◽  
Vol 105 (6) ◽  
pp. 1959-1966 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Carole Thivierge ◽  
Jill A. Bush ◽  
Agus Suryawan ◽  
Hanh V. Nguyen ◽  
Renan A. Orellana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Protein Breakdown ◽  
Breakdown Rate ◽  
Neonatal Pigs ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Overnight Fasting ◽  
Elevated Rate ◽  
Nonessential Amino Acids ◽  
The Relationship

During the neonatal period, high protein breakdown rate is a metabolic process inherent to elevated rates of protein accretion in skeletal muscle. To determine the relationship between hindlimb net movements of essential and nonessential amino acids in the regulation of hindlimb protein breakdown during an overnight fasting-feeding cycle, we infused overnight-food-deprived 10- and 28-day-old piglets with [1-13C]phenylalanine and [ ring-2H4]tyrosine over 7 h (during 3 h of fasting and then during 4 h of feeding). Extraction rates for aspartate and glutamate after an overnight fast were 15% and 51% in the 10-day-old compared with 6% and 25% in the 28-day-old ( P < 0.05) piglets, suggesting an altered requirement for precursors of amino acids to shuttle nitrogen to the liver as early life progresses. This occurred simultaneously with marginal positive hindlimb net balance of essential amino acids after an overnight fast, with negative net release of many nonessential amino acids, such as alanine, asparagine, glutamine, glycine, and proline. This suggests that newborn muscle does not undergo significant protein mobilization after a short period of fasting in support of an elevated rate of protein accretion. Furthermore, tyrosine efflux from hindlimb breakdown between overnight fasting and feeding periods was not different in the 10-day-old piglets, for which tyrosine was limiting, but when tyrosine supply balanced requirements in the 28-day-old piglet, hindlimb efflux was increased ( P = 0.01). The results of the present study indicate that proteolysis and net movements of amino acids are coordinated mechanisms that sustain the elevated rate of net protein accretion during overnight feeding-fasting cycles in the neonate.

The screening and preliminary construction of quality mutant population for cultivar “Nipponbare” in japonica rice (Oryza sativa)

Biologia ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 67 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Da Zhang ◽  
Jian Wu ◽  
Guan Li ◽  
Chun Shi
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Oryza Sativa ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Mutation Frequency ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Japonica Rice ◽  
Near Infrared Reflectance ◽  
Mutant Population ◽  
Nonessential Amino Acids

AbstractProgenies of Oryza sativa cv. Nipponbare induced with 0.4% ethyl methane sulphonate (EMS) were screened for quality mutants and the preliminary quality mutant population was constructed in present experiment. A total of 2210 materials were first screened using near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) from which 208 quality mutants were obtained for a second screening and then yielded 73 quality mutants including amylase content (AC), gel consistency (GC), gelatinization temperature (GT), protein content (PC), rapid viscosity analysis (RVA) parameters and amino acid contents. The screening yielded 11 PC mutants with a mutation frequency of 4.98‰, followed by 7 rice floury viscosity mutants (3.17‰), 5 AC mutants (2.26‰), 4 chalky mutants, GT and GC mutants (1.81‰), and 2 ASV mutants (0.9‰). The relative contents of 17 kinds of amino acid mutations, including 7 kinds for essential amino acids and 10 kinds for nonessential amino acids were identified. With the variation of 10% as the screening standard, mutants were obtained for lysine and leucine at 0.45‰ and for valine at 4.98‰, but no mutants were found for isoleucine, phenylalanine, threonine. For nonessential amino acids, mutants of glutamic (0.45‰), arginine (3.62‰), alanine (3.17‰), serine (0.45‰), glycine (0.45‰), tyrosine (1.81‰), proline (2.71‰), and histidine (0.45‰) were obtained, but none was found for aspartic, phenylalanine nor threonine. At 100% as the screening standard for methionine and cysteines, the mutation frequency of these two amino acid mutants were 0.9‰ and 4.98‰ respectively. Quality mutants in this preliminary library of rice could play important role in gene function and breeding of rice quality.

scholarly journals The Wuhan Pneumonia Outbreak: High Isoleucine and High Valine Plus Glycine Contents Are Features of the Proteins of 2019-nCoV Virus

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sirui Yan ◽  
Yulin Wan ◽  
Ying Zhang ◽  
Shanshan An ◽  
Kaiqiao Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Open Reading Frame ◽  
Cell Swelling ◽  
Reading Frame ◽  
Short Period

The current pneumonia epidemic in China could evolve into a pandemic on a global scale if not effectively contained. The 2019-nCoV possesses a 61-amino acid open reading frame resembling SARS-CoV virulence factor - ORF6 peptide. The isoleucine content is 15.9% in ORF6 of SARS-CoV versus 16.4% of that in 2019-nCoV. Given the proton affinity in the carbonyl oxygen in isoleucine, augmented proton traffic can enhance proton-ion antiport and prompt cell swelling. As the content of essential amino acids in the open reading frame of 2019-nCoV reaches 57.4%, a starch/vitamin diet served for short period of time does not give rise to essential amino acids and halts virion production, which could be adopted as prophylactic approach of many viral infections. Plant-based diet or fasting/boiled rice water can also minimize the intake of essential amino acids or all amino acids respectively. Calorie restriction has been confirmed in animal studies to extend lifespan, and its underlying mechanism is not fully known. Furthermore, several proteins of 2019-nCoV possess high valine plus glycine content, which is implicated in heart disease.

scholarly journals Response of adult rats to deficiencies of different essential amino acids

1974 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. K. Said ◽  
D. M. Hegsted ◽  
K. C. Hayes
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
The Body ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Fatty Livers

1. Adult rats were fed on diets free of either lysine, methionine, threonine or protein. The threonine- and protein-deficient animals lost weight at approximately the same rate, about 100 g in 14 weeks, at which time several were moribund. In contrast, lysine-deficient animals lost only about 30 g in 14 weeks and had lost only 46 g after 22 weeks, when they were killed. Methionine-deficient animals showed an intermediate response. Losses in weight of several tissues – kidney, heart and two muscles – were related to, but not necessarily proportional to, the loss of body-weight. Liver weights relative to body-weights were large in lysine- and threonine-deficient animals and smallest in methionine-deficient animals.2. Adult rats were fed on diets containing zero, a moderate amount (about twice the estimated minimal requirement) or an excess (about four times the estimated requirement) of lysine or threonine in all combinations (3 × 3 design). Analysis of variance of the body-weights, tissue weights and tissue nitrogen contents indicated, in general, a significant effect of each amino acid, as expected, but also, in most instances, a significant interaction. Plasma concentrations of lysine and threonine were affected by the intakes of the respective amino acids, but plasma lysine concentrations were also affected by the threonine intake.3. Liver histology also suggested significant interactions between the two amino acids. Animals given no lysine but moderate amounts of threonine developed severely fatty livers; next most severely affected were animals receiving excess of both amino acids. Threonine deficiency, in the presence or absence of lysine, produced moderately fatty livers similar to those seen in protein-deficient animals.4. Since animals have varying ability to conserve body nitrogen when they are fed on diets limiting in different essential amino acids, measurements of biological value (BV) and net protein utilization by conventional methods, over a short period of time, over-estimate nutritive value relative to amino acid score and probably over-estimate the true nutritive value of poor-quality proteins, particularly those limiting in lysine. If so, this is a serious error, since it leads to underestimates of the protein requirements if BV is used. The fact that certain tissues, particularly the liver, do not necessarily lose nitrogen in proportion to total body nitrogen and may show specific pathological effects depending on the limiting amino acid or the proportions of amino acids in the diet also indicates that general measures of nitrogen economy may not be sufficiently discriminating tests of the nutritive value of proteins.

scholarly journals Determination of steady-state protein breakdown rate in vivo by the disappearance of protein-bound tracer-labeled amino acids: a method applicable in humans

2013 ◽  
Vol 304 (8) ◽  
pp. E895-E907 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lars Holm ◽  
Bruce O'Rourke ◽  
David Ebenstein ◽  
Michael J. Toth ◽  
Rasmus Bechshoeft ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Exponential Decay ◽  
Turnover Rate ◽  
Deuterium Oxide ◽  
Protein Breakdown ◽  
Breakdown Rate

A method to determine the rate of protein breakdown in individual proteins was developed and tested in rats and confirmed in humans, using administration of deuterium oxide and incorporation of the deuterium into alanine that was subsequently incorporated into body proteins. Measurement of the fractional breakdown rate of proteins was determined from the rate of disappearance of deuterated alanine from the proteins. The rate of disappearance of deuterated alanine from the proteins was calculated using an exponential decay, giving the fractional breakdown rate (FBR) of the proteins. The applicability of this protein-specific FBR approach is suitable for human in vivo experimentation. The labeling period of deuterium oxide administration is dependent on the turnover rate of the protein of interest.

The Wuhan Pneumonia outbreak: 2019-nCoV virus possesses an open reading frame similar to SARS-CoV ORF6 protein

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sirui Yan ◽  
Yulin Wan ◽  
Ying Zhang ◽  
Shanshan An ◽  
YANG Kai-qiao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Carbonyl Oxygen ◽  
Open Reading Frame ◽  
Cell Swelling ◽  
Reading Frame ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Rice Water

The current pneumonia epidemic in China could evolve into a pandemic on a global scale if not effectively contained. The 2019-nCoV possesses a 61-amino acid open reading frame resembling SARS-CoV virulence factor - ORF6 peptide. The isoleucine content is 15.9% in ORF6 of SARS-CoV versus 16.4% of that in 2019-nCoV. Given the proton affinity in the carbonyl oxygen in isoleucine, augmented proton traffic can enhance proton-ion antiport and prompt cell swelling. As the content of essential amino acids in the open reading frame of 2019-nCoV reaches 57.4%, a starch/vitamin diet served for short period of time does not give rise to essential amino acids and halts virion production, which could be adopted as prophylactic approach of many viral infections. Plant-based diet or fasting/boiled rice water can also minimize the intake of essential amino acids or all amino acids respectively.

The relationship between protein, essential amino acids and energy requirements of broiler chickens fed practical diets

1977 ◽  
Vol 17 (89) ◽  
pp. 920 ◽  
Author(s):  
N Guirguis
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Broiler Chicks ◽  
Maximal Growth ◽  
Dietary Concentration ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship between dietary protein, essential amino acids (EM) and energy was examined in two experiments using male broiler chicks fed practical diets to eight weeks of age. All diets contained a balanced proportion of ten EAA which was maintained over various treatments. Growth of birds was closely related to the EAA content of the diet and poorly related to dietary protein content. When the dietary concentration of ten EAA was treated as a combined unit and expressed as proportion of diet, 7.6 per cent EAA in an 18 per cent protein starter diet and 5.8 per cent EAA in a 16 per cent protein finisher diet were adequate to support maximal growth of male birds to eight weeks of age. Feed intakes were reduced as energy concentrations increased in diets regardless of protein content of diets.

DIGESTION IN THE RUMEN AND AMINO ACID SUPPLY TO THE DUODENUM OF SHEEP FED ENSILED AND FRESH ALFALFA

1986 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 1019-1027 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. FLORES ◽  
L. E. PHILLIP ◽  
D. M. VEIRA ◽  
M. IVAN
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Ruminal Ph ◽  
Sheep Rumen ◽  
Branched Chain ◽  
High Degree ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Adaptation Phase

A study was conducted with six sheep equipped with rumen and duodenal re-entrant cannulae to investigate differences in duodenal amino acid supply with fresh and ensiled alfalfa. The experiment was conducted as a cross-over design with two 12-d periods consisting of an adaptation phase (5 d) followed by feces collection (5 d), and finally on day 12, 24 h continuous collection of duodenal digesta and sampling of rumen fluid. During the experiment the sheep were restricted on feed to 52 g DM d−1 kg−0.75. Analyses of the forages revealed extensive breakdown of threonine, lysine and other basic amino acids, and high degree of preservation of branched chain amino acids. Relative to the amount consumed, there was a net loss of amino acids at the duodenum with fresh alfalfa but a net gain with silage. The relationship between intake of individual essential amino acids and duodenal recovery was inconsistent. Duodenal recovery of total essential amino acids was 28% higher with fresh than with ensiled alfalfa, a difference which was most pronounced with threonine and lysine. Digestion of organic matter and fiber was unaffected (P > 0.05) by ensiling of alfalfa. Estimates of ruminal pH were higher (P < 0.05) for silage than fresh forage (6.9 vs. 6.7) but VFA concentrations were lower (P < 0.05) for silage (52.1 vs. 64.1 mmol L−1). Rumen ammonia levels were similar for the two forages. The deficit in duodenal supply of essential amino acids with silage is discussed in relation to the problem of silage intake in ruminants. Key words: Alfalfa silage, duodenal amino acids, sheep, rumen digestion

ABOMASAL PROTEIN AND AMINO ACIDS IN STEERS FED DIFFERENT PROTEIN SUPPLEMENTS

1971 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. E. AMOS ◽  
C. O. LITTLE ◽  
D. G. ELY ◽  
G. E. MITCHELL Jr.
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Corn Gluten Meal ◽  
Isoleucine Leucine ◽  
Protein Supplements ◽  
Corn Gluten ◽  
Plasma Leucine ◽  
Nonessential Amino Acids ◽  
Different Sources

The quantities of nitrogen, protein, essential and nonessential amino acids reaching the abomasum of steers fed three different sources of supplemental nitrogen were estimated. When corn gluten meal (CGM) was the nitrogen supplement, more total nitrogen, protein, essential and nonessential amino acids reached the abomasum daily than were observed with distiller’s dried solubles (DDS) or soybean meal (SBM) supplements. Corn gluten meal resulted in significantly more total grams of abomasal isoleucine, leucine, methionine and phenylalanine reaching the abomasum. No differences were observed between DDS or SBM in total nitrogen, protein or essential amino acids reaching the abomasum. The molar percentage of plasma lysine was higher and threonine lower when CGM was fed than the values obtained when either DDS or SBM were fed. Lower plasma leucine and phenylalanine were observed when the DDS-supplemented ration was fed.

scholarly journals Effects of the lactation period, breed and feed on amino acids profile of mare’s milk

10.5219/1344 ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 562-572
Author(s):  
Miroslav Fišera ◽  
Stanislav Kráčmar ◽  
Květoslava Šustová ◽  
Pavel Tvrzník ◽  
Helena Velichová ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Milk Sample ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Lactation Period ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Breed Differences ◽  
Amino Acids Profile ◽  
Nonessential Amino Acids

The effects of the lactation period, breed, and feed on amino acids profile of mare’s milk were investigated. The feed contained two major essential amino acids (EAAs) leucine (7.31 – 10.3 g.kg-1) and arginine (6.37 – 9.59 g.kg-1); it also included minor EAAs methionine (2.11 – 3.05 g.kg-1) and histidine (2.48 – 3.60 g.kg-1). Glu+Gln, Asp+Asn, and proline, major nonessential amino acids (NEAAs), constituted approximately 60% of total NEAAs (TNEAAs). The ratio of total EAAs to NEAAs ranged from 1:1.2 to 1:1.4. Amino acids (AA) content throughout all milk samples varied due to mare’s different conditions and lactation days. Except for the 1P milk sample, total AA content in the 2 – 8Ps specimens caused by differences in breed oscillated from the 2nd to 28th day of lactation within the following limits: 21.9 – 54.6 g.kg-1, 33.6 – 70.7 g.kg-1, 38.1 – 71.2 g.kg-1, 29.46 – 74.2 g.kg-1, 52.2 – 87.1 g.kg-1, 37.9 – 70.3 g.kg-1 and 26.4 – 64.5 g.kg-1, respectively. In relation to TEAAs in milk, the highest EAAs levels were reached in arginine, leucine and lysine ranging between 2.41 – 4.35 g.kg-1, 3.36 – 5.59 g.kg-1 and 2.72 – 4.80 g.kg-1, respectively, while the lowest AAs amounts were indicated in histidine and methionine, 0.91 – 1.58 g.kg-1 and 1.23 – 2.04 g.kg-1 respectively. Total NEAAs content was slightly higher than that of EAAs; the TNEAAs to TEAAs ratio was 1:0.9 proximately. Glu+Gln, Asp+Asn and proline were determined as major NEAAs of milk ranging between, 6.77 – 11.0 g.kg-1, 3.21 – 5.60 g.kg-1 and 1.25 – 2.18 g.kg-1, respectively; levels of NEAAs such as cysteine and glycine oscillated between 0.89 – 1.52 g.kg-1 and 0.64 – 1.15 g.kg-1, respectively. The average TAAs contents caused by breed differences were 62.8 g.kg-1, 42.8 g.kg-1, 44.7 g.kg-1 and 44.8 g.kg-1, respectively, on the 2nd, 5th, 10th, and 28th lactation days.

scholarly journals The Wuhan Pneumonia Outbreak: High Isoleucine and High Valine Plus Glycine Contents Are Features of the Proteins of 2019-nCoV Virus

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sirui Yan ◽  
Yulin Wan ◽  
Ying Zhang ◽  
Shanshan An ◽  
Kaiqiao Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Open Reading Frame ◽  
Cell Swelling ◽  
Reading Frame ◽  
Short Period

The current pneumonia epidemic in China could evolve into a pandemic on a global scale if not effectively contained. The 2019-nCoV possesses a 61-amino acid open reading frame resembling SARS-CoV virulence factor - ORF6 peptide. The isoleucine content is 15.9% in ORF6 of SARS-CoV versus 16.4% of that in 2019-nCoV. Given the proton affinity in the carbonyl oxygen in isoleucine, augmented proton traffic can enhance proton-ion antiport and prompt cell swelling. As the content of essential amino acids in the open reading frame of 2019-nCoV reaches 57.4%, a starch/vitamin diet served for short period of time does not give rise to essential amino acids and halts virion production, which could be adopted as prophylactic approach of many viral infections. Plant-based diet or fasting/boiled rice water can also minimize the intake of essential amino acids or all amino acids respectively. Calorie restriction has been confirmed in animal studies to extend lifespan, and its underlying mechanism is not fully known. Furthermore, several proteins of 2019-nCoV possess high valine plus glycine content, which is implicated in heart disease.

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