scholarly journals Exosomal miRNAs in Heart Disease

Physiology ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudio Iaconetti ◽  
Sabato Sorrentino ◽  
Salvatore De Rosa ◽  
Ciro Indolfi
Keyword(s):  
Heart Disease ◽  
Posttranscriptional Regulation ◽  
Functional Role ◽  
Regulation Of Gene Expression ◽  
Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Small Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Micro Rnas ◽  
Exosomal Mirnas ◽  
New Biomarkers ◽  
Potential Use

Micro-RNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs involved in the posttranscriptional regulation of gene expression. Exosomes have recently emerged as novel elements of intercellular communication in the cardiovascular system. Exosomal miRNAs could be key players in intercellular cross-talk, particularly during different diseases such as myocardial infarction (MI) and heart failure (HF). This review addresses the functional role played by exosomal miRNAs in heart disease and their potential use as new biomarkers.

scholarly journals MicroRNA biogenesis and variability

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 367-380 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesús García-López ◽  
Miguel A. Brieño-Enríquez ◽  
Jesús del Mazo
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Posttranscriptional Regulation ◽  
Regulation Of Gene Expression ◽  
Noncoding Rnas ◽  
High Variability ◽  
Regulate Gene Expression ◽  
Alternative Pathways ◽  
Small Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Fine Regulation ◽  
And Function

AbstractMicroRNAs (miRNAs) are cell-endogenous small noncoding RNAs that, through RNA interference, are involved in the posttranscriptional regulation of mRNAs. The biogenesis and function of miRNAs entail multiple elements with different alternative pathways. These confer a high versatility of regulation and a high variability to generate different miRNAs and hence possess a broad potential to regulate gene expression. Here we review the different mechanisms, both canonical and noncanonical, that generate miRNAs in animals. The ‘miRNome’ panorama enhances our knowledge regarding the fine regulation of gene expression and provides new insights concerning normal, as opposed to pathological, cell differentiation and development.

scholarly journals Deciphering the tRNA-derived small RNAs: origin, development, and future

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bowen Liu ◽  
Jinling Cao ◽  
Xiangyun Wang ◽  
Chunlei Guo ◽  
Yunxia Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Subcellular Localization ◽  
Small Rnas ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Transfer Rna ◽  
Action Mechanism ◽  
Chemical Modifications ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Small Noncoding Rnas ◽  
New Biomarkers

AbstractTransfer RNA (tRNA)-derived small RNAs (tsRNAs), a novel category of small noncoding RNAs, are enzymatically cleaved from tRNAs. Previous reports have shed some light on the roles of tsRNAs in the development of human diseases. However, our knowledge about tsRNAs is still relatively lacking. In this paper, we review the biogenesis, classification, subcellular localization as well as action mechanism of tsRNAs, and discuss the association between chemical modifications of tRNAs and the production and functions of tsRNAs. Furthermore, using immunity, metabolism, and malignancy as examples, we summarize the molecular mechanisms of tsRNAs in diseases and evaluate the potential of tsRNAs as new biomarkers and therapeutic targets. At the same time, we compile and introduce several resource databases that are currently publicly available for analyzing tsRNAs. Finally, we discuss the challenges associated with research in this field and future directions.

Small regulatory noncoding RNAs in Drosophila melanogaster: biogenesis and biological functions

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 309-323
Author(s):  
Saeed Soleimani ◽  
Zahra Valizadeh Arshad ◽  
Sharif Moradi ◽  
Ali Ahmadi ◽  
Seyed Javad Davarpanah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Regulation Of Gene Expression ◽  
Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Critical Discussion ◽  
Rnai Pathway ◽  
Biological Functions ◽  
Small Interfering Rnas ◽  
Heterochromatin Formation ◽  
Small Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Small Ncrnas

Abstract RNA interference (RNAi) is an important phenomenon that has diverse genetic regulatory functions at the pre- and posttranscriptional levels. The major trigger for the RNAi pathway is double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). dsRNA is processed to generate various types of major small noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) that include microRNAs (miRNAs), small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) in Drosophila melanogaster (D. melanogaster). Functionally, these small ncRNAs play critical roles in virtually all biological systems and developmental pathways. Identification and processing of dsRNAs and activation of RNAi machinery are the three major academic interests that surround RNAi research. Mechanistically, some of the important biological functions of RNAi are achieved through: (i) supporting genomic stability via degradation of foreign viral genomes; (ii) suppressing the movement of transposable elements and, most importantly, (iii) post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression by miRNAs that contribute to regulation of epigenetic modifications such as heterochromatin formation and genome imprinting. Here, we review various routes of small ncRNA biogenesis, as well as different RNAi-mediated pathways in D. melanogaster with a particular focus on signaling pathways. In addition, a critical discussion of the most relevant and latest findings that concern the significant contribution of small ncRNAs to the regulation of D. melanogaster physiology and pathophysiology is presented.

scholarly journals Dysregulated micro-RNAs and long noncoding RNAs in cardiac development and pediatric heart failure

2020 ◽  
Vol 318 (5) ◽  
pp. H1308-H1315 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lee Toni ◽  
Frehiwet Hailu ◽  
Carmen C. Sucharov
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Heart Failure ◽  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Cardiac Development ◽  
Heart Diseases ◽  
Regulation Of Gene Expression ◽  
Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Long Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Cardiovascular Development ◽  
Micro Rnas

Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) are broadly described as RNA molecules that are not translated into protein. The investigation of dysregulated ncRNAs in human diseases such as cancer, neurological, and cardiovascular diseases has been under way for well over a decade. Micro-RNAs and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are the best characterized ncRNAs. These ncRNAs can have profound effects on the regulation of gene expression during cardiac development and disease. Importantly, ncRNAs are significant regulators of gene expression in several congenital heart diseases and can positively or negatively impact cardiovascular development. In this review, we focus on literature involving micro-RNAs and lncRNAs in the context of pediatric cardiovascular diseases, preclinical models of heart failure, and cardiac development.

scholarly journals Use of miRNAs as Biomarkers in Sepsis

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raluca Dumache ◽  
Alexandru Florin Rogobete ◽  
Ovidiu Horea Bedreag ◽  
Mirela Sarandan ◽  
Alina Carmen Cradigati ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Circulating Mirnas ◽  
Small Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Stable Species ◽  
Common Causes ◽  
Critical Patients ◽  
New Biomarkers ◽  
Potential Biomarkers

Sepsis is one of the most common causes of death in critical patients. Severe generalized inflammation, infections, and severe physiological imbalances significantly decrease the survival rate with more than 50%. Moreover, monitoring, evaluation, and therapy management often become extremely difficult for the clinician in this type of patients. Current methods of diagnosing sepsis vary based especially on the determination of biochemical-humoral markers, such as cytokines, components of the complement, and proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory compounds. Recent studies highlight the use of new biomarkers for sepsis, namely, miRNAs. miRNAs belong to a class of small, noncoding RNAs with an approximate content of 19–23 nucleotides. Following biochemical and physiological imbalances, the expression of miRNAs in blood or other body fluids changes significantly. Moreover, its stability, specificity, and selectivity make miRNAs ideal candidates for sepsis biomarkers. In conclusion, we can affirm that stable species of circulating miRNAs represent potential biomarkers for monitoring the evolution of sepsis.

scholarly journals MicroRNAs-Role in Lung Cancer

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Guz ◽  
Adolfo Rivero-Müller ◽  
Estera Okoń ◽  
Agnieszka Stenzel-Bembenek ◽  
Krzysztof Polberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Heart Disease ◽  
Tumor Suppressors ◽  
Untranslated Region ◽  
Regulation Of Gene Expression ◽  
Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Neoplastic Transformation ◽  
Complementary Sequences ◽  
Tumorigenic Potential

Regulation of gene expression is essential for normal physiological functions; thus deregulation of gene expression is common in disease conditions. One level of regulation of gene expression is performed by noncoding RNAs, among which microRNAs (miRNA) are the best studied. Abnormal expression of these molecular players can lead to pathogenic processes such as heart disease, immune system abnormalities, and carcinogenesis, to name but a few. Of a length of 18–25 nucleotides miRNAs are involved in binding partial complementary sequences within the 3′-UTR (3′-untranslated region) of the target mRNAs. Depending on the type of neoplastic transformation, miRNAs can act both as oncogenes (oncomirs) or as tumor suppressors. Because of the great importance of miRNAs, most researches focus on either their role as biomarkers or their potential as therapeutic targets. Herein, we present the review of microRNA biology, function, and tumorigenic potential with emphasis on their role in lung cancer.

scholarly journals Circulating Exosomal miRNAs as Biomarkers for the Diagnosis and Prognosis of Colorectal Cancer

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 346
Author(s):  
Katiusse Alves dos Santos ◽  
Isabelle Cristina Clemente dos Santos ◽  
Carollyne Santos Silva ◽  
Hériks Gomes Ribeiro ◽  
Igor de Farias Domingos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Malignant Tumors ◽  
Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Distant Metastases ◽  
Stable Form ◽  
Overall Survival Rate ◽  
Small Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Diagnosis And Prognosis ◽  
Exosomal Mirnas

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common malignant tumors in the gastrointestinal tract. It is a multifactorial disease that involves environmental factors, genetic factors, and lifestyle factors. Due to the absence of specific and sensitive biomarkers, CRC patients are usually diagnosed at an advanced stage and consequently suffer from a low 5-year overall survival rate. Despite improvements in surgical resection and adjuvant chemotherapy, the prognosis of patients with CRC remains unfavorable due to local and distant metastases. Several studies have shown that small noncoding RNAs, such as microRNAs packed in exosomes, are potential biomarkers in various types of cancers, including CRC, and that they can be detected in a stable form in both serum and plasma. In this review, we report the potential of circulating exosomal miRNAs to act as biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of CRC.

scholarly journals MicroRNA Roles in the NF-κB Signaling Pathway during Viral Infections

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zeqian Gao ◽  
Yongxi Dou ◽  
Yixia Chen ◽  
Yadong Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Viral Infection ◽  
Signaling Pathway ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Regulation Of Gene Expression ◽  
Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Small Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Crucial Component ◽  
Posttranscriptional Level

NF-κB signaling network is a crucial component of innate immunity. miRNAs are a subtype of small noncoding RNAs, involved in regulation of gene expression at the posttranscriptional level. Increasing evidence has emerged that miRNAs play an important role in regulation of NF-κB signaling pathway during viral infections. Both host and viral miRNAs are attributed to modulation of NF-κB activity, thus affecting viral infection and clearance. Understandings of the mechanisms of these miRNAs will open a direction for development of novel antivirus drugs.

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