Recent Applications of XSA in Heat Treatment and Fatigue of Steels

1983 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 179-190
Author(s):  
E. Macherauch ◽  
B. Scholtes
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Residual Stresses ◽  
Experimental Work ◽  
Carbon Steels ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Lattice Strains ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Computer Controlled

This paper is intended to give an exemplary review of recent investigations performed in the X-ray laboratory of the Institut für Werkstoffkunde I of the Universität Karlsruhe, FRG, concerning particular problems of residual stresses of heat-treated and fatigued steels. The experimental work was mainly performed with computer-controlled Karlsruhe type ψ-diffractometers. If linear distributions of residual lattice strains occurred the sin2ψ-method was applied to determine residual stresses. The experiments were performed with plain carbon steels of 0.22 and 0.45 wt.-% carbon (German grade Ck 22 and Ck 45) and some low alloyed steels.

scholarly journals X-ray Determination of Compressive Residual Stresses in Spring Steel Generated by High-Speed Water Quenching

Materials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 1154
Author(s):  
Diego E. Lozano ◽  
George E. Totten ◽  
Yaneth Bedolla-Gil ◽  
Martha Guerrero-Mata ◽  
Marcel Carpio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Residual Stresses ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Spring Steel ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Laboratory Equipment ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Water Chamber ◽  
Hardened Case ◽  
Compressive Residual Stresses

Automotive components manufacturers use the 5160 steel in leaf and coil springs. The industrial heat treatment process consists in austenitizing followed by the oil quenching and tempering process. Typically, compressive residual stresses are induced by shot peening on the surface of automotive springs to bestow compressive residual stresses that improve the fatigue resistance and increase the service life of the parts after heat treatment. In this work, a high-speed quenching was used to achieve compressive residual stresses on the surface of AISI/SAE 5160 steel samples by producing high thermal gradients and interrupting the cooling in order to generate a case-core microstructure. A special laboratory equipment was designed and built, which uses water as the quenching media in a high-speed water chamber. The severity of the cooling was characterized with embedded thermocouples to obtain the cooling curves at different depths from the surface. Samples were cooled for various times to produce different hardened case depths. The microstructure of specimens was observed with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to estimate the magnitude of residual stresses on the surface of the specimens. Compressive residual stresses at the surface and sub-surface of about −700 MPa were obtained.

A Study of the Influence of Local Heat Treatment on the Structure of Welded Titanium Pipelines

2021 ◽  
Vol 410 ◽  
pp. 37-41
Author(s):  
Natalia A. Astafeva ◽  
Andrey A. Balanovskiy ◽  
Anna A. Pershina
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Residual Stresses ◽  
Titanium Alloys ◽  
Welded Joints ◽  
Treatment Method ◽  
Local Heat ◽  
Optical Metallography ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Weld Structure ◽  
Heat Treatment Method

The article analyzes the results of a study of the influence of zonal heat treatment on the structure of welded joints of pipeline elements made of titanium alloys Ti-3.5Al-1.5Mn. In the manufacture of such structures, the TIG welding method is used to join pipe elements, after which the heat treatment method can be used to relieve residual stresses. The experiments have confirmed the effectiveness of zonal heat treatment preceded by welding. It was revealed that for welded joints made of titanium alloys, heat treatment can stabilize the structure. In experiments conducted by the method of optical metallography, the structure of heat treated and untreated welded joints was investigated. The influence of heat treatment on the weld structure and heat-affected zone was identified.

Hardening of Selective Laser Melted M2 Steel

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mei Yang ◽  
Yishu Zhang ◽  
Haoxing You ◽  
Richard Smith ◽  
Richard D. Sisson
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Cutting Tools ◽  
High Speed Steel ◽  
High Hardness ◽  
Steel Part ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Near Net Shape

Abstract Selective laser melting (SLM) is an additive manufacturing technique that can be used to make the near-net-shape metal parts. M2 is a high-speed steel widely used in cutting tools, which is due to its high hardness of this steel. Conventionally, the hardening heat treatment process, including quenching and tempering, is conducted to achieve the high hardness for M2 wrought parts. It was debated if the hardening is needed for additively manufactured M2 parts. In the present work, the M2 steel part is fabricated by SLM. It is found that the hardness of as-fabricated M2 SLM parts is much lower than the hardened M2 wrought parts. The characterization was conducted including X-ray diffraction (XRD), optical microscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) to investigate the microstructure evolution of as-fabricated, quenched, and tempered M2 SLM part. The M2 wrought part was heat-treated simultaneously with the SLM part for comparison. It was found the hardness of M2 SLM part after heat treatment is increased and comparable to the wrought part. Both quenched and tempered M2 SLM and wrought parts have the same microstructure, while the size of the carbides in the wrought part is larger than that in the SLM part.

Study of Raman Spectroscopy on Graphene Phase from Heat Treatment of Coconut (Cocus nucifera) Shell

2015 ◽  
Vol 827 ◽  
pp. 290-293 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fandi Angga Prasetya ◽  
Muhammad Nasrullah ◽  
Ananda Yogi Nugraheni ◽  
Darminto
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Raman Spectroscopy ◽  
Atmospheric Condition ◽  
Peak Position ◽  
Special Treatment ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Reduced Graphene ◽  
Two Samples

Coconut (Cocus Nucifera) shell as the main ingredient in this research has been heat-treated at temperature of 1000°C in atmospheric condition aiming to obtain the expected phase of graphene. After heat treatment, an additional special treatment was given, where sample was then rinsed with distilled water. Furthermore, the heated coconut shell was characterized by Raman Spectroscopy (785 nm) and X-ray diffractometry. Based on the treatment and characterization conducted, all samples were likely to contain reduced graphene oxide (RGO) phase.The XRD data have supported the existence of RGO with the diffraction peak position (2q) at 25o and 45o. Evidence is also given by the result of Raman Spectroscopy which produces peaks (denoted by D and G bands) located at wave numbers of 1300 cm-1 and 1590 cm-1. The value of the ratio ID/IG of the two samples in the figures are 2.6 and 2.51 (matched with ratio ID/IG of RGO). The ID/IG ratio of sample which was rinsed by distilled water is higher that those without rinsing treatment.

EFFECT OF HEAT TREATMENT ON MICROSTRUCTURE AND CORROSION RESISTANCE OF Ni-B-W-Mo COATING DEPOSITED BY ELECTROLESS METHOD

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (08) ◽  
pp. 1950023 ◽  
Author(s):  
ARKADEB MUKHOPADHYAY ◽  
TAPAN KUMAR BARMAN ◽  
PRASANTA SAHOO
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Electrochemical Techniques ◽  
Sodium Molybdate ◽  
Medium Carbon Steel ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Solid Solution Strengthening ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Electroless Coatings

The present work reports the deposition of a quaternary Ni-B-W-Mo coating on AISI 1040 medium carbon steel and its characterization. Quaternary deposits are obtained by suitably modifying existing electroless Ni-B bath. Composition of the as-deposited coating is analyzed by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The structural aspects of the as-deposited and coatings heat treated at 300[Formula: see text]C, 350[Formula: see text]C, 400[Formula: see text]C, 450[Formula: see text]C and 500[Formula: see text]C are determined using X-ray diffraction technique. Surface of the as-deposited and heat-treated coatings is examined using a scanning electron microscope. Very high W deposition could be observed when sodium molybdate is present in the borohydride-based bath along with sodium tungstate. The coatings in their as-deposited condition are amorphous while crystallization takes place on heat treatment. A nodulated surface morphology of the deposits is also observed. Vickers’ microhardness and crystallite size measurement reveal inclusion of W and Mo results in enhanced thermal stability of the coatings. Solid solution strengthening of the electroless coatings by W and Mo is also observed. The applicability of kinetic strength theory to the hardening of the coatings on heat treatment is also investigated. Corrosion resistance of Ni-B-W-Mo coatings and effect of heat treatment on the same are also determined by electrochemical techniques.

scholarly journals Preparation and Assessment of Heat-Treated α-Chitin Nanowhiskers Reinforced Poly(viny alcohol) Film for Packaging Application

Materials ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 1883 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chao Peng ◽  
Guangxue Chen
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Composite Films ◽  
Barrier Properties ◽  
Mechanical Tests ◽  
Light Transmittance ◽  
Poly Vinyl Alcohol ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Chitin Nanowhiskers

In this study, poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) composite films enhanced by α-chitin nanowhiskers (ChWs) were prepared through heat treatment. The obtained membranes were assessed by means of FTIR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, regular light transmittance, mechanical tests, permeability and water absorption. The influence of the nano-component and heat treatment on the mechanical, thermal and water-resistant properties of the composite membrane were analyzed. From the results of the work, the produced films with excellent barrier properties and inexpensive raw processed materials have great prospects in packaging applications.

Magnetization and XRD Studies of Laser Heat Treated SmCo5 Powders

2021 ◽  
Vol 1016 ◽  
pp. 1299-1304
Author(s):  
Naidu Seetala ◽  
Deidre Henderson ◽  
Jumel Jno-Baptiste ◽  
Hao Wen ◽  
Sheng Min Guo
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Hydrogen Gas ◽  
Vacuum Furnace ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Micro Particles ◽  
Laser Heat ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Xrd Studies ◽  
Hydride Phases

The microstructure and magnetization of SmCo5 micro-particles may be used as feedstock for 3D printing to make miniature strong magnets. Thus, the magnetic response and microstructures of commercially available SmCo5 micro-particles were studied under various heat treatments using a high wattage laser. The magnetization of laser heat treated powders at 50-watt showed an increase in magnetization, while the 75-watt melt showed a little to no change. Unfortunately, the coercivity of both laser heat treated samples decreased significantly. Oxidation during the heat treatment is suspected to result in low coercivity. Purging with argon-gas prior to laser heating showed improved coercivity. To further minimize the oxidation problem a set of SmCo5 powder was reduced prior to laser heat treatment using a constant flow of hydrogen gas while being heated at various temperatures from 100 oC to 400 oC for a period of ~4 hours. The results show that the magnetization generally increases with the temperature, while the coercivity decreases significantly. Another set of SmCo5 was annealed in a vacuum furnace for one hour at temperatures between 200 oC and 400 oC in order to confirm that no hydride phases were formed during reduction. The magnetization and coercivity showed similar variations with annealing temperature to those for the reduced powders confirming that these variations may be due to change in crystal structure rather than formation of hydrides. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) studies were performed to identify the changes in crystal phases.

Copper(I) Halide Nanoparticle-dispersed Glasses Prepared by Copper Staining

2005 ◽  
Vol 20 (9) ◽  
pp. 2480-2485 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kohei Kadono ◽  
Tatsuya Suetsugu ◽  
Takeshi Ohtani ◽  
Toshihiko Einishi ◽  
Takashi Tarumi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Surface Region ◽  
Borosilicate Glasses ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Depth Profiles ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Glass Heat

Copper(I) chloride and bromide nanoparticle-dispersed glasses were prepared by means of a conventional copper staining. The staining was performed by the following process: copper stain was applied on the surfaces of Cl−- or Br−-ion-containing borosilicate glasses, and the glasses were heat-treated at 510 °C for various times. Typical exciton bands observed in the absorption spectra of the glasses after the heat treatment indicated that CuCl and CuBr particles were formed in the surface region of the glasses. The average sizes of the CuCl and CuBr particles in the glasses heat-treated for 48 h were estimated at 4.8 and 2.7 nm, respectively. The nanoparticles were also characterized by x-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. Depth profiles of Cu and CuBr concentration in the glass heat-treated for 48 h were measured. Copper decreased in concentration monotonously with depth, reaching up to 60 μm, while the CuBr concentration had a maximum at about 25 μm in depth.

Residual Stresses Resulting from the Forming of High Strength Aluminium Alloys

1959 ◽  
Vol 63 (578) ◽  
pp. 90-94
Author(s):  
G. A. Hawkes
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Residual Stresses ◽  
Residual Strain ◽  
Aluminium Alloys ◽  
Solution Treatment ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Hot Forming ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Back Reflection ◽  
Surface Residual Stresses

Summary:An X-ray back reflection technique has been used to measure the surface residual stresses resulting from the cold and hot forming of certain high strength aluminium alloys. The alloys examined were to specifications DTD 683, DTD 687 and B.S.S. L65, and the residual stresses have been related to the residual strain in bending of these alloys. The results show that, apart from the degree of straining, the residual stresses are affected by the heat treatment (cold or hot quench) and the amount (if any) of controlled stretching that the alloy has had between solution treatment and precipitation.

scholarly journals Microstructure and Residual Stresses of AA2519 Friction Stir Welded Joints under Different Heat Treatment Conditions

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 834
Author(s):  
Lucjan Śnieżek ◽  
Robert Kosturek ◽  
Marcin Wachowski ◽  
Bogusz Kania
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Residual Stresses ◽  
Welded Joints ◽  
Precipitation Hardening ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Traverse Speed ◽  
Welding Parameters ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Friction Stir ◽  
Treatment Conditions

The aim of this research was to investigate the effect of different heat treatment conditions of AA2519 friction stir welded joints on their microstructure and residual stresses. The following welding parameters have been used: 500 rpm tool rotation speed, 150 mm/min tool traverse speed, tool tilt angle 2°, pressure force 17 kN. The welded material was investigated in three different configurations: HT0, HT1, and HT2. The first type of weld (HT-0) was made using AA2519 alloy in non-precipitation hardened state and examined in such condition. The second type of weld (HT-1) has been performed on AA2519-T62, that corresponds to precipitation hardening condition. The last type of weld (HT2) was performed on annealed AA2519 and the obtained welds were subjected to the post-weld precipitation hardening process. The heat treatment was carried out in two stages: solution heat treatment (530 °C/2 h + cooling in cold water) and aging (165 °C/1 0 h). Residual stresses were measured using X-Ray diffraction patterns obtained from Bruker D8 Discover X-ray diffractometer utilizing the concepts of Euler cradle and polycapillary primary beam optics. The conducted research indicates that the best material properties: homogenous microstructure and uniform distribution of microhardness and compressive state of residual stresses were obtained for the HT-2 series samples subjected to heat treatment after the friction stir welding (FSW) process.

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