scholarly journals Lactoferrin Augmentation of the BCG Vaccine Leads to Increased Pulmonary Integrity

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shen-An Hwang ◽  
Kerry J. Welsh ◽  
Marian L. Kruzel ◽  
Jeffrey K. Actor
Keyword(s):  
Disease Progression ◽  
Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Current Literature ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Bcg Vaccine ◽  
Organism Growth ◽  
Severe Manifestation ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Tuberculosis Disease

The goal of vaccination to prevent tuberculosis disease (TB) is to offer long-term protection to the individual and the community. In addition, the success of any protective TB vaccine should include the ability to limit cavitary formation and disease progression. The current BCG vaccine protects against disseminated TB disease in children by promoting development of antigenic-specific responses. However, its efficacy is limited in preventing postprimary pulmonary disease in adults that is responsible for the majority of disease and transmission. This paper illustrates the use of lactoferrin as an adjuvant to boost efficacy of the BCG vaccine to control organism growth and limit severe manifestation of pulmonary disease. This resulting limitation in pathology may ultimately, limit spread of bacilli and subsequent transmission of organisms between individuals. The current literature is reviewed, and data is presented to support molecular mechanisms underlying lactoferrin's utility as an adjuvant for the BCG vaccine.

Crisis Intervention: Theoretical and Methodological Considerations

1971 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 183-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beverley Raphael
Keyword(s):  
Primary Prevention ◽  
Physical Health ◽  
Current Literature ◽  
Crisis Intervention ◽  
Social Adaptation ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Methodological Considerations ◽  
Mental And Physical Health

This paper is a theoretical and methodological dissertation on the concept of crisis intervention as an instrument of primary prevention; appropriate current literature is reviewed. The concepts of crisis are discussed briefly, and a concept emphasizing the intrapsychic state of the individual is proposed. The relevance of crisis with its period of disturbed functioning and its potential immediate and long-term sequelae for mental and physical health and social adaptation is reviewed. The concepts of crisis intervention are explored and dealt with. Each is looked at from the aspects of epidemiologically established basis, forms of intervention, both actual and hypothesized, and methodology of evaluation of effectiveness.

Synaptic plasticity in Alzheimer’s disease and healthy aging

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 245-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana Marcela Cuestas Torres ◽  
Fernando P. Cardenas
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Synaptic Plasticity ◽  
Healthy Aging ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Long Term Potentiation ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
Memory And Learning ◽  
The Individual

AbstractThe strength and efficiency of synaptic connections are affected by the environment or the experience of the individual. This property, called synaptic plasticity, is directly related to memory and learning processes and has been modeled at the cellular level. These types of cellular memory and learning models include specific stimulation protocols that generate a long-term strengthening of the synapses, called long-term potentiation, or a weakening of the said long-term synapses, called long-term depression. Although, for decades, researchers have believed that the main cause of the cognitive deficit that characterizes Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and aging was the loss of neurons, the hypothesis of an imbalance in the cellular and molecular mechanisms of synaptic plasticity underlying this deficit is currently widely accepted. An understanding of the molecular and cellular changes underlying the process of synaptic plasticity during the development of AD and aging will direct future studies to specific targets, resulting in the development of much more efficient and specific therapeutic strategies. In this review, we classify, discuss, and describe the main findings related to changes in the neurophysiological mechanisms of synaptic plasticity in excitatory synapses underlying AD and aging. In addition, we suggest possible mechanisms in which aging can become a high-risk factor for the development of AD and how its development could be prevented or slowed.

Neural plasticity and memory: molecular mechanism

2015 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zareen Amtul ◽  
Atta-ur-Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Neural Plasticity ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Mrna Translation ◽  
Information Storage ◽  
Memory Storage ◽  
Cognitive Information ◽  
Intramolecular Bonding ◽  
Mechanisms Of Memory ◽  
The Individual

AbstractDeciphering the cellular and molecular mechanisms of memory has been an important topic encompassing the learning and memory domain besides the neurodegenerative disorders. Synapses accumulate cognitive information from life-lasting alterations of their molecular and structural composition. Current memory storage models identify posttranslational modification imperative for short-term information storage and mRNA translation for long-term information storage. However, the precise account of these modifications has not been summarized at the individual synapse level. Therefore, herein we describe the spatiotemporal reorganization of synaptic plasticity at the dendritic spine level to elucidate the mechanism through which synaptic substructures are remodeled; though at the molecular level, such mechanisms are still quite unclear. It has thus been concluded that the existing mechanisms do not entirely elaborate memory storage processes. Further efforts are therefore encouraged to delineate the mechanism of neuronal connectivity at the chemical level as well, including inter- or intramolecular bonding patterns at the synaptic level, which may be a permissive and vital step of memory storage.

scholarly journals A Growing Microcolony can Survive and Support Persistent Propagation of Virulent Phages

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rasmus Skytte Eriksen ◽  
Sine Lo Svenningsen ◽  
Kim Sneppen ◽  
Namiko Mitarai
Keyword(s):  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Extracellular Polymeric Substances ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Term Survival ◽  
Virulent Phage ◽  
Spatial Composition ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Spherical Growth

Bacteria form colonies and secrete extracellular polymeric substances that surround the individual cells. These spatial structures are often associated with collaboration and quorum sensing between the bacteria. Here we investigate the mutual protection provided by spherical growth of a monoclonal colony during exposure to phages that proliferate on its surface. As a proof of concept we exposed growing colonies ofEscherichia colito a virulent mutant of phage P1. When the colony consists of less than ~ 50000 members it is eliminated, while larger initial colonies allow long-term survival because the growth of bacteria throughout the spherical colony exceeds the killing of bacteria on the surface. A mathematical model pinpoints how this critical colony size depends on key parameters in the phage infection cycle. Surprisingly, we predict that a higher phage adsorption rate would allow substantially smaller colonies to survive a virulent phage.Significance StatementBacteria are repeatedly exposed to an excess of phages, and carry evidence of this in terms of multiple defense mechanisms encoded in their genome. In addition to molecular mechanisms, bacteria may exploit the defense of spatial refuges. Here we demonstrate how bacteria can limit the impact of a virulent phage attack by growing as a colony which only exposes its surface to phages. We identify a critical size of the initial colony, below which the phages entirely eliminates the colony, and above which the colony continues to grow despite the presence of phages. Our study suggests that coexistence of phages and bacteria is strongly influenced by the spatial composition of microcolonies of susceptible bacteria.

The Mortality Rate of COVID-19 in Iraq Compare with Iran and Turkey, its Association with the Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine and the Iraqi Preparedness Plan Prior to Pandemics. (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rawand Essa
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Daily Basis ◽  
Bcg Vaccine ◽  
Critical Position ◽  
Preparedness Plan ◽  
Contagious Diseases ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Government

BACKGROUND In the span of COVID-19, the mortality rate has been different from one country to another. As a country in the Middle East Iraq has a critical position, lies between Iran and Turkey while both countries coronavirus cases increase on daily basis, while Iranian mortality rate record is high similar to Turkey. After Wuhan city of China, Lombard of Italy, Qum city in Iran has the highest number of COVID-19 as a first country in the Middle East. OBJECTIVE aim of this study is to show the effect of BCG vaccine during pandemic diseases, especially nowadays at the time of COVID-19. One of the crucial observations is the government preparedness and strategic planning prior pandemics, in which the BCG vaccine is an attenuated live vaccine for control of tuberculosis (TB). BCG vaccine has a non-specific immune effect that is used against pathogens like bacteria and viruses, through the promotion of pro-inflammatory cytokines' secretion. METHODS An epidemiological study has been performed, and it shows that some countries are more prone to contagious diseases like COVID-19, regardless of the main cultural, religious, societal similarities among the three mentioned countries. The information data has been collected from WHO reports and worldometer in 18 February 2020 to 10 May 2020. Regarding the efficacy of the BCG vaccine, relevant data has been retrieved from Google scholar, Pub-med and BCG world-atlas. RESULTS COVID-19 mortality rates are at peak in Iran and Turkey while the mortality rate is very low in Iraq, while the patients that died in Iraq all had history of other long-term diseases as heart disease, blood pressure, cancer etc. CONCLUSIONS From the experiences of the three countries in the life span of COVID-19, the historical plan of BCG vaccine in Iraq in cooperation with WHO since the last decades it shows that COVID-19 mortality rate is lower than other countries due to the early vaccination of the Iraqis, otherwise Iraq is more fragile than Iran and Turkey due to the poor conditions of Iraq in terms of economics, politics, war and other aspects.

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