Foraging Behavior ofPraon volucre(Hymenoptera: Braconidae) a Parasitoid ofSitobion avenae(Hemiptera: Aphididae) on Wheat

Host stage preference, functional response and, mutual interference ofPraon volucre(Haliday) (Hym.: Braconidae) parasitizing the grain aphid,Sitobion avenae(Fabricius) (Hem.: Aphididae), were investigated under laboratory conditions. Host stage preference was evaluated at25±1°C,60±5% relative humidity and a photoperiod of 16:8 h (L : D), under choice and no-choice tests. Functional response was done under five constant temperatures (10, 15, 20, 25, and 30°C),60±5% relative humidity and a photoperiod of 16:8 h. (L : D).Praon volucreparasitized all nymphal instars and adults of the grain aphid but strongly preferred to oviposit into second-instar nymphs in both choice and no-choice conditions. Results of logistic regression revealed a type II functional response for all temperatures tested. The handling time (Th) and searching efficiency (a) were estimated using the Rogers equation. The maximum estimate of searching efficiency occurred at 15°C and 20°C (both0.05±0.01 h-1) and decreased to0.01±0.01 h-1at30±1°C. The minimum estimate of handling time was1.02±0.11 h at 25°C and increased to5.31±0.82 h at30±1°C. The maximum rate of parasitism was 23.52 aphids/female/day at 25°C. With parasitoid density increasing from 1 to 8, the per capita searching efficiency decreased from 0.12 h-1to 0.06 h-1. The results suggested thatP. voluvrehas the potential to be a biocontrol agent ofS. avenae. However, evaluation of foraging behavior warrants further investigation under field conditions.

Download Full-text

PREFERENSI DAN TANGGAP FUNGSIONAL PARASITOID HEMIPTARSENUS VARICORNIS (GIRAULT) (HYMENOPTERA: EULOPHIDAE) PADA LARVA LALAT PENGOROK DAUN KENTANG

JURNAL HAMA DAN PENYAKIT TUMBUHAN TROPIKA ◽

10.23960/j.hptt.1915-21 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 15-21

Author(s):

Hidrayani Hidrayani ◽

Aunu Rauf ◽

S. Sosromarsono ◽

U. Kartosuwondo

Keyword(s):

Regression Analysis ◽

Functional Response ◽

Preference Test ◽

Handling Time ◽

Equation Model ◽

Type Ii ◽

Female Parasitoid ◽

Host Abundance ◽

Liriomyza Huidobrensis ◽

Type Ii Functional Response

The preference and functional response of Parasitoid Hemiptarsenus varicornis (Girault) (Hymenoptera:Eulophidae) on host larvae of potato leafminers. The preference of Hemiptarsenus varicornis (Girault) on host larvae of potato leafminers (Liriomyza huidobrensis) and their functional response on host abundance were studied in laboratory. The preference test was conducted by releasing a female parasitoid in a cage containing two redbean leaves, one with 2nd instar and another one with 3rd instar. The functional response test was conducted by providing 3rd instar with density 1, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 13 larvae per leaf. The result showed that H. varicornis had the preference on 3rd instar larvae compared to 2nd instar, either for parasitisation or paralysis. Based on logistic regression analysis it was found that the parasitoid showed type II functional response on the increase of host abundance. The searching rate (a) and handling time (Th) for paralysis were 0.038 and 1.473 based on disk equation model, and 0.076 and 2.060 on ramdom equation model. For parasitisation activity, the value of a and Th were 0.012 and 4.649 based on disk equation model, and 0.014 and 5.075 on random equation model.

Download Full-text

Evaluation of the functional response of Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) (Neuroptera:Chrysopidae) larvae feeding on cabbage aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae (L.)(Homoptera: Aphididae) in laboratory

Baghdad Science Journal ◽

10.21123/bsj.9.2.220-228 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 220-228

Author(s):

Baghdad Science Journal

Keyword(s):

Functional Response ◽

Attack Rate ◽

Handling Time ◽

Brevicoryne Brassicae ◽

Chrysoperla Carnea ◽

Nymphal Instar ◽

Predator Satiation ◽

Cabbage Aphid ◽

The Stability ◽

Type Ii Functional Response

This study evaluated the functional response of the larva of the predator Chrysoperla carnea by offering varying densities of cabbage aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae (L.) . Results showed conformity with type–II functional response, where the number of prey killed approaches asymptote hyperbolically as prey density increases (declining proportion of prey killed or the inverse density dependent) till it reached the stability stage determined by handling time and predator satiation. Also, the values of attack rate and handling time changed with age progress for both predator and prey. It has been observed an increase in the attack rate and reduction in handling time with the progress of the predator age when feeding on a particular nymphal instar. The attack rates of the predator was 1.779,3.406 and 4.219 ,while handling time was 0.015,0.010 and 0.008 (days) for 1st,2nd,3rd larval instars respectively, when fed on 1st nymphal instar. Also attack rates decreased and increases handling time with the progress in the prey. The attack rates were 1.779, 1.392, 1.096 and 1.059, due to an increase in size of the predator and in the growing efficiency in hunting the prey as well as in the increase in size of the prey and in developing its ability to defend itself and escape.

Download Full-text

Functional response in coccinellid beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) is modified by prey-density experience

The Canadian Entomologist ◽

10.4039/tce.2021.59 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 154 ◽

Author(s):

Desh Deepak Chaudhary ◽

Bhupendra Kumar ◽

Geetanjali Mishra ◽

Omkar

Keyword(s):

Functional Response ◽

Prey Density ◽

Biological Control Agent ◽

Handling Time ◽

Control Agent ◽

Type Ii ◽

Response Curves ◽

Late Instar ◽

Rearing Density ◽

Type Ii Functional Response

Abstract In the present study, we assessed functional response curves of two generalist coccinellid beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), specifically Menochilus sexmaculatus and Propylea dissecta, using fluctuating densities of aphid prey as a stimulus. In what may be the first such study, we investigated how the prey density experienced during the early larval development of these two predatory beetle species shaped the functional response curves of the late instar–larval and adult stages. The predators were switched from their rearing prey-density environments of scarce, optimal, or abundant prey to five testing density environments of extremely scarce, scarce, suboptimal, optimal, or abundant prey. The individuals of M. sexmaculatus that were reared on either scarce- and optimal- or abundant-prey densities exhibited type II functional response curves as both larvae and adults. However, individuals of P. dissecta that were reared on scarce- and abundant-prey densities displayed modified type II functional response curves as larvae and type II functional response curves as adults. In contrast, individuals of P. dissecta reared on the optimal-prey density displayed type II functional response curves as larvae and modified type II functional response curves as adults. The fourth-instar larvae and adult females of M. sexmaculatus and P. dissecta also exhibited highest prey consumption (T/Th) and shortest prey-handling time (Th) on the scarce-prey rearing density. Thus, under fluctuating-prey conditions, M. sexmaculatus is a better biological control agent of aphids than P. dissecta is.

Download Full-text

Functional response of Cydnodromus picanus (Acari: Phytoseiidae) on two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae)

Acta Agronómica ◽

10.15446/acag.v66n2.55054 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 66 (2) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Víctor Ernesto Tello Mercado ◽

Miguel Esteban Zarzar Maza ◽

Angélica María Suarez Pantoja

Keyword(s):

Functional Response ◽

Tetranychus Urticae ◽

Handling Time ◽

Consumption Rates ◽

65 H ◽

Two Spotted Spider Mite ◽

Tetranychus Urticae Koch ◽

Range Of Variation ◽

Average Consumption ◽

Type Ii Functional Response

The functional response of adult females of predatory mite Cydnodromus picanus Ragusa (Acari: Phytoseiidae) was evaluated at different egg densities (5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 100 and 150 eggs per predator) of Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae), which had 16, 42 and 65 h since oviposition. The experimental design was in a completely randomized blocks with five replicates per treatment. The environmental conditions of the trials were 25±2°C temperature, 50±2% of relative humidity and a photoperiod of 16:8 hours (light: dark). The average consumption rates for the three kinds of prey showed no significant differences (p>0.05) being 20.56±1.02, 18.59±0.79 and 18.38±0.94 prey/predator for eggs of 16, 42 and 65 h age, respectively. Using a logistic regression, a type II functional response on C. picanus females for the three kinds of eggs was determined. The values of response parameters for C. picanus females were as follows: Attack rate (a): 0.055±0.006, 0.076±0.009 and 0.073±0.016; Handling time (Th): 0.684±0.036, 0.894±0.034 and 0.898±0.062; for eggs of 16, 42 and 65 h age, respectively. These values are within the range of variation for different species of phytoseiids. These results suggest that C. picanus could effectively regulate populations of T. urticae in the field.

Download Full-text

Functional and numerical responses of Iphiseius degenerans (Berlese) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) to different biological stages of Eutetranychus orientalis (Klein) (Acari: Tetranychidae)*

Systematic and Applied Acarology ◽

10.11158/saa.26.8.2 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

İsmail Döker ◽

Kemal Yalcin ◽

Kamil Karut ◽

Cengiz Kazak

Keyword(s):

Functional Response ◽

Prey Density ◽

Handling Time ◽

Predatory Mite ◽

Type Ii ◽

Adult Males ◽

Response Curves ◽

Iphiseius Degenerans ◽

Eggs And Larvae ◽

Type Ii Functional Response

Functional and numerical responses of the predatory mite, Iphiseius degenerans (Berlese) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) to four different biological stages (egg, larva, protonymph and adult male) of the citrus brown mite, Eutetranychus orientalis (Klein) (Acari: Tetranychidae) were determined under laboratory conditions. In the experiments, six different prey densities (5, 10, 20, 40, 60 and 80) for each biological stage of the prey were provided to the predatory mite for 24 hours. Results showed that the proportion of prey consumption of I. degenerans decelerated with increasing prey densities of all biological stages of the prey. Logistic regression analysis indicated that I. degenerans showed a Type II functional response regardless of prey stage. The attack rate (α) and the handling time (Th) varied based on the biological stages. The highest α (1.596) and the lowest Th (0.014) values were determined when the predator fed on adult males and larvae of E. orientalis, respectively. The numerical response curves were similar to those of Type II functional response. The efficiency of conversion of ingested food (ECI) of female I. degenerans decreased on all biological stages when prey density increased. The highest and the lowest average daily mean number of eggs laid by I. degenerans were found as 0.45 and 1.90 when it fed on eggs and larvae of its prey, respectively. According to the results, I. degenerans has a potential to be used as a predator in biological control of E. orientalis.

Download Full-text

Functional response of Amblyseius largoensis to Raoiella indica eggs is mediated by previous feeding experience

Systematic and Applied Acarology ◽

10.11158/saa.23.10.3 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 23 (10) ◽

pp. 1907 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Jairo A Mendes ◽

Debora B Lima ◽

Eduardo P Sousa Neto ◽

Manoel G C Gondim Jr ◽

Jose Wagner S Melo

Keyword(s):

Functional Response ◽

Gradual Increase ◽

Handling Time ◽

Egg Consumption ◽

Feeding Experience ◽

Native Populations ◽

Raoiella Indica ◽

Lower Variation ◽

Amblyseius Largoensis ◽

Type Ii Functional Response

The mechanisms involved in the acceptance and choice of prey by predatory mites are still poorly understood. The present study was designed to determine whether previous feeding experience of Amblyseius largoensis (Muma) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) on Raoiella indica Hirst (Acari: Tenuipalpidae) eggs could influence the predator’s functional response and related parameters. The consumption of R. indica eggs by experienced and naïve female A. largoensis was evaluated under increasing densities of eggs. Regardless of the predators’ previous experience, a gradual increase in the number of eggs consumed and a tendency to stabilize at higher densities were observed. Proportionally, egg consumption decreased with increasing egg densities, indicating a type II functional response for both experienced and naïve predators. Experienced and naïve predators also had the same attack rate. However, naïve predators had a handling time almost 50% longer than experienced predators and showed lower variation in egg consumption and lower peak egg consumption. The results of the present study demonstrate that previous feeding experience may alter parameters of the functional response of A. largoensis to R. indica eggs but not the type of response. Possibly, longer associations between native populations of A. largoensis and R. indica results in more aggressive predator populations.

Download Full-text

Epicuticular wax on pea plants decreases instantaneous search rate of Hippodamia convergens larvae and reduces attachment to leaf surfaces

The Canadian Entomologist ◽

10.4039/n02-044 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 135 (1) ◽

pp. 93-101 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

C.E. Rutledge ◽

S.D. Eigenbrode

Keyword(s):

Functional Response ◽

Acyrthosiphon Pisum ◽

Handling Time ◽

Epicuticular Wax ◽

Pea Aphid ◽

Search Rate ◽

Hippodamia Convergens ◽

Leaf Surfaces ◽

Pea Aphids ◽

Type Ii Functional Response

AbstractCrop cultivar can affect the ability of natural enemies to control pest populations. Peas, Pisum sativum L. (Fabaceae), with a reduced epicuticular wax bloom have reduced pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), populations in the field than peas with a normal-wax bloom. In this paper we use the functional response to examine predation by Hippodamia convergens Guérin de Méneville (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) larvae foraging on pea plants with a normal- and a reduced-wax bloom. We found that Hippodamia convergens shows a Type II functional response on both phenotypes of peas. Hippodamia convergens consumed significantly more pea aphids on reduced-wax plants than on normal-wax plants. The instantaneous search rate, a, was higher for predators on reduced-wax plants, but the handling time, Th, was similar for predators on both wax phenotypes. In addition, we tested the ability of H. convergens larvae to attach to the surface of normal-wax and reduced-wax pea leaves. We found that H. convergens larvae attach more strongly to reduced-wax peas than to normal-wax peas. These results suggest that predation of pea aphid by H. convergens is enhanced on reduced-wax peas due to increased ability of predators to attach to these plants, and as a result, search for and find aphids.

Download Full-text

The foraging behavior of Diaeretiella rapae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) on Diuraphis noxia (Hemiptera: Aphididae)

Archives of Biological Sciences ◽

10.2298/abs1101225t ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 63 (1) ◽

pp. 225-234 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Zahra Tazerouni ◽

Asghar Talebi ◽

Ehsan Rakhshani

Keyword(s):

Functional Response ◽

Handling Time ◽

Diuraphis Noxia ◽

Diaeretiella Rapae ◽

Search Efficiency ◽

Choice Preference ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Per Capita ◽

S Model ◽

Type Ii Functional Response

Host stage preference, functional response and mutual interference of Diaeretiella rapae (McIntosh) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae) on Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) were investigated under defined laboratory conditions (20?1?C; 60?5% relative humidity; 16 h light/8 h dark photoperiod). Nicholson?s model and linear regression were used to determine per capita search-efficiency and the interference coefficient, respectively. There was a significant difference between the rates of parasitism on different stages of D. noxia. The highest parasitism percentage was observed on the third instar nymphs of D. noxia in both choice and no-choice preference tests. Results of logistic regression revealed a type II functional response. The estimated values of search-efficiency (a) and handling time (Th) were 0.072 h-1 and 0.723 h, respectively. The maximum attack rate was calculated to be 33.22. The per capita search-efficiency decreased from 0.011 to 0.004 (h-1) as parasitoid densities increased from 1 to 8. Therefore, different host-parasitoid ratios can affect the efficacy of D. rapae.

Download Full-text

Functional response of Amblyseius andersoni and Neoseiulus neoreticuloides (Acari: Phytoseiidae) to adults of the wolfberry gall mite Aceria pallida (Acari: Eriophyoidae)

Systematic and Applied Acarology ◽

10.11158/saa.26.4.11 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (4) ◽

pp. 809-817

Author(s):

Xiaotong Fu ◽

Qingyan Liu ◽

Junqing Liu ◽

Ruixia Meng

Keyword(s):

Functional Response ◽

Attack Rate ◽

Handling Time ◽

Plant Production ◽

Biological Control Agents ◽

Lycium Barbarum ◽

Amblyseius Andersoni ◽

Important Pest ◽

Gall Mite ◽

Type Ii Functional Response

The gall mite, Aceria pallida Keifer (Acari: Eriophyoidae) is an economically important pest of wolfberry Lycium barbarum L. and can cause significant losses to plant production. Two species of phytoseiid predatory mites, Amblyseius andersoni Chant and Neoseiulus neoreticuloides Liang & Hu were found on L. barbarum in Bayan Nur city, Inner Mongolia, China. We assessed the potential of these two phytoseiid species as biological control agents against A. pallida, using functional response experiments with seven prey densities (5, 10, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 adults of A. pallida) on a wolfberry leaf under 25ºC ± 1ºC, 60% ± 5% RH and a 16:8 h (L:D) photoperiod. Overall, the predation of both species increased with increase in prey density. The consumption of A. andersoni female was significantly greater than that of conspecific males and N. neoreticuloides female at high prey densities. Both phytoseiid species displayed a type II functional response to A. pallida. Female A. andersoni had a higher attack rate (5.961) and a shorter handling time (0.014 d) than male A. andersoni (1.619; 0.019 d) and female N. neoreticuloides (0.719; 0.023 d). The maximum attack rate (T/Th) was estimated to be 71.43 and 52.63 for female and male A. andersoni, respectively, while it was 43.48 for female N. neoreticuloides. Both female and male A. andersoni consistently consumed significantly more prey than N. neoreticuloides across all densities of A. pallida adults.

Download Full-text

Functional and numerical responses of Neoseiulus barkeri (Acari: Phytoseiidae) on two-spotted spider mite: the effect of patch condition and additional food source

Systematic and Applied Acarology ◽

10.11158/saa.26.3.4 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (3) ◽

pp. 543-556

Author(s):

Yaghoub Fathipour ◽

Bahador Maleknia ◽

Abdoolnabi Bagheri ◽

Mahmoud Soufbaf ◽

Myron P. Zalucki

Keyword(s):

Biological Control ◽

Functional Response ◽

Foraging Behavior ◽

Prey Density ◽

Food Source ◽

Numerical Response ◽

Type Ii ◽

Additional Food ◽

Neoseiulus Barkeri ◽

Type Ii Functional Response

Parameters that describe foraging behavior play a key role in selection of natural enemies used in biological control programs. These parameters are greatly affected by patch condition and food source type. This study was carried out to evaluate foraging behavior in Neoseiulus barkeri (Hughes) (Acari: Phytoseiidae), a predatory mite of Tetranychus urticae Koch under different patch and diet conditions. The predation rate of N. barkeri at different egg and nymph densities of T. urticae (2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128) was investigated in both limited and unlimited patches either in the presence or absence of pollen as an additional food source under laboratory conditions. A Type II functional response was determined for N. barkeri on eggs or nymphs of T. urticae in both unlimited and limited patches. The type of functional response was not affected by presence or absence of pollen. The numerical response, in terms of eggs laid, increased curvilinear with increasing prey density. The numerical response was similar in shape to a Type II functional response. The efficiency of conversion of ingested food (ECI) of female N. barkeri decreased in all treatments when prey density increased. The type of patch (limited or unlimited) and prey stage (egg or nymph in the presence or absence of pollen) can affect searching efficiency (a) and handling time (Th) (functional response) as well as daily fecundity and ECI (numerical response) of the phytoseiid predator mite, N. barkeri with implications for its use in biological control.

Download Full-text