scholarly journals Medical Ethnobotany in Europe: From Field Ethnography to a More Culturally Sensitive Evidence-Based CAM?

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cassandra L. Quave ◽  
Manuel Pardo-de-Santayana ◽  
Andrea Pieroni
Keyword(s):  
Folk Medicine ◽  
Medical Knowledge ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Global Market ◽  
Medical Community ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Migrant Populations ◽  
The Past ◽  
Medical Ethnobotany ◽  
Managing Risk

European folk medicine has a long and vibrant history, enriched with the various documented uses of local and imported plants and plant products that are often unique to specific cultures or environments. In this paper, we consider the medicoethnobotanical field studies conducted in Europe over the past two decades. We contend that these studies represent an important foundation for understanding local small-scale uses of CAM natural products and allow us to assess the potential for expansion of these into the global market. Moreover, we discuss how field studies of this nature can provide useful information to the allopathic medical community as they seek to reconcile existing and emerging CAM therapies with conventional biomedicine. This is of great importance not only for phytopharmacovigilance and managing risk of herb-drug interactions in mainstream patients that use CAM, but also for educating the medical community about ethnomedical systems and practices so that they can better serve growing migrant populations. Across Europe, the general status of this traditional medical knowledge is at risk due to acculturation trends and the urgency to document and conserve this knowledge is evident in the majority of the studies reviewed.

Pre-Hispanic Ophthalmology

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 49-56
Author(s):  
José Dalma-Weiszhausz
Keyword(s):  
Folk Medicine ◽  
Medical Knowledge ◽  
The Universe

The pre-Hispanic cultures of Mesoamerica had a complex set of beliefs, philosophy and comprehensive medical knowledge. Their concept of the nature of disease included their place in nature, the universe, and their relationship with their gods and astrology. Unfortunately, most of that information was lost but what remains highlights a native herbal pharmacopeia and surgical abilities on par with their European counterparts from that time. Some of these remedies are still widely used as folk medicine in the region. prehispánico, precolombino, Mesoamérica, oftalmología, historia, remedios herbolarios, cirugía, códice, de la Cruz-Badiano; Florentino; de Sahagún Bernardino.

CONVISO® SMART – an innovative approach of weed control in sugar beet

2016 ◽  
pp. 517-524 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Wegener ◽  
Natalie Balgheim ◽  
Maik Klie ◽  
Carsten Stibbe ◽  
Bernd Holtschulte
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Global Market ◽  
Sugar Beets ◽  
Dose Rates ◽  
Innovative System ◽  
Bayer Cropscience ◽  
Als Inhibitor

KWS SAAT SE and Bayer CropScience AG are jointly developing and commercializing an innovative system of weed control in sugar beet for the global market under the name of CONVISO SMART. The technology is based on the breeding of sugar beet cultivars that are tolerant to herbicides of the ALS-inhibitor-class with a broad-spectrum weed control. This will give farmers a new opportunity to make sugar beet cultivation easier, more flexible in its timing and more efficient. The use of CONVISO, as new herbicide in sugar beet, will make it possible to control major weeds with low dose rates of product and reduced number of applications in the future. The tolerance is based on a change in the enzyme acetholactate synthase, which is involved in the biosynthesis of essential amino acids. This variation can occur spontaneously during cell division. During the development, sugar beets with this spontaneously changed enzyme were specifically selected and used for further breeding of CONVISO SMART cultivars. As such, these varieties are not a product of genetic modification. Field studies with CONVISO SMART hybrids showed complete crop selectivity and a broad and reliable efficacy against a large range of major weeds. The bio-dossier for an EU-wide registration of CONVISO was submitted in April in 2015. The variety inscription process is in preparation in different countries. The system CONVISO SMART is scheduled to be available to farmers in 2018 at the earliest.

Forecasting of Tornadoes and Downbursts

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Djordje Romanic
Keyword(s):  
Chaos Theory ◽  
Prediction Models ◽  
Weather Prediction ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Weather Forecasts ◽  
Wind Speeds ◽  
The Past ◽  
Extreme Wind ◽  
Extreme Wind Speeds ◽  
Numerical Weather Prediction Models

Tornadoes and downbursts cause extreme wind speeds that often present a threat to human safety, structures, and the environment. While the accuracy of weather forecasts has increased manifold over the past several decades, the current numerical weather prediction models are still not capable of explicitly resolving tornadoes and small-scale downbursts in their operational applications. This chapter describes some of the physical (e.g., tornadogenesis and downburst formation), mathematical (e.g., chaos theory), and computational (e.g., grid resolution) challenges that meteorologists currently face in tornado and downburst forecasting.

scholarly journals PyroMEMS as Future Technological Building Blocks for Advanced Microenergetic Systems

Micromachines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 118
Author(s):  
Jean-Laurent Pouchairet ◽  
Carole Rossi
Keyword(s):  
Building Block ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Technological Evolution ◽  
Research Groups ◽  
Function Block ◽  
The Past ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Safety And Reliability ◽  
Electronically Controllable

For the past two decades, many research groups have investigated new methods for reducing the size and cost of safe and arm-fire systems, while also improving their safety and reliability, through batch processing. Simultaneously, micro- and nanotechnology advancements regarding nanothermite materials have enabled the production of a key technological building block: pyrotechnical microsystems (pyroMEMS). This building block simply consists of microscale electric initiators with a thin thermite layer as the ignition charge. This microscale to millimeter-scale addressable pyroMEMS enables the integration of intelligence into centimeter-scale pyrotechnical systems. To illustrate this technological evolution, we hereby present the development of a smart infrared (IR) electronically controllable flare consisting of three distinct components: (1) a controllable pyrotechnical ejection block comprising three independently addressable small-scale propellers, all integrated into a one-piece molded and interconnected device, (2) a terminal function block comprising a structured IR pyrotechnical loaf coupled with a microinitiation stage integrating low-energy addressable pyroMEMS, and (3) a connected, autonomous, STANAG 4187 compliant, electronic sensor arming and firing block.

scholarly journals Sixty Years with the Chrysobalanaceae

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ghillean T. Prance
Keyword(s):  
Economic Botany ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Molecular Evidence ◽  
New Techniques ◽  
Conservation Ecology ◽  
The Past ◽  
New Findings ◽  
The Family ◽  
Molecular Studies ◽  
Economic Use

AbstractA review is given of the studies of Ghillean Prance and associates on the Chrysobalanaceae over the past sixty years. This has focussed on defining the generic boundaries in the family and on monographic work with a worldwide approach to this pantropical family. The importance of field studies for work on monographs and Floras is emphasized. Monographs are still the basis for much work on conservation, ecology and economic botany and are needed as a foundation for molecular studies. The importance of being open to experimenting with new techniques and as a result being willing to change the taxonomy in accordance with new findings is demonstrated and emphasized. The twelve genera of the Chrysobalanaceae at the beginning of this career-long study have now increased to twenty-eight in order to present a much better monophyletic and evolutionary arrangement based on recent molecular evidence. In particular it was necessary to divide and rearrange the originally large genera Parinari and Licania into a number of smaller segregate genera. All known species were included in a worldwide monograph published in 2003. A brief review of the economic use for the family is given.

A view of the current state of hygiene, sanitation, and public medicine

1923 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 90-92
Author(s):  
V. V. Miloslavsky
Keyword(s):  
Medical Knowledge ◽  
Total Loss ◽  
Present Moment ◽  
The Past ◽  
Premature Deaths ◽  
Current State

Hardly any other branch of medical knowledge has ever faced greater challenges, more pressing questions, than hygiene does at the present moment. The past war has uprooted about 6 million healthy, strong individuals - a direct sacrifice on the altar of Mars. To this should be added about 50 million premature deaths caused by an increase of mortality and those who were not born as a result of a decrease in the birthrate. For Russia, the total loss had already reached 21 million souls by the end of 1920, with 25 million disabled.

The Puzzle of the Underdog’s Victory

2021 ◽  
pp. 624-646
Author(s):  
Peter Ping Li ◽  
Shihao Zhou ◽  
Monsol Zhengyin Yang
Keyword(s):  
Global Market ◽  
Global Competition ◽  
Central Theme ◽  
The Past ◽  
Chinese Companies ◽  
Salient Features ◽  
Practical Implications

Traditionally, Chinese companies have been viewed as underdogs in global competition, but many Chinese latecomers have actually caught up and become major players in the global market in the past decade. This begs the question about this puzzle. Based on the authors’ case evidence, the central theme of this chapter is that many successful corporate underdogs share a pattern with two salient features. First, these firms tend to have stretch goals, that is, seemingly impossible goals given their available capabilities. Second, such firms tend to behave in a way similar to the notion of bricolage in terms of “making do by applying combinations of the resources at hand to new problems and opportunities.” By focusing on the question of how stretch goals and exploratory bricolage work together in the context of China, this chapter identifies the bricolage pattern with both theoretical and practical implications for both scholars and practitioners within and beyond China.

A Hybrid Method Based on Semi-Supervised Learning for Relation Extraction in Chinese EMRs (Preprint)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
ChunMing Yang
Keyword(s):  
Supervised Learning ◽  
Learning Algorithm ◽  
Medical Knowledge ◽  
Relation Extraction ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Semantic Features ◽  
Training Process ◽  
Network Layers ◽  
Relation Prediction ◽  
The Cost

BACKGROUND Extracting relations between the entities from Chinese electronic medical records(EMRs) is the key to automatically constructing medical knowledge graphs. Due to the less available labeled corpus, most of the current researches are based on shallow networks, which cannot fully capture the complex semantic features in the text of Chinese EMRs. OBJECTIVE In this study, a hybrid deep learning method based on semi-supervised learning is proposed to extract the entity relations from small-scale complex Chinese EMRs. METHODS The semantic features of sentences are extracted by residual network (ResNet) and the long dependent information is captured by bidirectional GRU (Gated Recurrent Unit). Then the attention mechanism is used to assign weights to the extracted features respectively, and the output of the two attention mechanisms is integrated for relation prediction. We adjusted the training process with manually annotated small-scale relational corpus and bootstrapping semi-supervised learning algorithm, and continuously expanded the datasets during the training process. RESULTS The experimental results show that the best F1-score of the proposed method on the overall relation categories reaches 89.78%, which is 13.07% higher than the baseline CNN model. The F1-score on DAP, SAP, SNAP, TeRD, TeAP, TeCP, TeRS, TeAS, TrAD, TrRD and TrAP 11 relation categories reaches 80.95%, 93.91%, 92.96%, 88.43%, 86.54%, 85.58%, 87.96%, 94.74%, 93.01%, 87.58% and 95.48%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The hybrid neural network method strengthens the feature transfer and reuse between different network layers and reduces the cost of manual tagging relations. The results demonstrate that our proposed method is effective for the relation extraction in Chinese EMRs.

Expressing criticism and evaluation during three centuries

2001 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Britt-Louise Gunnarsson
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Community ◽  
Medical Knowledge ◽  
Medical Community ◽  
Gradual Change ◽  
Medical Case ◽  
Nineteenth And Twentieth Centuries ◽  
Modern Author

The article presents a socio-semantic study of evaluative expressions in medical scientific articles from six periods from the eighteenth, nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Evaluations relating to the presentations of the medical case, the scientist’s own work and the work of other scientists were studied. The results of the analyses point to a gradual change in the directness of the evaluations; where the author earlier evaluated through his own voice, the modern author chooses to evaluate indirectly through facts and others’ voices. The evaluations were also found to gradually be less strong and more embedded in hedgings of various kinds. The changes in evaluative strength and style reveal the varied positions of the scientists and their scientific community as to the medical knowledge, the stage of the medical community and the role of the medical scientists in society.

scholarly journals The transient swimming of a waving sheet

2009 ◽  
Vol 466 (2113) ◽  
pp. 107-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
On Shun Pak ◽  
Eric Lauga
Keyword(s):  
Fluid Flow ◽  
Reynolds Numbers ◽  
Geometrical Model ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Transient Effects ◽  
Initial Value ◽  
Low Reynolds Numbers ◽  
The Past ◽  
Low Reynolds Number Swimming ◽  
Low Reynolds

Small-scale locomotion plays an important role in biology. Different modelling approaches have been proposed in the past. The simplest model is an infinite inextensible two-dimensional waving sheet, originally introduced by Taylor, which serves as an idealized geometrical model for both spermatozoa locomotion and ciliary transport in Stokes flow. Here, we complement classic steady-state calculations by deriving the transient low-Reynolds number swimming speed of such a waving sheet when starting from rest (small-amplitude initial-value problem). We also determine the transient fluid flow in the ‘pumping’ setup where the sheet is not free to move but instead generates a net fluid flow around it. The time scales for these two problems, which in general govern transient effects in transport and locomotion at low Reynolds numbers, are also derived using physical arguments.

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