scholarly journals Host-Parasite Interactions in Some Fish Species

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Khan
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Environmental Change ◽  
Habitat Degradation ◽  
Temperature Dependent ◽  
Anthropogenic Pollutants ◽  
Immunological Status ◽  
Host Interaction ◽  
Host Parasite Interactions ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
Susceptibility And Resistance

Host-parasite interactions are complex, compounded by factors that are capable of shifting the balance in either direction. The host's age, behaviour, immunological status, and environmental change can affect the association that is beneficial to the host whereas evasion of the host’s immune response favours the parasite. In fish, some infections that induce mortality are age and temperature dependent. Environmental change, especially habitat degradation by anthropogenic pollutants and oceanographic alterations induced by climatic, can influence parasitic-host interaction. The outcome of these associations will hinge on susceptibility and resistance.

scholarly journals Three tick species parasitizing a rock python in Sri Lanka

2012 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-56
Author(s):  
T.S.P. Fernando ◽  
H.K.A.V.A. Kulasena Fernando
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Food Webs ◽  
Tick Species ◽  
Ecosystem Health ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Host Parasite Interactions ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Host Parasite

Parasitism is a relationship where one of the parties (the parasite) either harms its host or lives at the expense of it. Host parasite interactions are important driving forces in population dynamics and even extinction. These interactions are also indicators of ecosystem health and they are important in stabilizing food webs. A parasite may cause mechanical injury, stimulate a damaging inflammatory or immune response, or simply rob the host of nutrition. However in the wild most parasites must live in harmony with their hosts. If the parasites kill the host, they themselves would ultimately die without shelter and nutrition. Reptiles become hosts to a number of parasitic organisms ranging from protozoans to arthropods. Among these, ticks (hard and soft) are the most common arthropod group that parasitizes reptiles.

scholarly journals Understanding the Pathophysiology of Exosomes in Schistosomiasis: A New Direction for Disease Control and Prevention

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yue Yuan ◽  
Jianping Zhao ◽  
Min Chen ◽  
Huifang Liang ◽  
Xin Long ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
South America ◽  
Disease Control ◽  
Intercellular Communication ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Parasitic Disease ◽  
Internal Organs ◽  
Host Parasite Interactions ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Host Parasite

Schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease endemic to freshwater areas of Southeast Asia, Africa, and South America that is capable of causing serious damage to the internal organs. Recent studies have linked exosomes to the progression of schistosomiasis. These structures are important mediators for intercellular communication, assist cells to exchange proteins, lipids, and genetic material and have been shown to play critical roles during host–parasite interactions. This review aims to discuss the pathophysiology of exosomes in schistosomiasis and their roles in regulating the host immune response. Understanding how exosomes are involved in the pathogenesis of schistosomiasis may provide new perspectives in diagnosing and treating this neglected disease.

scholarly journals Four QTL underlie resistance to a microsporidian parasite that may drive genome evolution in its Daphnia host

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Devon Keller ◽  
Devin Kirk ◽  
Pepijn Luijckx
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Daphnia Magna ◽  
Genetic Architecture ◽  
Pivotal Role ◽  
Parasite Resistance ◽  
Microsporidian Parasite ◽  
Ecological Processes ◽  
Host Parasite Interactions ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
General Immune Response

AbstractDespite its pivotal role in evolutionary and ecological processes the genetic architecture underlying host-parasite interactions remains understudied. Here we use a quantitative trait loci approach to identify regions in the Daphnia magna genome that provide resistance against its microsporidium parasite Ordospora colligata. The probability that Daphnia became infected was affected by a single locus and an interaction between two additional loci. A fourth locus influenced the number of spores that grew within the host. Comparing our findings to previously published genetic work on Daphnia magna revealed that two of these loci may be the same as detected for another microsporidium parasite, suggesting a general immune response to this group of pathogens. More importantly, this comparison revealed that two regions previously identified to be under selection coincided with parasite resistance loci, highlighting the pivotal role parasites may play in shaping the host genome.

scholarly journals The implications of immunopathology for parasite evolution

2012 ◽  
Vol 279 (1741) ◽  
pp. 3234-3240 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex Best ◽  
Gráinne Long ◽  
Andy White ◽  
Mike Boots
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Disease Severity ◽  
Host Immune Response ◽  
Disease Symptoms ◽  
Direct Damage ◽  
Host Parasite Interactions ◽  
Parasite Evolution ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
Individual Disease

By definition, parasites harm their hosts, but in many infections much of the pathology is driven by the host immune response rather than through direct damage inflicted by parasites. While these immunopathological effects are often well studied and understood mechanistically in individual disease interactions, there remains relatively little understanding of their broader impact on the evolution of parasites and their hosts. Here, we theoretically investigate the implications of immunopathology, broadly defined as additional mortality associated with the host's immune response, on parasite evolution. In particular, we examine how immunopathology acting on different epidemiological traits (namely transmission, virulence and recovery) affects the evolution of disease severity. When immunopathology is costly to parasites, such that it reduces their fitness, for example by decreasing transmission, there is always selection for increased disease severity. However, we highlight a number of host–parasite interactions where the parasite may benefit from immunopathology, and highlight scenarios that may lead to the evolution of slower growing parasites and potentially reduced disease severity. Importantly, we find that conclusions on disease severity are highly dependent on how severity is measured. Finally, we discuss the effect of treatments used to combat disease symptoms caused by immunopathology.

How does human-induced environmental change influence host-parasite interactions?

Parasitology ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 141 (4) ◽  
pp. 462-474 ◽  
Author(s):  
ALEXANDRE BUDRIA ◽  
ULRIKA CANDOLIN
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Change ◽  
Human Activities ◽  
Search Strategy ◽  
Encounter Rate ◽  
Evolutionary Processes ◽  
Host Parasite Interactions ◽  
The World ◽  
Avoidance Strategy ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
Host Parasite

SUMMARYHost-parasite interactions are an integral part of ecosystems that influence both ecological and evolutionary processes. Humans are currently altering environments the world over, often with drastic consequences for host-parasite interactions and the prevalence of parasites. The mechanisms behind the changes are, however, poorly known. Here, we explain how host-parasite interactions depend on two crucial steps – encounter rate and host-parasite compatibility – and how human activities are altering them and thereby host-parasite interactions. By drawing on examples from the literature, we show that changes in the two steps depend on the influence of human activities on a range of factors, such as the density and diversity of hosts and parasites, the search strategy of the parasite, and the avoidance strategy of the host. Thus, to unravel the mechanisms behind human-induced changes in host-parasite interactions, we have to consider the characteristics of all three parts of the interaction: the host, the parasite and the environment. More attention should now be directed to unfold these mechanisms, focusing on effects of environmental change on the factors that determine encounter rate and compatibility. We end with identifying several areas in urgent need of more investigations.

scholarly journals Roles of three putative salmon louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) prostaglandin E2 synthases in physiology and host–parasite interactions

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sussie Dalvin ◽  
Christiane Eichner ◽  
Michael Dondrup ◽  
Aina-Cathrine Øvergård
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Transcript Level ◽  
Prostaglandin E ◽  
Lepeophtheirus Salmonis ◽  
Salmon Louse ◽  
Host Parasite Interactions ◽  
Expression Studies ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
And Oxidative Stress ◽  
Microsomal Glutathione

Abstract Background The salmon louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) is a parasite of salmonid fish. Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) exhibit only a limited and ineffective immune response when infested with this parasite. Prostaglandins (PGs) have many biological functions in both invertebrates and vertebrates, one of which is the regulation of immune responses. This has led to the suggestion that prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is important in the salmon louse host–parasite interaction, although studies of a salmon louse prostaglandin E2 synthase (PGES) 2 gene have not enabled conformation of this hypothesis. The aim of the present study was, therefore, to characterize two additional PGES-like genes. Methods Lepeophtheirus salmonis microsomal glutathione S-transferase 1 like (LsMGST1L) and LsPGES3L were investigated by sequencing, phylogenetics, transcript localization and expression studies. Moreover, the function of these putative PGES genes in addition to the previously identified LsPGES2 gene was analyzed in double stranded (ds) RNA-mediated knockdown (KD) salmon louse. Results Analysis of the three putative LsPGES genes showed a rather constitutive transcript level throughout development from nauplius to the adult stages, and in a range of tissues, with the highest levels in the ovaries or gut. DsRNA-mediated KD of these transcripts did not produce any characteristic changes in phenotype, and KD animals displayed a normal reproductive output. The ability of the parasite to infect or modulate the immune response of the host fish was also not affected by KD. Conclusions Salmon louse prostaglandins may play endogenous roles in the management of reproduction and oxidative stress and may be a product of salmon louse blood digestions. Graphic Abstract

scholarly journals Alternate patterns of temperature variation bring about very different disease outcomes at different mean temperatures

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlotte Kunze ◽  
Pepijn Luijckx ◽  
Andrew L. Jackson ◽  
Ian Donohui
Keyword(s):  
Life History Traits ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
Temperature Dependent ◽  
Disease Outcomes ◽  
Host Parasite Interactions ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Changing Patterns ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
Heat Events

The dynamics of host-parasite interactions are highly temperature-dependent and may be modified by increasing frequency and intensity of climate-driven heat events. Here, we show that altered patterns of temperature variance lead to an almost order-of-magnitude shift in thermal performance of host and pathogen life history traits over and above the effects of mean temperature and, moreover, that different temperature regimes affect these traits differently. We found that diurnal fluctuations of ±3°C lowered infection rates and reduced spore burden compared to constant temperatures in our focal host Daphnia magna exposed to the microsporidium parasite Ordospora colligata. In contrast, a three-day heatwave (+6°C) did not affect infection rates, but increased spore burden (relative to constant temperatures with the same mean) at 16°C, while reducing burden at higher temperatures. We conclude that changing patterns of climate variation, superimposed on shifts in mean temperatures due to global warming, may have profound and unanticipated effects on disease dynamics.

scholarly journals Host–parasite interactions: resist or tolerate but never stop running

2009 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 721-722
Author(s):  
Jay D. Evans
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Common Ground ◽  
European Science Foundation ◽  
Immune Systems ◽  
Host Parasite Interactions ◽  
European Science ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

A conference exploring ‘The impact of the environment on innate immunity: the threat of diseases’ was held on 4–9 May 2009 in Obergurgl, Austria, thanks to the support from the European Science Foundation, Innsbruck University and the Austrian Science Foundation. The goals of the conference were to explore how the outcomes of host–parasite interactions depend on variation across individuals, their parasites and the environment in which they both find themselves. Central themes were the inherent costs of mounting an immune response, the ability of some organisms to pre-empt infection by ‘priming’ their immune systems, the fact that parasites learn to evade immune responses over time and the use of theory to predict when diseases will get out of hand. Many of the systems presented had clear impacts on human health, agriculture or the maintenance of complex ecosystems. There was common ground throughout in developing methodologies and embracing what one of the organizers termed the ‘interactome’ between hosts and those which would exploit them.

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