scholarly journals Neural Functions of Matrix Metalloproteinases: Plasticity, Neurogenesis, and Disease

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiromi Fujioka ◽  
Yusuke Dairyo ◽  
Kei-ichiro Yasunaga ◽  
Kazuo Emoto
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Matrix ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Matrix Metalloproteinases ◽  
Neuronal Development ◽  
Neuronal Circuits ◽  
Intrinsic Factors ◽  
Neuronal Disease ◽  
Brain Changes ◽  
Neuronal Functions ◽  
The Brain

The brain changes in response to experience and altered environment. To do that, the nervous system often remodels the structures of neuronal circuits. This structural plasticity of the neuronal circuits appears to be controlled not only by intrinsic factors, but also by extrinsic mechanisms including modification of the extracellular matrix. Recent studies employing a range of animal models implicate that matrix metalloproteinases regulate multiple aspects of the neuronal development and remodeling in the brain. This paper aims to summarize recent advances of our knowledge on the neuronal functions of matrix metalloproteinases and discuss how they might relate in neuronal disease.

Can irisin be a linker between physical activity and brain function?

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 253-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Zhang ◽  
Weizhen Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Neural Differentiation ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
Differentiation And Proliferation ◽  
Neuronal Functions ◽  
The Brain

AbstractIrisin was initially discovered as a novel hormone-like myokine released from skeletal muscle during exercise to improve obesity and glucose dysfunction by stimulating the browning of white adipose tissue. Emerging evidence have indicated that irisin also affects brain function. FNDC5 mRNA and FNDC5/irisin immunoreactivity are present in various regions of the brain. Central irisin is involved in the regulation of neural differentiation and proliferation, neurobehavior, energy expenditure and cardiac function. Elevation of peripheral irisin level stimulates hippocampal genes related to neuroprotection, learning and memory. In this brief review, we summarize the current understanding on neuronal functions of irisin. In addition, we discuss the pros and cons for this molecule as a potential messenger mediating the crosstalk between skeletal muscle and central nervous system during exercise.

scholarly journals Molekulare Kontrolle der Stabilität und Plastizität von Synapsen

BIOspektrum ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 588-590
Author(s):  
Zeeshan Mushtaq ◽  
Jan Pielage
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Synaptic Plasticity ◽  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Information Flow ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Synaptic Connectivity ◽  
Genetic Mutations ◽  
Neuronal Circuits ◽  
The Brain

AbstractThe precise regulation of synaptic connectivity is essential for the processing of information in the brain. Any aberrant loss of synaptic connectivity due to genetic mutations will disrupt information flow in the nervous system and may represent the underlying cause of psychiatric or neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, identification of the molecular mechanisms controlling synaptic plasticity and maintenance is essential for our understanding of neuronal circuits in development and disease.

scholarly journals The Role of Phospholipase C in GABAergic Inhibition and Its Relevance to Epilepsy

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 3149
Author(s):  
Hye Yun Kim ◽  
Pann-Ghill Suh ◽  
Jae-Ick Kim
Keyword(s):  
Phospholipase C ◽  
Intracellular Signaling ◽  
Neuronal Development ◽  
Gabaergic Inhibition ◽  
Inhibitory Neurotransmitter ◽  
Intracellular Signaling Pathway ◽  
Key Enzyme ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Neuronal Functions ◽  
The Brain

Epilepsy is characterized by recurrent seizures due to abnormal hyperexcitation of neurons. Recent studies have suggested that the imbalance of excitation and inhibition (E/I) in the central nervous system is closely implicated in the etiology of epilepsy. In the brain, GABA is a major inhibitory neurotransmitter and plays a pivotal role in maintaining E/I balance. As such, altered GABAergic inhibition can lead to severe E/I imbalance, consequently resulting in excessive and hypersynchronous neuronal activity as in epilepsy. Phospholipase C (PLC) is a key enzyme in the intracellular signaling pathway and regulates various neuronal functions including neuronal development, synaptic transmission, and plasticity in the brain. Accumulating evidence suggests that neuronal PLC is critically involved in multiple aspects of GABAergic functions. Therefore, a better understanding of mechanisms by which neuronal PLC regulates GABAergic inhibition is necessary for revealing an unrecognized linkage between PLC and epilepsy and developing more effective treatments for epilepsy. Here we review the function of PLC in GABAergic inhibition in the brain and discuss a pathophysiological relationship between PLC and epilepsy.

scholarly journals On the role of the extracellular space on the holistic behavior of the brain

2015 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 489-506 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuela Marcoli ◽  
Luigi F. Agnati ◽  
Francesco Benedetti ◽  
Susanna Genedani ◽  
Diego Guidolin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Extracellular Matrix ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cellular Networks ◽  
Intercellular Communication ◽  
Extracellular Space ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Molecular Network ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

AbstractMultiple players are involved in the brain integrative action besides the classical neuronal and astrocyte networks. In the past, the concept of complex cellular networks has been introduced to indicate that all the cell types in the brain can play roles in its integrative action. Intercellular communication in the complex cellular networks depends not only on well-delimited communication channels (wiring transmission) but also on diffusion of signals in physically poorly delimited extracellular space pathways (volume transmission). Thus, the extracellular space and the extracellular matrix are the main players in the intercellular communication modes in the brain. Hence, the extracellular matrix is an ‘intelligent glue’ that fills the brain and, together with the extracellular space, contributes to the building-up of the complex cellular networks. In addition, the extracellular matrix is part of what has been defined as the global molecular network enmeshing the entire central nervous system, and plays important roles in synaptic contact homeostasis and plasticity. From these premises, a concept is introduced that the global molecular network, by enmeshing the central nervous system, contributes to the brain holistic behavior. Furthermore, it is suggested that plastic ‘brain compartments’ can be detected in the central nervous system based on the astrocyte three-dimensional tiling of the brain volume and on the existence of local differences in cell types and extracellular space fluid and extracellular matrix composition. The relevance of the present view for neuropsychiatry is discussed. A glossary box with terms and definitions is provided.

scholarly journals Matrix Metalloproteinases in Pulmonary and Central Nervous System Tuberculosis—A Review

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 1350 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ursula Rohlwink ◽  
Naomi Walker ◽  
Alvaro Ordonez ◽  
Yifan Li ◽  
Elizabeth Tucker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Matrix Metalloproteinases ◽  
Immune Reconstitution ◽  
Proteolytic Enzymes ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Adults And Children ◽  
Inflammatory Syndrome ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Cns Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis (TB) remains the single biggest infectious cause of death globally, claiming almost two million lives and causing disease in over 10 million individuals annually. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of proteolytic enzymes with various physiological roles implicated as key factors contributing to the spread of TB. They are involved in the breakdown of lung extracellular matrix and the consequent release of Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacilli into the airways. Evidence demonstrates that MMPs also play a role in central nervous system (CNS) tuberculosis, as they contribute to the breakdown of the blood brain barrier and are associated with poor outcome in adults with tuberculous meningitis (TBM). However, in pediatric TBM, data indicate that MMPs may play a role in both pathology and recovery of the developing brain. MMPs also have a significant role in HIV-TB-associated immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in the lungs and the brain, and their modulation offers potential novel therapeutic avenues. This is a review of recent research on MMPs in pulmonary and CNS TB in adults and children and in the context of co-infection with HIV. We summarize different methods of MMP investigation and discuss the translational implications of MMP inhibition to reduce immunopathology.

Is Survival Possible Without Arachidonate Metabolites in the Brain During Systemic Infection?

Physiology ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 137-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ji Zhang ◽  
Serge Rivest
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Systemic Infection ◽  
Neuronal Circuits ◽  
Autonomic Functions ◽  
Biological Responses ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Arachidonate Metabolites ◽  
The Brain

The central nervous system mediates a coordinated set of biological responses during systemic immune stimuli. These responses are essential for the organism to eliminate invading pathogens and restore health. Coincidentally, centrally produced prostaglandins play a determinant role in activating the neuronal circuits involved in the control of autonomic functions.

scholarly journals Histone Glutamine Modification by Neurotransmitters: Paradigm Shift in the Epigenetics of Neuronal Gene Activation and Dopaminergic VTA Reward Pathway

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samir PATRA
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Neuronal Development ◽  
Tissue Transglutaminase ◽  
Gene Activation ◽  
Central Element ◽  
Dopamine Neurons ◽  
Normal Brain ◽  
Reward Pathway ◽  
Neuronal Functions ◽  
The Brain

Normal brain function means fine-tuned neuronal circuitry with optimum neurotransmitter signaling. The classical views and experimental demonstrations established neurotransmitters release-uptake through synaptic vesicles. Current research highlighted that neurotransmitters not merely influence electrical impulses; however, contribute to gene expression, now we know, by posttranslational modifications of chromatinised histones. Epigenetic modifications of chromatin, like DNA methylation, histone methylation, acetylation, ubiquitilation etc., influence gene expression during neuronal development, differentiation and functions. Protein glutamine (Q) modification by tissue transglutaminase (TGM2) controls a wide array of metabolic and signaling activities, including neuronal functions. Dopamine neurons are central element in the brain reward system that controls the learning of numerous behaviours. The ventral tegmental area (VTA) consists of dopamine, GABA, or glutamate neurons. The VTA and adjacent substantia nigra are the two major dopaminergic areas in the brain. In view of this, and to focus insight into the neuronal functions caused by TGM2 mediated histone modifications at the Q residues, either serotonylation (for example, H3K4me3Q5 to H3K4me3Q5ser) in the context of cellular differentiation and signaling, or dopaminylation (for example, H3Q5 to H3Q5dop) in the dopaminergic VTA reward pathway and the precise role of cocaine withdrawal in this scenario are summarized and discussed in this contribution.

scholarly journals Hyaluronic Acid Biomaterials for Central Nervous System Regenerative Medicine

Cells ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 2113
Author(s):  
Gregory Jensen ◽  
Julianne L. Holloway ◽  
Sarah E. Stabenfeldt
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Extracellular Matrix ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Hyaluronic Acid ◽  
Regenerative Medicine ◽  
Primary Component ◽  
Cell Functions ◽  
Tissue Healing ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a primary component of the brain extracellular matrix and functions through cellular receptors to regulate cell behavior within the central nervous system (CNS). These behaviors, such as migration, proliferation, differentiation, and inflammation contribute to maintenance and homeostasis of the CNS. However, such equilibrium is disrupted following injury or disease leading to significantly altered extracellular matrix milieu and cell functions. This imbalance thereby inhibits inherent homeostatic processes that support critical tissue health and functionality in the CNS. To mitigate the damage sustained by injury/disease, HA-based tissue engineering constructs have been investigated for CNS regenerative medicine applications. HA’s effectiveness in tissue healing and regeneration is primarily attributed to its impact on cell signaling and the ease of customizing chemical and mechanical properties. This review focuses on recent findings to highlight the applications of HA-based materials in CNS regenerative medicine.

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