scholarly journals Early Life Exposure to Fructose and Offspring Phenotype: Implications for Long Term Metabolic Homeostasis

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deborah M. Sloboda ◽  
Minglan Li ◽  
Rachna Patel ◽  
Zoe E. Clayton ◽  
Cassandra Yap ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Maternal Obesity ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Obesity Epidemic ◽  
Fructose Intake ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Early Life Exposure ◽  
High Fructose ◽  
Rising Incidence

The consumption of artificially sweetened processed foods, particularly high in fructose or high fructose corn syrup, has increased significantly in the past few decades. As such, interest into the long term outcomes of consuming high levels of fructose has increased significantly, particularly when the exposure is early in life. Epidemiological and experimental evidence has linked fructose consumption to the metabolic syndrome and associated comorbidities—implicating fructose as a potential factor in the obesity epidemic. Yet, despite the widespread consumption of fructose-containing foods and beverages and the rising incidence of maternal obesity, little attention has been paid to the possible adverse effects of maternal fructose consumption on the developing fetus and long term effects on offspring. In this paper we review studies investigating the effects of fructose intake on metabolic outcomes in both mother and offspring using human and experimental studies.

scholarly journals Glucose Transporter 8 (GLUT8) Regulates Enterocyte Fructose Transport and Global Mammalian Fructose Utilization

Endocrinology ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 153 (9) ◽  
pp. 4181-4191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian J. DeBosch ◽  
Maggie Chi ◽  
Kelle H. Moley
Keyword(s):  
Glucose Transporter ◽  
Serum Insulin ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
In Vivo Models ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
High Fructose

Enterocyte fructose absorption is a tightly regulated process that precedes the deleterious effects of excess dietary fructose in mammals. Glucose transporter (GLUT)8 is a glucose/fructose transporter previously shown to be expressed in murine intestine. The in vivo function of GLUT8, however, remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate enhanced fructose-induced fructose transport in both in vitro and in vivo models of enterocyte GLUT8 deficiency. Fructose exposure stimulated [14C]-fructose uptake and decreased GLUT8 protein abundance in Caco2 colonocytes, whereas direct short hairpin RNA-mediated GLUT8 knockdown also stimulated fructose uptake. To assess GLUT8 function in vivo, we generated GLUT8-deficient (GLUT8KO) mice. GLUT8KO mice exhibited significantly greater jejunal fructose uptake at baseline and after high-fructose diet (HFrD) feeding vs. wild-type mice. Strikingly, long-term HFrD feeding in GLUT8KO mice exacerbated fructose-induced increases in blood pressure, serum insulin, low-density lipoprotein and total cholesterol vs. wild-type controls. Enhanced fructose uptake paralleled with increased abundance of the fructose and glucose transporter, GLUT12, in HFrD-fed GLUT8KO mouse enterocytes and in Caco2 cultures exposed to high-fructose medium. We conclude that GLUT8 regulates enterocyte fructose transport by regulating GLUT12, and that disrupted GLUT8 function has deleterious long-term metabolic sequelae. GLUT8 may thus represent a modifiable target in the prevention and treatment of malnutrition or the metabolic syndrome.

scholarly journals Maternal Overnutrition Induces Long-Term Cognitive Deficits across Several Generations

Nutrients ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gitalee Sarker ◽  
Daria Peleg-Raibstein
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cognitive Deficits ◽  
Maternal Obesity ◽  
Cognitive Impairments ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Ample Evidence ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Maternal Overnutrition

Ample evidence from epidemiological studies has linked maternal obesity with metabolic disorders such as obesity, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes in the next generation. Recently, it was also shown that maternal obesity has long-term effects on the progeny’s central nervous system. However, very little is known regarding how maternal overnutrition may affect, in particular, the cognitive abilities of the offspring. We reported that first-generation offspring exposed to a maternal high-fat diet (MHFD) displayed age-dependent cognitive deficits. These deficits were associated with attenuations of amino acid levels in the medial prefrontal cortex and the hippocampus regions of MHFD offspring. Here, we tested the hypothesis that MHFD in mice may induce long-term cognitive impairments and neurochemical dysfunctions in the second and third generations. We found that MHFD led to cognitive disabilities and an altered response to a noncompetitive receptor antagonist of the N-Methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor in adult MHFD offspring in both second and third generations in a sex-specific manner. Our results suggest that maternal overnutrition leads to an increased risk of developing obesity in subsequent generations as well as to cognitive impairments, affecting learning and memory processes in adulthood. Furthermore, MHFD exposure may facilitate pathological brain aging which is not a consequence of obesity. Our findings shed light on the long-term effects of maternal overnutrition on the development of the central nervous system and the underlying mechanisms which these traits relate to disease predisposition.

Who We Are: The Foundational Forces

2021 ◽  
pp. 65-80
Author(s):  
Sandro Galea
Keyword(s):  
Social Stigma ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Body ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Obesity Epidemic ◽  
Race Politics ◽  
The Social ◽  
To Come ◽  
The Many

This chapter examines the foundational forces that shape health. Even without a pandemic, the United States is faced with public health threats that are shaped by foundational forces. From the political and economic roots of the obesity epidemic, to the social stigma that informs the opioid crisis, to the many structural drivers of climate change, the social, economic, political, and demographic foundations of health are central to the challenges that must be addressed, nationally and globally, in the years to come. Engaging with these forces helped inform the response to COVID-19; they can help in addressing these other challenges as well. And just as a virus can have long-term effects on the body, the pandemic reshaped the societal foundations, with lasting implications for the economy, culture, attitudes towards core issues like race, politics, and more. Whether the experience of the pandemic leads to significant long-term benefits will depend on whether Americans retain the hard lessons of that moment and apply them to foundational forces.

Long-term effects of an early-life exposure of fathead minnows to sediments containing bitumen. Part I: Survival, deformities, and growth.

2019 ◽  
Vol 251 ◽  
pp. 246-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Vignet ◽  
R.A. Frank ◽  
C. Yang ◽  
Z. Wang ◽  
K. Shires ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Life ◽  
Fathead Minnows ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Early Life Exposure

The influence of plant diversity on the resilience of harvester termites to fire

1995 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 279 ◽  
Author(s):  
Max Abensperg-Traun ◽  
Dion Steven ◽  
Lyn Atkins
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Grazing Pressure ◽  
Livestock Grazing ◽  
Floristic Diversity ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Burnt Area ◽  
Food Species

The harvester termites in floristically rich mallee-heath of southern Western Australia appear resilient to high-intensity fire. This contrasts with the temporary extinction of harvesters occupying a narrow food niche in floristically simple, intensely burnt spinifex Triodia angusta grassland in tropical Western Australia. The present study examines the effects of high-intensity fire on harvester termites Drepanotermes tamminensis in vegetation of intermediate floristic diversity and compares its findings with these earlier studies. We sampled 20 mounds (termitaria) in both an unburnt and (adjacent) burnt stand of Allocasuarina campestris shrubland. Although partially regenerated three years after the fire, 40% of mounds in the burnt area were abandoned, contrasting with 10% in the unburnt stand. No harvested chaff was found in any of the abandoned mounds. The extent of mound occupation by D. tamminensis was considerably lower, and ant invasion higher, in the burnt stand. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that high floristic diversity enhances the resilience of harvester termites to fire. The most likely mechanism is the availability of a range of plant (food) species with different regenerative responses to high-intensity fire. The death of spinifex and the associated harvester termites after fire may be atypical. We argue, however, that temporary extinction of harvester populations in arid Australia may not be exceptional, particularly where fire coincides with drought and high livestock grazing pressure. Rigorous experimental studies are necessary to enhance our understanding of the long-term effects of fire on harvester termite populations in different vegetation types and climatic zones.

scholarly journals From Placenta to Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome: The Role of Adipokines

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiara Sartori ◽  
Pietro Lazzeroni ◽  
Silvia Merli ◽  
Viviana Dora Patianna ◽  
Francesca Viaroli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome ◽  
Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Reproductive Function ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Peripheral Blood Mononuclear ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Pregnancy And Lactation ◽  
Ovarian Syndrome

Adipokines are cytokines produced mainly by adipose tissue, besides many other tissues such as placenta, ovaries, peripheral-blood mononuclear cells, liver, muscle, kidney, heart, and bone marrow. Adipokines play a significant role in the metabolic syndrome and in cardiovascular diseases, have implications in regulating insulin sensitivity and inflammation, and have significant effects on growth and reproductive function. The objective of this review was to analyze the functions known today of adiponectin, leptin, resistin, and visfatin from placenta throughout childhood and adolescence. It is well known now that their serum concentrations during pregnancy and lactation have long-term effects beyond the fetus and newborn. With regard to puberty, adipokines are involved in the regulation of the relationship between nutritional status and normal physiology or disorders of puberty and altered gonadal function, as, for example, premature pubarche and polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). Cytokines are involved in the maturation of oocytes and in the regular progression of puberty and pregnancy.

Long-term effects of early-life exposure to tropical cyclones

2021 ◽  
pp. 101662
Author(s):  
Youhong Lin ◽  
Feng Liu ◽  
Peng Xu
Keyword(s):  
Tropical Cyclones ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Early Life Exposure

scholarly journals Long-Term Effects of Early-Life Exposure to Environmental Oestrogens on Ovarian Function: Role of Epigenetics

2014 ◽  
Vol 26 (9) ◽  
pp. 613-624 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Cruz ◽  
W. Foster ◽  
A. Paredes ◽  
K. D. Yi ◽  
M. Uzumcu
Keyword(s):  
Early Life ◽  
Ovarian Function ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Early Life Exposure

Experimental studies on the long-term effects of methylphenidate hydrochloride

Toxicology ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 103 (2) ◽  
pp. 77-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
June K. Dunnick ◽  
James R. Hailey
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Long Term Effects

scholarly journals Endocrine and Physiological Changes in Response to Chronic Corticosterone: A Potential Model of the Metabolic Syndrome in Mouse

2010 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 261-261
Author(s):  
Ilia N. Karatsoreos ◽  
Sarah M. Bhagat ◽  
Nicole P. Bowles ◽  
Zachary M. Weil ◽  
Donald W. Pfaff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Intermediate Phenotype ◽  
Physiological Changes ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Changes In Risk ◽  
High Doses ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Plasma Leptin

ABSTRACT Numerous clinical and experimental studies have linked stress to changes in risk factors associated with the development of physiological syndromes, including metabolic disorders. How different mediators of the stress response, such as corticosterone (CORT), influence these changes in risk remains unclear. Although CORT has beneficial short-term effects, long-term CORT exposure can result in damage to the physiological systems it protects acutely. Disruption of this important physiologic signal is observed in numerous disparate disorders, ranging from depression to Cushing’s syndrome. Thus, understanding the effects of chronic high CORT on metabolism and physiology is of key importance. We explored the effects of 4-wk exposure to CORT dissolved in the drinking water on the physiology and behavior of male mice. We used this approach as a noninvasive way of altering plasma CORT levels, whereas retaining some integrity in the diurnal rhythm present in normal animals. This approach has advantages over methods involving constant CORT pellets, CORT injections, or adrenalectomy. We found that high doses of CORT (100 μg/ml) result in rapid and dramatic increases in weight gain, increased adiposity, elevated plasma leptin, insulin and triglyceride levels, hyperphagia, and decreased home-cage locomotion. A lower dose of CORT (25 μg/ml) resulted in an intermediate phenotype in some of these measures, whereas having no effect on others. We propose that the physiological changes observed in the high-CORT animals approximate changes observed in individuals suffering from the metabolic syndrome and that they potentially serve as a model for hypercortisolemia and stress-related obesity.

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