scholarly journals Understanding the Profile of Tuberculosis and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Coinfection: Insights from Expanded HIV Surveillance at a Tuberculosis Facility in Durban, South Africa

ISRN AIDS ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rubeshan Perumal ◽  
Nesri Padayatchi ◽  
Kogieleum Naidoo ◽  
Stephen Knight
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
World Health ◽  
Valuable Insight ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Hiv Surveillance ◽  
Hiv Test ◽  
Rapid Hiv Test ◽  
Health Organization

Background. Expanded HIV surveillance in TB patients forms part of the World Health Organization framework for strategic collaborative activity. Surveillance helps understand the epidemiology of the local dual epidemic and enables design of a tailored response to these challenges. Methods. We conducted an observational, cross-sectional study of anonymous unlinked HIV testing for 741 consecutive TB suspects attending an urban TB facility during a seven-week period in 2008. Results. A total of 512 patients were found to have TB. The mean age was 35.7 years, and 63% were male. The prevalence of HIV was 72.2% (95% CI: 68.2–75.9) in all TB cases, 69.8% (95% CI: 65.3–74.2) in pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB), 81.6% (95% CI: 72.9–90.3) in extrapulmonary disease, and 66.8% (95% CI: 60.7–72.9) in those without TB disease. HIV prevalence in TB patients was higher in females than males and in younger age groups (18–29 years). The sex ratio of PTB patients correlated with the sex ratio of the prevalence of HIV in the respective age groups P<0.05. Conclusion. The use of a rapid HIV test performed on sputum anonymously provides an opportunity for HIV surveillance in this high-burdened setting, which has the potential to lend valuable insight into the coepidemics.

scholarly journals Correlating Dental Caries with Tooth Brushing Frequency, Type of Toothpaste and Dental Visits

2014 ◽  
Vol 02 (01) ◽  
pp. 009-015
Author(s):  
Vaibhav Munjal ◽  
Ritu Jindal ◽  
Rohini Dua ◽  
Ripin Garewal ◽  
Parveen Bathla
Keyword(s):  
Dental Caries ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Tooth Brushing ◽  
World Health ◽  
Dental Clinic ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Dental Visits ◽  
Dental Professional ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract Aim: This study was done to evaluate correlation of Dental Caries status with frequency of tooth brushing, type of toothpaste and regular dental visits in children. Materials and methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out randomly on 2500 school children of two age groups viz. 12 and 15 years, and caries examination was done using WHO (World Health organization) 1997 criteria in order to correlate with various risk factors viz. brushing frequency, use of fluoridated/non-fluoridated toothpaste and frequency of child's visit to dental clinic. Results: In both the age groups brushing frequency and type of toothpaste used insignificantly affected caries while evidence that frequency of child's visit to dental clinic reduces caries risk was also not substantial. Conclusion: The present study implicates that due to complex multifactorial nature of dental caries, its prevention still remains an enigma for the dental professional and society.

scholarly journals Central obesity and hypertension among rural adults of Paschim Medinipur, West Bengal, India

2019 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 239-252
Author(s):  
Mahua Chanak ◽  
Kaushik Bose
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Waist Circumference ◽  
Central Obesity ◽  
West Bengal ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
World Health ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Rural Adults

Abstract Obesity is generally classified into generalized obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2) and abdominal or central obesity (WC ≥90 cm for men and WC ≥80 cm for women) based on World Health Organization recommendation for Asians. Hypertension is one of the most common obesity-related complications, and about 30% of hypertensive individuals can be classified as being obese. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of different age groups (years) on the anthropometric and derived variables. It determined the correlation between anthropometric and derived variables and also estimated the frequency of central obesity and hypertension. Finally, it investigated the relationship between central obesity and blood pressure among rural Bengalee adults of Dirghagram village of Ghatal Block, Paschim Medinipur, West Bengal, India. The present cross-sectional study was undertaken among 310 rural adults (154 males; 156 females) aged over 18 years. Our study was carried out during March, 2017. Height (cm), weight (kg), waist circumference (cm), hip circumference (cm) and blood pressure (systolic and diastolic) were measured using standard procedures. One way ANOVA analysis on most of the anthropometric and derived variables showed a statistically significant increase from younger to older age group in both sexes (p<0.001;p<0.01; p<0.05). In addition to that, more females had central obesity using waist circumference (55.8% vs. 19.5%), waist hip ratio (87.2% vs. 35.7%), waist height ratio (73.7% vs. 44.2%), and conicity index (87.2% vs. 57.8%) criteria, and hypertension (52.5% vs. 27.3%). The prevalence of central obesity was much higher in case of hypertensive individuals. Therefore, the present study showed a high prevalence of central obesity among the rural adults of Dirghagram village. Furthermore, central obesity contributed in increasing hypertension among the villagers.

Predisposing Factors And Prevalence Of Fractured Anterior Teeth Among 12 And 16 Years Old School Malaysian Children

2008 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
V Gopinath ◽  
K Ling ◽  
K Haziani ◽  
N Ismail
Keyword(s):  
School Children ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Predisposing Factors ◽  
World Health ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Maxillary Central Incisor ◽  
Anterior Teeth ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Dental Injuries

OBJECTIVE: This study reports on the predisposing factors and prevalence of fractured anterior teeth among 12 and 16 years-old school children in Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, West Malaysia. STUDY DESIGN:A cross-sectional study was performed, involving 488 school children aged 12 and 16 years old and two calibrated dentists on the use of the World Health Organization (WHO) modification of Andreasen's 1999 classification. An oral examination was performed and all the necessary information was collected using a specified data collection sheet. The data was analyzed using the SPSS version 12. RESULTS: The response rate was 98.8%. The prevalence of fractured anterior teeth was 11.2% at the age of 12 and 13.4% at the age of 16. Boys experienced more fractures than girls (p&lt;0.05) among 12 year-olds but there was no gender predilection among 16 year olds. Most children could not remember the cause of fracture (&gt;53.6%). Over 80% of dental injuries were of minor type (enamel fracture not involving the dentin). The maxillary central incisor was the most affected (&gt;60%) tooth. Children at the age of 12 years with over jet greater than 3 mm,incompetent and short lip were predisposed to dental injuries (p&lt;0.05). There was no association between molar relationship and fractures (p&gt;0.05) in both age groups. CONCLUSION: The present study assessed the prevalence of dental injuries in 12 and 16 year old children and determined the risk factors that predispose to dental injuries. The possible causes and consequences of such tooth fractures must be highlighted to ensure esthetics and tooth longevity.

scholarly journals The Impact of COVID-19 in Older People in Portugal: Results from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement (SHARE)

2021 ◽  
Vol 34 (11) ◽  
pp. 761
Author(s):  
Filipa Novais ◽  
Catarina Cordeiro ◽  
Pedro Câmara Pestana ◽  
Beatriz Côrte-Real ◽  
Teresa Reynolds Sousa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Problems ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Healthcare Services ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
World Health ◽  
International Studies ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Impact

Introduction: In March 2020, the World Health Organization declared COVID-19 as a pandemic, and Portugal reported its initial cases. In this study, we aimed to determine the impact of COVID-19 on Portuguese individuals aged over 60 years old.Material and Methods: We performed a cross-sectional study using data from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE 8: COVID-19 Survey). We selected a sample of 1080 noninstitutional Portuguese individuals aged ≥ 60 years.Results: The study sample consisted of 605 (56%) women and 475 (44%) men, with a mean age of 70 ± 9.1 years. In total, 80% of the participants experienced higher levels of anxiety, 73% felt more depressed and 30% experienced additional sleep problems comparedto the period before the pandemic. Interestingly, there were no statistically significant differences between the sexes or the two selected age groups (60 - 74 and over 75 years old) regarding the incidence of these changes. Only 23%, of those that were interviewed maintained their walking routines. In addition, only 8% of the participants continued visiting family members as frequently as before. While 8% of the participants were refused some form of medical treatment, 56% claimed that they experienced healthcare delays. However,only 15% of the participants reported that their health status worsened during the pandemic.Discussion: The pandemic has had a significant impact on Portuguese individuals aged ≥ 60 years; which is in agreement with the findings of previous international studies. It changed the participants’ routines and increased their anxiety and depression levels. Despite the deterioration of healthcare services, most participants did not experience worsening of their health status.Conclusion: In conclusion, a COVID-19 pandemic had a significant impact on the elderly population, particularly regarding their mental health.

scholarly journals Anaemia Prevalence, Severity and Associated Risk Factors Among Indigenous Temiar Orang Asli Community in Kelantan, Peninsular Malaysia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohd Amirul Fitri A. Rahim ◽  
Mohd Bakhtiar Munajat ◽  
Wathiqah Wahid ◽  
Nor Diyana Dian ◽  
Mohd Ikhwan Mukmin Seri Rakna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Personal Characteristic ◽  
Indigenous Communities ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Severe Anaemia ◽  
Peninsular Malaysia ◽  
World Health ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Orang Asli ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract Anaemia continues to be a major public health challenge in developing countries. An important and often unreported group at risk for anaemia is indigenous communities. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of anaemia and to identify its determinants in the indigenous Temiar Orang Asli community in Peninsular Malaysia. A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in 2019. Six hundred and forty participants aged one and older were enrolled and personal characteristic data were collected. Anaemia status was determined using haemoglobin level (Hb) according to the World Health Organization (WHO) Hb cut-off. The overall anaemia prevalence was 44.7% (286/640) and the prevalence rates of mild, moderate and severe anaemia were 42.7%, 50.7% and 6.6%, respectively. Anaemia-specific prevalence varied significantly by age groups (P<0.001) and was highest in the 6–17 group for mild anaemia (39.3%, 95% CI: 30.6–48.6), followed by ≤5 group for both moderate anaemia (43.4%; 95%CI: 35.2–51.9) and severe anaemia (42.1%; 95%CI: 20.3–66.5). In the multivariate logistic regression, anaemia was associated in age groups of ≤5 (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 5.6 [95%CI: 3.3–9.4], P<0.001) and 6–17 (aOR 2.1 [95%CI: 1.4–3.2], P<0.001) as well in those living in Lambok (aOR 2.7 [95%CI: 1.3–5.5], P = 0.006). This study has highlighted the high prevalence of anaemia among indigenous Orang Asli in Peninsular Malaysia and revealed that younger children were positively associated with childhood anaemia. Effective interventions and special attention for this indigenous population need to be implemented to reduce the risk of anaemia.

scholarly journals Prevalence and Correlates of Muscle-Strengthening Activity Participation in Croatia: A Cross-Sectional Study in a National Representative Sample of 4561 Adults

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (17) ◽  
pp. 8905
Author(s):  
Hrvoje Radašević ◽  
Jelena Čvrljak ◽  
Željko Pedišić ◽  
Danijel Jurakić
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
World Health ◽  
Multivariable Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Muscle Strengthening ◽  
Low Education ◽  
Health Initiatives ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Reported Data

The World Health Organization recommends adults to engage in muscle-strengthening activity (MSA) at least two times per week. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and correlates of MSA in Croatian adults. We analysed self-reported data collected among 4561 Croatians aged ≥ 18 years within the European Health Interview Survey (EHIS wave 2). We calculated the weighted prevalence of meeting the MSA guidelines, and odds ratios for different population groups, adjusted for a range of sociodemographic and lifestyle variables in a multivariable logistic regression analysis. The prevalence of meeting the MSA guidelines was 8.0% (95% CI: 7.2, 8.8) in the overall sample, 5.4% (95% CI: 4.5, 6.4) among females, and 10.9% (95% CI: 9.6, 12.3) among males. We found significantly lower odds of meeting the MSA guidelines for females, older age groups, inhabitants of sparsely populated areas, those with a low education level, obese individuals, and those who did not rate their health as “very good” (p < 0.05 for all). The vast majority of Croatian adults do not meet the MSA guidelines. Public health initiatives to promote MSA in Croatia should focus on females, seniors, sparsely populated areas, people with low education, obese individuals, and those with impaired health.

scholarly journals Prevalence of overweight preschool children in public day care centers: a cross-sectional study

2012 ◽  
Vol 130 (4) ◽  
pp. 225-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Viviane Gabriela Nascimento ◽  
Janaína Paula Costa da Silva ◽  
Ciro João Bertoli ◽  
Luiz Carlos Abreu ◽  
Vitor Engrácia Valenti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Preschool Children ◽  
Day Care ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
World Health ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Day Care Centers ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Health Organization

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Brazil is undergoing a period of epidemiological transition associated with demographic and nutritional changes. The prevalence of obesity is also increasing in children and is causing numerous health problems that are becoming public health issues. The aim here was to evaluate the prevalence of overweight among children of two and three years of age. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional study in municipal day care centers in Taubaté, state of São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: Weight and height measurements were made on 447 preschool children forming a probabilistic randomized sample. Their body mass index (BMI) was calculated. Their nutritional status was classified using the World Health Organization reference cutoff points (2006). Their mean weight, height and BMI were compared according to their age and sex. RESULTS: The mean values for the final sample (n = 447) were as follows: mean age: 38.6 months (± 3.5) and Z scores for: weight/height (W/H): 0.50 (± 1.22); height/age: -0.03 (± 1.07); weight/age (W/A): 0.51 (± 1.23); and BMI: 0.51(± 1.23). The prevalence of overweight children (BMI > 1 z) was 28.86%, while the prevalence of underweight children (BMI < -2 z) was 0.89%. There were no differences in mean BMI among the two and three-year age groups (P = 0.66). CONCLUSION: A high prevalence of overweight was observed in the sample of two and three-year-old children, with practically no malnutrition, thus showing that a significant nutritional transition may already be occurring, even in medium-sized cities of developing countries.

scholarly journals The Prevalence of Malocclusion among Schoolchildren in Makkah, Saudi Arabia

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 856-861 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nuha H. Fatani ◽  
Manal Ahmed Ba Hammam ◽  
Hana’a Oraif ◽  
Sara Taher ◽  
Waleed Taju ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Class I ◽  
World Health ◽  
Class Iii ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Holy City

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of malocclusion varies from one region to another and among different age groups and ethnicities. According to the World Health Organization, malocclusion is the third most common abnormal dental condition. AIM: This study aims to establish the prevalence of malocclusion among schoolchildren in the Holy City of Makkah, Saudi Arabia. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 400 Saudi schoolchildren, 12-15 years of age, of both genders, randomly selected from 15 schools in different regions of Makkah. Molar and canine relationships were examined, in addition to traits such as crowding, spacing, overjet, overbite, cross-bite, scissor bite, and maxillary diastema. RESULTS: The most prevalent molar relationship was Class I (52.3%), followed by Class II (25%), and Class III (20.5%). Crowding was the most prevalent malocclusion trait (74%), and scissor bite was the least common (2.5%). A statistically significant difference was found between males and females in most of the recorded criteria (P < 0.005). CONCLUSION: Among schoolchildren in Makkah, Class I molar relationship was the most prevalent type of occlusion, and the most prevalent malocclusion trait was crowding.

scholarly journals ASSOCIATION BETWEEN BREASTFEEDING AND OVERWEIGHT/OBESITY IN SCHOOLCHILDREN AGED 7-14 YEARS

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katia Jakovljevic Pudla Wagner ◽  
Camila Elizandra Rossi ◽  
Patrícia de Fragas Hinnig ◽  
Mariane de Almeida Alves ◽  
Anabelle Retondario ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
World Health ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Z Score ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Dichotomous Variable ◽  
Health Organization

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the prevalence of breastfeeding (BF) and the association between occurrence/duration of BF and overweight/obesity in schoolchildren aged 7-14 years. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study, conducted in 2012-2013, on schoolchildren aged 7-14 years from Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Southern Brazil. Weight and height were measured according to procedures of the World Health Organization. Breastfeeding and sociodemographic data were obtained from a questionnaire responded by parents/guardians. BF was categorized as a dichotomous variable (yes/no) and according to duration (months). Nutritional status was evaluated according to the Z score of the body mass index per age for sex and it was categorized into two groups: normal weight (<Z score+1) and overweight/obesity (≥Z score+1). The adjusted analysis was performed by logistic regression in two age strata (age groups of 7-10 and 11-14 years). Results: 6.6% of schoolchildren had never breastfed; 16.8% had been breastfed for ≤3 months; 16.7%, for 4-6 months; and 59.9%, for ≥7 months. No statistically significant differences were found in the occurrence and duration of BF between the age groups. The prevalence of overweight/obesity was 34.2%. For age groups (7-10 and 11-14 years), the prevalence of overweight/obesity was 36.7% and 29.8%, respectively. Chance of overweight/obesity for the age group of 7-10 years was lower among schoolchildren who were breastfed (OR=0.54; 95%CI 0.33-0.88), when compared with those who never breastfed. When categorized, the chance of overweight/obesity in the age group of 7-10 years was lower for duration of BF ≤3 months (OR=0.41; 95%CI 0.20-0.83), and 4-6 months (OR=0.48; 95%CI 0.28-0.82) when compared with children who never breastfed. Conclusions: BF for at least six months was associated with a lower chance of overweight/obesity for schoolchildren aged 7-10 years. No association was found for schoolchildren aged 11-14 years.

Evaluation of Drug Use Based on WHO Prescribing Indicator in Mizan- Tepi University Teaching Hospital, south Western Ethiopia: A Cross Sectional Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Solomon Hambisa ◽  
Rediet Feleke ◽  
Ameha Zewudie ◽  
Mohammed Yimam
Keyword(s):  
Drug Use ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Teaching Hospital ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
University Teaching ◽  
World Health ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Hospital Data ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Health Organization

Background:: Rational drug use comprises aspects of prescribing, dispensing and patient use of medicines for different health problems. This study is aimed to assess drug prescribing practice based on the world health organization prescribing indicators in Mizan-Tepi University teaching hospital. Methods:: An institutional based retrospective cross sectional study was conducted to evaluate prescribing practices in Mizan-Tepi University teaching hospital. Data were collected based on World health organization drug use indicators using prescription papers. 600 prescriptions dispensed through the general outpatient pharmacy of the hospital were collected by systematic random sampling method from prescriptions written for a 1-year time in Mizan-Tepi University teaching hospital. Results:: The present study found that the average number of drugs per prescription was 2.04 ± 0.87 in Mizan-Tepi University teaching hospital with a range between 1 and 5. Prescribing by generic name was 97.6 % and 47.8% of prescriptions contained antibiotics in the hospital. 27.7% of prescriptions contained at least one injectable medication in Mizan-Tepi University teaching hospital. From prescribed drugs, 96.7% of them were prescribed from Ethiopian essential drug list. Conclusion:: Present study indicated that the average number of drugs prescribed per encounter, the percentage of generic prescribing and prescribing from the EDL were close to optimal value. However, the percentage of encounters with antibiotics and injections prescribed were found be very high. Thus, the study highlights some improvements in prescribing habits, particularly by focusing on the inappropriate consumption of antibiotics and injections.

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