scholarly journals Isolation of Environmental Bacteria from Surface and Drinking Water in Mafikeng, South Africa, and Characterization Using Their Antibiotic Resistance Profiles

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suma George Mulamattathil ◽  
Carlos Bezuidenhout ◽  
Moses Mbewe ◽  
Collins Njie Ateba
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Chemical Exposure ◽  
Inhibition Zone ◽  
Total Coliforms ◽  
Similar Chemical ◽  
Environmental Bacteria

The aim of this study was to isolate and identify environmental bacteria from various raw water sources as well as the drinking water distributions system in Mafikeng, South Africa, and to determine their antibiotic resistance profiles. Water samples from five different sites (raw and drinking water) were analysed for the presence of faecal indicator bacteria as well asAeromonasandPseudomonasspecies. Faecal and total coliforms were detected in summer in the treated water samples from the Modimola dam and in the mixed water samples, withPseudomonasspp. being the most prevalent organism. The most prevalent multiple antibiotic resistance phenotype observed was KF-AP-C-E-OT-K-TM-A. All organisms tested were resistant to erythromycin, trimethoprim, and amoxicillin. All isolates were susceptible to ciprofloxacin and faecal coliforms andPseudomonasspp. to neomycin and streptomycin. Cluster analysis based on inhibition zone diameter data suggests that the isolates had similar chemical exposure histories. Isolates were identified usinggyrB,toxA, ecfX, aerA,andhylHgene fragments andgyrB,ecfX,andhylHfragments were amplified. These results demonstrate that (i) the drinking water from Mafikeng contains various bacterial species and at times faecal and total coliforms. (ii) The various bacteria are resistant to various classes of antibiotics.

scholarly journals Development of a Rapid Method for Simultaneous Recovery of Diverse Microbes in Drinking Water by Ultrafiltration with Sodium Polyphosphate and Surfactants

2005 ◽  
Vol 71 (11) ◽  
pp. 6878-6884 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincent R. Hill ◽  
Amy L. Polaczyk ◽  
Donghyun Hahn ◽  
Jothikumar Narayanan ◽  
Theresa L. Cromeans ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Surfactant Solution ◽  
Tween 80 ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Sodium Polyphosphate ◽  
Concentration Method ◽  
Serovar Typhimurium

ABSTRACT The ability to simultaneously concentrate diverse microbes is an important consideration for sample collection methods that are used for emergency response and environmental monitoring when drinking water may be contaminated with an array of unknown microbes. This study focused on developing a concentration method using ultrafilters and different combinations of a chemical dispersant (sodium polyphosphate [NaPP]) and surfactants. Tap water samples were seeded with bacteriophage MS2, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Cryptosporidium parvum, 4.5-μm microspheres, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, Bacillus globigii endospores, and echovirus 1. Ten-liter tap water samples were concentrated to ∼250 ml in 12 to 42 min, depending on the experimental condition. Initial experiments indicated that pretreating filters with fetal bovine serum or NaPP resulted in an increase in microbe recovery. The addition of NaPP to the tap water samples resulted in significantly higher microbe and microsphere recovery efficiencies. Backflushing of the ultrafilter was found to significantly improve recovery efficiencies. The effectiveness of backflushing was improved further with the addition of Tween 80 to the backflush solution. The ultrafiltration method developed in this study, incorporating the use of NaPP pretreatment and surfactant solution backflushing, was found to recover MS2, C. parvum, microspheres, and several bacterial species with mean recovery efficiencies of 70 to 93%. The mean recovery efficiency for echovirus 1 (49%) was the lowest of the microbes studied for this method. This research demonstrates that ultrafiltration can be effective for recovering diverse microbes simultaneously in tap water and that chemical dispersants and surfactants can be beneficial for improving microbial recovery using this technique.

Characterization of indicator bacteria in municipal raw water, drinking water, and new main water samples

1982 ◽  
Vol 28 (9) ◽  
pp. 1002-1013 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Clark ◽  
C. A. Burger ◽  
L. E. Sabatinos
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Membrane Filter ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Indicator Bacteria ◽  
Water Type ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Water Drinking ◽  
Pollution Indicator

Municipal water samples were analyzed by membrane filter (MF) and presence–absence (P-A) tests for pollution indicator bacteria. In four years, 11 514 bacterial cultures were isolated from either raw water, drinking water, or new main water samples submitted to three environmental laboratories. The bacterial species occurring most often in all types of water samples were Escherichia coli (11.6–39.7%), Enterobacter aerogenes (18.1–26.3%), Aeromonas hydrophila (8.8–17.0%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (7.7–10.3%), and Citrobacter freundii (5.09–22.7%). A lactose – lauryl tryptose – tryptone broth was examined as an alternative medium to modified MacConkey broth in the presumptive portion of the P-A test. The intensity of acid and gas production in presumptive positive P-A bottles was compared with the types and frequencies of indicator bacteria shown by confirmatory tests. The results of detecting indicator bacteria following the analysis of 53 130 samples over a 2-year period were arranged by water source (well, lake, river, mixed) and water type (raw or drinking) to determine the influence of these parameters on the recovery of indicator bacteria. A further subdivision of the sample types into raw surface, raw ground, in-plant, plant discharge, reservoir, and distribution samples demonstrated the effect of water treatment practices.

scholarly journals The occurrence of Aeromonas spp. in the bottled mineral water, well water and tap water from the municipal supplies

2008 ◽  
Vol 51 (5) ◽  
pp. 1049-1055 ◽  
Author(s):  
Denise de Oliveira Scoaris ◽  
Fernando Cezar Bizerra ◽  
Sueli Fumie Yamada-Ogatta ◽  
Benício Alves de Abreu Filho ◽  
Tânia Ueda-Nakamura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Mineral Water ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Indicator Bacteria ◽  
Well Water ◽  
Total Coliforms ◽  
Water Well ◽  
Artesian Water ◽  
Bottled Mineral Water

The aim of this work was to study the occurrence of Aeromonas sp in the bottled mineral water, well water and tap water from the municipal supplies. Positive samples were found for Aeromonas spp. 12.7% from the mineral water, 8.3% from the artesian water and 6.5% from the tap water. The recovery of Aeromonas spp. was significantly higher in the bottled mineral and artesian water than in the tap water from municipal supplies. The occurrence of the Aeromonas spp. did not correlate significantly with the contamination indicator bacteria (i.e. total coliforms) in the artesian water samples. However, a significant correlation was found between Aeromonas spp. and total coliforms in the both mineral water and tap water samples. The presence or absence of a correlation between the indicator bacteria and Aeromonas could reflect the occasional appearance of the pathogen in the drinking water and the different rates of survival and recovery of these agents compared with those fecal indicators. The finding that 41.6, 14.8 and 9.0 % of the artesian water, bottled mineral water and tap water, respectively, sampled in the current study failed to meet the Brazilian standard for total coliforms in the drinking water should therefore be of concern.

Assessment of microbiological quality of drinking water from household tanks in Bermuda

2008 ◽  
Vol 54 (6) ◽  
pp. 495-500 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Lévesque ◽  
D. Pereg ◽  
E. Watkinson ◽  
J.S. Maguire ◽  
L. Bissonnette ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Microbiological Quality ◽  
General Information ◽  
Total Coliforms ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Electoral Register ◽  
Highly Correlated

Bermuda residents collect rainwater from rooftops to fulfil their freshwater needs. The objective of this study was to assess the microbiological quality of drinking water in household tanks throughout Bermuda. The tanks surveyed were selected randomly from the electoral register. Governmental officers visited the selected household (n = 102) to collect water samples and administer a short questionnaire about the tank characteristics, the residents’ habits in terms of water use, and general information on the water collecting system and its maintenance. At the same time, water samples were collected for analysis and total coliforms and Escherichia coli were determined by 2 methods (membrane filtration and culture on chromogenic media, Colilert kit). Results from the 2 methods were highly correlated and showed that approximately 90% of the samples analysed were contaminated with total coliforms in concentrations exceeding 10 CFU/100 mL, and approximately 66% of samples showed contamination with E. coli. Tank cleaning in the year prior to sampling seems to protect against water contamination. If rainwater collection from roofs is the most efficient mean for providing freshwater to Bermudians, it must not be considered a source of high quality drinking water because of the high levels of microbial contamination.

scholarly journals Molecular Method for Detection of Total Coliforms in Drinking Water Samples

2014 ◽  
Vol 80 (14) ◽  
pp. 4074-4084 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrée F. Maheux ◽  
Dominique K. Boudreau ◽  
Marc-Antoine Bisson ◽  
Vanessa Dion-Dupont ◽  
Sébastien Bouchard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
16S Rrna ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Rrna Genes ◽  
Molecular Assay ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Total Coliforms ◽  
Pcr Assays

ABSTRACTThis work demonstrates the ability of a bacterial concentration and recovery procedure combined with three different PCR assays targeting thelacZ,wecG, and 16S rRNA genes, respectively, to detect the presence of total coliforms in 100-ml samples of potable water (presence/absence test). PCR assays were first compared to the culture-based Colilert and MI agar methods to determine their ability to detect 147 coliform strains representing 76 species ofEnterobacteriaceaeencountered in fecal and environmental settings. Results showed that 86 (58.5%) and 109 (74.1%) strains yielded a positive signal with Colilert and MI agar methods, respectively, whereas thelacZ,wecG, and 16S rRNA PCR assays detected 133 (90.5%), 111 (75.5%), and 146 (99.3%) of the 147 total coliform strains tested. These assays were then assessed by testing 122 well water samples collected in the Québec City region of Canada. Results showed that 97 (79.5%) of the samples tested by culture-based methods and 95 (77.9%), 82 (67.2%), and 98 (80.3%) of samples tested using PCR-based methods contained total coliforms, respectively. Consequently, despite the high genetic variability of the total coliform group, this study demonstrated that it is possible to use molecular assays to detect total coliforms in potable water: the 16S rRNA molecular assay was shown to be as efficient as recommended culture-based methods. This assay might be used in combination with anEscherichia colimolecular assay to assess drinking water quality.

scholarly journals Comparison of two methods for evaluating the quality of stored drinking water in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire, and review of other comparisons in the literature

2005 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 221-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. T. Macy ◽  
E. F. Dunne ◽  
S. P. Luby ◽  
Y. H. Angoran-Benie ◽  
Y. Kamelan-Tano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Developing Country ◽  
Cote D'ivoire ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Côte D’Ivoire ◽  
Cote D’Ivoire ◽  
Standard Methods ◽  
Total Coliforms ◽  
Côte D'ivoire

Membrane filtration, multiple tube fermentation (the standard methods) and Colilert are techniques available for assessing drinking water quality, but there are no published comparisons of Colilert to standard methods in a developing country laboratory. We reviewed the published literature on Colilert and standard methods and conducted a study to compare Colilert with membrane filtration for the detection and enumeration of total coliforms and fecal coliforms (Escherichia coli bacteria) using 35 stored drinking water samples from households in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. Our study results are consistent with previous published studies conducted in developed countries. Results from Colilert and membrane filtration correlated for both total coliforms (r2=0.81) and E. coli (r2=0.93). Colilert is an acceptable method to measure the presence and quantity of coliforms in water samples in a developing country setting.

scholarly journals Assessment of microbiological and physico-chemical characterıstics of water samples in households of Bangalore city, Karnataka, India

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessen George ◽  
Siri Karthiyayani Nagaraja ◽  
Ajisha A.
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Bangalore City ◽  
Physico Chemical

Abstract Access to safe drinking water is one of the basic human rights and is essential to human health. The present study investigated the concentration of pathogenic microbial flora and health risk in drinking water samples in households of Bangalore city, Karnataka, India. The samples were analysed for microbiological and physico-chemical parameters. In this study, most probable number and heterotrophic plate count were used to assess the microbial load. The results of the study show that most of the household water samples were contaminated with the presence of coliform bacteria. The dominant bacterial species are Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Klebsiella and Enterobacter. The bacteria belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae showed maximum occurrence in water samples. The overall results of the study showed that the consumption of such contaminated drinking water at the end-user point may cause potential health hazards to the inhabitants.

scholarly journals Distribution and molecular characterization of ESBL, pAmpC β-lactamases, and non-β-lactam encoding genes in Enterobacteriaceae isolated from hospital wastewater in Eastern Cape Province, South Africa

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. e0254753
Author(s):  
Folake Temitope Fadare ◽  
Anthony Ifeanyi Okoh
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Molecular Characterization ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Klebsiella Oxytoca ◽  
Eastern Cape Province ◽  
Hospital Wastewater ◽  
Eastern Cape ◽  
Genetic Determinants ◽  
Encoding Genes

Globally, there is an increasing occurrence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Enterobacteriaceae with extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) and/or plasmid-encoded AmpC (pAmpC) β-lactamases in clinical and environmental settings of significant concern. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the occurrence of ESBL/pAmpC genetic determinants, and some essential non-β-lactam genetic determinants in the MDR phenotypic antimicrobial resistance in Enterobacteriaceae isolates recovered from hospital wastewater. We collected samples from two hospitals in Amathole and Chris Hani District Municipalities in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa, within October and November 2017. Using the matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF), we identified a total of 44 presumptive Enterobacteriaceae isolates. From this, 31 were identified as the targeted Enterobacteriaceae members. Thirty-six percent of these belonged to Klebsiella oxytoca, while 29% were Klebsiella pneumoniae. The other identified isolates included Citrobacter freundii and Escherichia coli (10%), Enterobacter asburiae (6%), Enterobacter amnigenus, Enterobacter hormaechei, and Enterobacter kobei (3%). We established the antibiotic susceptibility profiles of these identified bacterial isolates against a panel of 18 selected antibiotics belonging to 11 classes were established following established guidelines by the Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute. All the bacterial species exhibited resistance phenotypically against at least four antibiotic classes and were classified as MDR. Notably, all the bacterial species displayed resistance against cefotaxime, ampicillin, nalidixic acid, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. The generated multiple antibiotic resistance indices ranged between 0.5 to 1.0, with the highest value seen in one K. oxytoca isolated. Molecular characterization via the Polymerase Chain Reaction uncovered various ESBLs, pAmpCs, and other non-β-lactam encoding genes. Of the phenotypically resistant isolates screened for each class of antibiotics, the ESBLs detected were blaCTX-M group (including groups 1, 2, and 9) [51.6% (16/31)], blaTEM [32.3% (10/31)], blaOXA-1-like [19.4% (6/31)], blaSHV [12.9% (4/31)], blaPER [6.5% (2/31)], blaVEB [3.2% (1/31)], blaOXA-48-like and blaVIM [15.4% (2/13)], and blaIMP [7.7% (1/13)]. The pAmpC resistance determinants detected were blaCIT [12.9% (4/31)], blaFOX [9.7% (3/31)], blaEBC [6.5% (2/31)], and blaDHA [3.2% (1/31)]. The frequencies of the non-β-lactam genes detected were catII [79.2% (19/24)], tetA [46.7% (14/30)], sulI and sulII [35.5% (11/31)], tetB [23.3% (7/30)], aadA [12.9% (4/31)], tetC [10% (3/30)], and tetD [3.3% (1/30)]. These results indicate that hospital wastewater is laden with potentially pathogenic MDR Enterobacteriaceae with various antibiotic resistance genes that can be spread to humans throughout the food chain, provided the wastewaters are not properly treated before eventual discharge into the environment.

scholarly journals Assessment of the Bacterial Pollution and Detection of Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Benin: Case of the Hydrographic Channel Complex Cotonou-Nokoué Lake

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Oloufemi Daniel Ichola ◽  
Victorien Tamegnon Dougnon ◽  
Charles Hornel Koudokpon ◽  
Alidehou Jerrold Agbankpe ◽  
Esther Deguenon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Gram Positive Cocci

The study aims to document the level of contamination of the aquatic ecosystem of the Cotonou-Lake Nokoué canal hydrographic complex by multidrug-resistant bacteria and their resistance genes. For this purpose, water samples were taken from several points of the complex and from the sediments at the depth of the lake. Samples of several species of freshly caught fish products from the lake were also collected. Bacteriological analyses were carried out according to the AFNOR standard (NF U: 47–100). The identification of the different bacterial species isolated was then carried out using the API 20E gallery and specific biochemical tests. The antibiogram of the strains was performed according to the recommendations of the EUCAST. Molecular characterization of the identified strains was carried out by searching for resistance and virulence genes. The results obtained revealed the presence of several bacterial species in water samples and in sediment and intestine samples of fishery products with a predominance of Gram-negative bacilli. The resistance profile of Gram-negative bacilli showed a total resistance to metronidazole (100%). 23% of the strains were also resistant to ciprofloxacin, 41% to amoxicillin, and 60% to aztreonam. Of the Gram-positive cocci identified, 66% was resistant to vancomycin, 7.5% to ciprofloxacin, 71% to erythromycin, and 22% to tetracycline. Regarding the genes sought, blaTEM (46%), blaSHV (24%), and blaCTX-M-15 (31%) were present in the genome of Gram-negative bacilli as resistance genes and fimH (41%) as virulence gene. As for Gram-positive cocci, the van B gene was completely absent. The van A was present at 6.25% in Staphylococcus aureus and mecA at 21.88 and 33.33%, respectively, in Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci strains. The high resistance of isolated bacterial strains is a matter of concern and calls for a rational use of antibiotics in order to avoid the transmission of antibiotic resistance from the environment to humans.

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