Are Proteinase 3 and Cathepsin C Enzymes Related to Pathogenesis of Periodontitis?

Aim. Cathepsin C is the activator of the polymorphonuclear leukocyte-derived proteinase 3, which contributes to inflammatory processes. The aim of the present study was to investigate gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) proteinase 3 and cathepsin C levels in periodontal diseases.Design. Eighteen patients with chronic periodontitis (CP), 20 patients with generalized aggressive periodontitis (G-AgP), 20 patients with gingivitis, and 18 healthy subjects were included in the study. Periodontal parameters including probing depth, clinical attachment level, papilla bleeding index, and plaque index were assessed in all study subjects. GCF proteinase 3 and cathepsin C levels were analyzed by ELISA.Results. GCF proteinase 3 total amount was significantly higher in diseased groups compared to control group, after adjusting ageP<0.05. No differences were found in GCF cathepsin C levels among the study groupsP>0.05. Periodontal parameters of sampling sites were positively correlated with GCF proteinase 3 total amountsP<0.01but not with cathepsin C total amountsP>0.05.Conclusions. Elevated levels of GCF proteinase 3 in CP, G-AgP, and gingivitis might suggest that proteinase 3 plays a role during inflammatory periodontal events in host response. However, cathepsin C in GCF does not seem to have an effect on the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases.

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Gingival Crevicular Fluid Calprotectin, Osteocalcin and Cross-Linked N-Terminal Telopeptid Levels in Health and Different Periodontal Diseases

Disease Markers ◽

10.1155/2011/512580 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 31 (6) ◽

pp. 343-352 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Sema Becerik ◽

Beral Afacan ◽

Veli Özgen Öztürk ◽

Harika Atmaca ◽

Gülnur Emingil

Keyword(s):

Healthy Subjects ◽

Gingival Crevicular Fluid ◽

Periodontal Diseases ◽

Inflammatory Marker ◽

Aggressive Periodontitis ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Probing Depth ◽

Crevicular Fluid ◽

First Time

Aim:The aim of the present study was to investigate gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) calprotectin, osteocalcin and cross-linked N-terminal telopeptide (NTx) levels in health along with different periodontal diseases.Material and methods:Twenty chronic periodontitis (CP), 20 generalized aggressive periodontitis (G-AgP), 20 gingivitis and 20 healthy subjects were included. Probing depth, clinical attachment level, plaque index and papillary bleeding index was recorded. GCF calprotectin, osteocalcin and NTx levels were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).Results:CP, G-AgP and gingivitis groups had higher GCF calprotectin total amount compared to healthy subjects (p< 0.008). CP and G-AgP groups had similar, but higher levels compared to gingivitis groups (p< 0.008). CP and G-AgP groups had lower GCF osteocalcin total amount compared to gingivitis and healthy groups (p< 0.008). CP group had higher GCF NTx but lower osteocalcin total amount and osteocalcin/NTx ratio than the G-AgP group (p< 0.008)Conclusions:Our results suggest that elevated GCF calprotectin levels play a role as a reliable inflammatory marker in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease. Fluctuating GCF levels of osteocalcin and NTx might point out to the abnormal bone turnover in periodontitis. Our data document for the first time the role of NTx in the pathogenesis of different periodontal diseases.

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Comparative Evaluation of Cytokines in Gingival Crevicular Fluid and Saliva of Patients with Aggressive Periodontitis

The International Journal of Biological Markers ◽

10.5301/jbm.5000014 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 28 (1) ◽

pp. 108-112 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Yuan Yue ◽

Qing Liu ◽

Chunjiao Xu ◽

Wings TY Loo ◽

Min Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gingival Crevicular Fluid ◽

Aggressive Periodontitis ◽

Control Group ◽

Clinical Parameters ◽

Quick Method ◽

Probing Depth ◽

Tnf Α ◽

Cytokine Levels ◽

Before And After ◽

Crevicular Fluid

Objectives This study aims to evaluate and compare cytokines in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and saliva of patients with aggressive periodontitis (AP) before and after treatment. Methods Forty AP patients and 40 healthy volunteers were enrolled in this study. Clinical parameters included probing depth and sulcus bleeding index. GCF and saliva were collected from both groups. The levels of IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IFN-γ and TNF-α were measured using ELISA. Results The probing depth in AP patients was significantly deeper before treatment than after treatment. The concentrations of cytokines in GCF and saliva were significantly higher in AP patients than in the control group and decreased after periodontal treatment. Positive relationships were found between cytokine levels in GCF and clinical parameters. The reliability of cytokines in GCF and saliva was assessed by Cronbach's alpha analysis, which could be considered satisfactory. Conclusion Cytokine levels in GCF and saliva correlated well with clinical parameters and AP. Measurements of cytokines in saliva may be regarded as a noninvasive and quick method for monitoring periodontal disease activity.

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Microbiological and biochemical characteristics of inflammatory tissues in the periodontium

Medicina ◽

10.3390/medicina44030026 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 44 (3) ◽

pp. 201 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Algimantas Šurna ◽

Jurgina Sakalauskienė ◽

Astra Vitkauskienė ◽

Viktoras Šaferis

Keyword(s):

Alkaline Phosphatase ◽

Gingival Crevicular Fluid ◽

Periodontal Diseases ◽

Venous Blood ◽

Molecular Genetic ◽

Individual Treatment ◽

Control Group ◽

Peripheral Venous Blood ◽

Periodontal Inflammation ◽

Crevicular Fluid

Objective. To investigate bacterial populations in subgingival and supragingival plaque samples of patients with inflammatory periodontal diseases and activities of the lysosomal enzymes – lysozyme, alkaline phosphatase, and b-glucuronidase – in peripheral venous blood, in gingival crevicular fluid, and mixed nonstimulated saliva. Methods and materials. The study included 60 patients with inflammatory periodontal diseases without any internal pathology and 24 periodontally healthy subjects. Molecular genetic assay (Micro-IDent plus, Germany) for complex identification of additional six periodontopathic bacteria was applied. The activity of lysozyme was determined turbidimetrically, the activity of alkaline phosphatase – spectrophotometrically with a “Monarch” biochemical analyzer, the activity b-glucuronidase – according to the method described by Mead et al. and modified by Strachunskii. Results. A statistically significant association between clinical and bacteriological data was found in the following cases: gingival bleeding in the presence of Eubacterium nodatum, Eikenella corrodens, Capnocytophaga spp. (P<0.01); pathological periodontal pockets in the presence of Peptostreptococcus micros (α≤0.05 and β≤0.2), Fusobacterium nucleatum (α≤0.05 and β≤0.2), Campylobacter rectus (α≤0.05 and β≤0.2), and Capnocytophaga spp. (P<0.05); and satisfactory oral hygiene in the presence of all microorganisms investigated (P<0.05). The activity of lysozyme in gingival crevicular fluid and mixed nonstimulated saliva indicates the severity of periodontal inflammation. Based on clinical data, in assessing the amount of lysozyme in mixed nonstimulated saliva, sensitivity and specificity of 100% was found. Increased activities of lysozyme, alkaline phosphatase, and b-glucuronidase were found in peripheral venous blood of patients with inflammatory periodontal disease as compared to control group. Conclusions. The main principles of the treatment of periodontal inflammatory diseases should be based on microorganism elimination, creation of individual treatment means affecting microflora in the mouth and immune system of macroorganisms.

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Quantification of Sphingosine-1-Phosphate (S1P) in Patients with Periodontitis Stage II Grade B

Odovtos - International Journal of Dental Sciences ◽

10.15517/ijds.2022.48877 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 413-421

Author(s):

María I. García-Parra ◽

Matilde Jiménez-Coello ◽

Bertha A. Carrillo-Ávila ◽

Eduardo A. Sauri Esquivel ◽

Víctor M. Martínez-Aguilar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Case Control Study ◽

Gingival Crevicular Fluid ◽

Periodontal Diseases ◽

Control Group ◽

Future Studies ◽

Elisa Kit ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Sphingosine 1 Phosphate ◽

Crevicular Fluid ◽

Control Study

The aim of this study was the quantification of Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) in periodontal pockets of patients with periodontitis. This is an observational, descriptive, case-control study. Thirty subjects were selected: 15 controls and 15 cases. A periodontal study was conducted following the parameters of AAP 2017 for the diagnosis of periodontal diseases. A sample of saliva and gingival crevicular fluid was obtained from each subject and then analyzed with the Human S1P Elisa kit (MyBioSource #MBS2516132) accordingly to the manufacturer's instructions, in order to verify the presence of S1P and quantify it´s concentration when founded. Results showed a significant difference (p=0.05) between cases and controls. In the case of saliva samples, the concentration of S1P was higher than the ones found in the control group (72.94 ng/mL and 45.12 ng/mL). For GCF, a higher amount of S1P was found in patients with POD (20.09 ng/mL and 15.20 ng/mL). This work raises a possible route of bone metabolism, inflammatory process, and identification of periodontitis through oral quantification of S1P, however, future studies are needed.

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Effect of Alox-15 Polymorphism on GCF Levels of Lipoxin-A4 in Chronic Periodontitis: A Preliminary Study

Brazilian Dental Journal ◽

10.1590/0103-6440201701094 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 28 (2) ◽

pp. 140-147 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Fouzia Tarannum ◽

Mohamed Faizuddin

Keyword(s):

Periodontal Disease ◽

Chronic Periodontitis ◽

Gingival Crevicular Fluid ◽

Control Group ◽

Study Group ◽

Lipoxin A4 ◽

Disease Pathogenesis ◽

Clinical Attachment Loss ◽

Probing Depth ◽

Crevicular Fluid

Lipoxins play an important role in periodontal resolution, hence, investigation of genetic polymorphism of lipoxin gene may provide important information on the role of lipoxins in periodontal disease pathogenesis. The aim of this study was to investigate a polymorphism of C-to-T substitution at position c.-292 in ALOX15 (reticulocyte-type 15 lipoxygenase 1) gene in patients with chronic periodontitis and to associate the polymorphism with gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) lipoxin A4 (LXA4) levels. Forty-five chronic periodontitis and 45 periodontally healthy patients were included in this case-control study. Plaque index, calculus index, sulcus bleeding index, full mouth probing depth (PD) and clinical attachment loss (CAL) were recorded. GCF and blood samples were collected. GCF was analyzed for LXA4 levels by enzyme linked immunosorbant assay. Genotyping of ALOX15 polymorphism was studied using PCR. Mean LXA4 was lower in periodontitis group compared to the periodontally healthy group. There was a negative correlation between CAL and LXA4. The CC genotype was higher in the study group than in the control group. In the study group, mean CAL was significantly lower among individuals with the CT genotype. Mean LXA4 was significantly lower in CC genotype (45.0±7.11 ng/mL) compared to CT genotype (50.81±5.81 ng/mL) among the patients with periodontitis. The results suggest that LXA4 and c.-292T allele are associated with periodontal health. Polymorphisms in the ALOX15 gene may influence periodontal disease pathogenesis. Hence, investigation of such polymorphisms could benefit the evaluation of lipoxins role in periodontal disease.

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LL-37 and hBD-2 in the gingival crevicular fluid of smokers and nonsmokers with periodontitis

Revista de Odontologia da UNESP ◽

10.1590/1807-2577.05621 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 50 ◽

Author(s):

Alessandra Barreto LOPES ◽

Natália Helena COLOMBO ◽

Naida Zanini ASSEM ◽

Marta Aparecida Alberton NUERNBERG ◽

Valdir Gouveia GARCIA ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gingival Crevicular Fluid ◽

Periodontal Diseases ◽

Epidemiological Studies ◽

Clinical Parameters ◽

Clinical Attachment Loss ◽

Probing Depth ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Level Of Significance ◽

Crevicular Fluid ◽

Attachment Level

Abstract Introduction The association between smoking and periodontal diseases has been described in clinical and epidemiological studies. Objective The aim of this study was to compare the LL-37 and human β-defensin-2 (hBD-2) levels in crevicular fluid of patients with generalized periodontitis in smokers (S) and nonsmokers (NS). Material and method A total of 35 patients with generalized periodontitis stages III and IV, 15 NS (11 female, 4 male) and 20 S (7 female and 13 male), were included in the study. The evaluated clinical parameters were bleeding on probing (BOP), probing depth (PD) and clinical attachment level (CAL). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were performed to quantify the LL-37 and hBD-2 levels in the gingival crevicular fluid of these patients. The results were analyzed statistically with the level of significance set at 5%. Result In relation to periodontal clinical parameters, no statistically significant difference was observed for BOP and PD between groups S and NS. There was a higher CAL in the S group than in the NS group (p = 0.0095). There was no statistically significant difference between the levels of LL-37 and hBD-2 when comparing groups S and NS (p>0.05). Conclusion It was concluded that smokers have a higher clinical attachment loss than nonsmokers, but that smoking did not influence the levels of LL-37 and hBD-2 in the gingival crevicular fluid in periodontitis.

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Clinical and Biological Effects of Adjunctive Photodynamic Therapy in Refractory Periodontitis

Journal of lasers in medical sciences ◽

10.15171/jlms.2019.22 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 139-145

Author(s):

Rola Al Habashneh ◽

Mohammad A Mashal ◽

Yousef Khader ◽

Rana Qudah

Keyword(s):

Photodynamic Therapy ◽

Gingival Crevicular Fluid ◽

Biological Effects ◽

Gingival Recession ◽

Periodontal Treatment ◽

Control Group ◽

Clinical Parameters ◽

Biological Parameters ◽

Probing Depth ◽

Crevicular Fluid

Introduction: To date, no novel treatment approach is available for optimum outcomes regarding refractory periodontitis. The aim of the present study was to assess the efficiency of photodynamic therapy (PDT) in treating patients diagnosed with refractory periodontitis and compare the clinical and biological outcomes of conventional periodontal treatment with or without adjunctive PDT in these patients, by assessing clinical parameters (plaque index [PI], gingival recession [GR], bleeding on probing [BOP], periodontal probing depth [PPD] and clinical attachment level [CAL]) as well as biological parameters (IL-1β) in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF). Methods: Sixteen patients within the age of 30 to 60 years, with a mean age of 40 years old, diagnosed with refractory periodontitis were included. In this split mouth design study, 2 quads (1 upper + 1 lower) from the same patient were randomly treated with (scaling and root planing [SRP]+PDT) together. The other 2 quadrants (1 upper + 1 lower) were treated by SRP only and selected to serve as controls. Clinical parameters including PI, GR, BOP, PPD and CAL and biological parameters (IL-1β) in the GCF were measured at baseline, then at, 2 and 6 months after therapy. Results: A statistically significant reduction in several clinical parameters as, BOP (P < 0.001), PI (P < 0.001), PPD (P < 0.001) and CAL (P < 0.001) in quadrant treated with SRP and adjunctive PDT when compared to control group treated with SRP alone was observed and both therapies showed non-statistically significant differences in the reduction of IL-1β level. Conclusion: The inclusion of PDT as an adjunctive measure to nonsurgical conventional periodontal treatment seems to be a useful therapeutic measure in refractory periodontitis treatment.

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IL-17 and IL-11 GCF Levels in Aggressive and Chronic Periodontitis Patients: Relation to PCR Bacterial Detection

Mediators of Inflammation ◽

10.1155/2012/174764 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 2012 ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 30

Author(s):

Olfat G. Shaker ◽

Noha A. Ghallab

Keyword(s):

Chronic Periodontitis ◽

Dental Plaque ◽

Potential Role ◽

Molecular Detection ◽

Gingival Crevicular Fluid ◽

Periodontal Diseases ◽

Aggressive Periodontitis ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Polymerase Chain ◽

Crevicular Fluid

Objectives. This study evaluated IL-17 and IL-11 in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of generalized chronic periodontitis (GCP) and generalized aggressive periodontitis (GAgP) patients in relation to periodontopathic bacteria.Subjects and Methods. GCF samples were collected from 65 subjects including 25 CP, 25 GAgP, and 15 controls (C) and analyzed for IL-17 and IL-11 by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Molecular detection of bacteria in the dental plaque was determined by polymerase chain reaction.Results. The total amount of IL-17 was significantly higher in GAgP group than in GCP and C groups(P<0.001). The IL-11 concentration was significantly higher in C and GCP groups than GAgP group(P<0.001). The IL-11/IL-17 ratio was significantly higher in the C group than in GCP and GAgP groups(P<0.05). Moreover, GAgP group showed lower ratios of IL-11/IL-17 when compared to GCP group. The high positivity ofP. gingivalisin the dental plaque was associated with significantly increased GCF levels of IL-17 in GCP and GAgP patients.Conclusions. The increased IL-17 level in GCF of GAgP suggests a potential role in the aetiopathogenesis. Meanwhile, the decreased ratio of IL-11/IL-17 might reflect an imbalance between the proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in different periodontal diseases.

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Effects of Four Different Crown Materials on the Peri-Implant Clinical Parameters and Composition of Peri-Implant Crevicular Fluid

Journal of Oral Implantology ◽

10.1563/aaid-joi-d-16-00116 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 43 (5) ◽

pp. 337-344 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Shu-Juan Yu ◽

Wen-Ling Shan ◽

Yu-Xiao Liu ◽

Xiao-Yan Huang ◽

Guo-Xiong Zhu

Keyword(s):

Calcium Ion ◽

Gingival Crevicular Fluid ◽

Nuclear Factor Κb ◽

Ion Concentration ◽

Control Group ◽

Clinical Parameters ◽

Cobalt Chromium ◽

Probing Depth ◽

Crevicular Fluid ◽

Calcium Ion Concentration

This study aimed to identify the preferred crown material by measuring the peri-implant clinical parameters and the concentrations of receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL), osteoprotegerin (OPG), and calcium in peri-implant crevicular fluid (PICF) with 4 different crown materials. A total of 196 patients with a single missing posterior tooth received crown restoration with cobalt-chromium (Co-Cr) porcelain-fused-to-metal (PFM; n = 50), aurum platinum (Au-Pt) PFM (n = 48), titanium (Ti) PFM (n = 52), or zirconia (Zi) all-ceramic crown (n = 46). Fifty-one natural counterpart teeth served as controls. Before and 12 months after restoration, the PICF was collected, and the concentrations of RANKL, OPG, and calcium were quantified. The peri-implant clinical parameters (plaque index, bleeding on probing, and probing depth [PD]) and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) volumes were assessed. Twelve months after restoration, the PD and GCF volumes for the 4 experimental groups were significantly greater than those for the control group and before restoration. The Co-Cr group showed the greatest PD, GCF volume, RANKL/OPG, RANKL, and calcium ion concentration, followed by the Au-Pt group. The Ti group had the highest OPG concentration, followed by the Zi group. The RANKL and calcium ion concentrations of the Ti and Zi groups were the smallest. The Ti group had the smallest RANKL/OPG ratio, followed by the Zi group. Different crown materials differentially affected the PD, volume, RANKL/OPG ratio, OPG, RANKL, and calcium concentration. Among the 4 tested crown materials, Zi and Ti are preferred. However, some limitations of the present study should be considered.

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