scholarly journals Behavioural and Cognitive-Behavioural Treatments of Parasomnias

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Galbiati ◽  
Fabrizio Rinaldi ◽  
Enrico Giora ◽  
Luigi Ferini-Strambi ◽  
Sara Marelli
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Evidence ◽  
Pharmacological Treatments ◽  
Cognitive Behavioural ◽  
Close Proximity ◽  
Nonpharmacological Treatments ◽  
Complete Account

Parasomnias are unpleasant or undesirable behaviours or experiences that occur predominantly during or within close proximity to sleep. Pharmacological treatments of parasomnias are available, but their efficacy is established only for few disorders. Furthermore, most of these disorders tend spontaneously to remit with development. Nonpharmacological treatments therefore represent valid therapeutic choices. This paper reviews behavioural and cognitive-behavioural managements employed for parasomnias. Referring to the ICSD-3 nosology we consider, respectively, NREM parasomnias, REM parasomnias, and other parasomnias. Although the efficacy of some of these treatments is proved, in other cases their clinical evidence cannot be provided because of the small size of the samples. Due to the rarity of some parasomnias, further multicentric researches are needed in order to offer a more complete account of behavioural and cognitive-behavioural treatments efficacy.

scholarly journals Scar neuromas as triggers for headache after craniotomy: clinical evidence

2012 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 206-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen dos Santos Ferreira ◽  
Fabíola Dach ◽  
José Geraldo Speciali
Keyword(s):  
Local Anesthetics ◽  
Clinical Evidence ◽  
Nerve Entrapment ◽  
Potential Contribution ◽  
Nerve Blocks ◽  
Variable Intensity ◽  
Therapeutic Value ◽  
Close Proximity ◽  
Manual Palpation ◽  
Neuroma Formation

We present four cases of headache with variable intensity, located in close proximity to a craniotomy incision which was performed for non-traumatic reasons. Since manual palpation of the scar often triggers pain, and infiltration with local anesthetics reduce or abolish the pain in some patients, we suggest that neuromas or nerve entrapment in the scars, as a result of the surgery, are responsible for headaches. Although local infiltrations or nerve blocks are often used for diagnostic reasons, herein we consider that they are also of therapeutic value. We review the current known pathophysiology of post-craniotomy headaches and present a hypothesis suggesting a greater recognition of the potential contribution of neuroma formation in areas of scars tissue to contribute to this kind of headache.

Prophylactic Treatment of Migraine in Children. Part 1. A Systematic Review of non-Pharmacological Trials∗

Cephalalgia ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 373-383 ◽  
Author(s):  
L Damen ◽  
J Bruijn ◽  
BW Koes ◽  
MY Berger ◽  
J Passchier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prophylactic Treatment ◽  
Behavioural Therapy ◽  
Controlled Trials ◽  
Pharmacological Treatments ◽  
Behavioural Treatment ◽  
Cognitive Behavioural Treatment ◽  
Trial Quality ◽  
Data Analyses ◽  
Conflicting Evidence ◽  
Cognitive Behavioural

The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of non-pharmacological prophylactic treatments of migraine in children. Databases were searched from inception to June 2004 and references were checked. We selected controlled trials reporting the effects of non-pharmacological prophylactic treatments in children with migraine. We assessed trial quality using the Delphi list and extracted data. Analyses were carried out according to type of intervention. A total of 19 trials were included. Relaxation, relaxation + biofeedback, relaxation + biofeedback + cognitive behavioural treatment were more effective compared with waiting list controls. Relaxation + behavioural therapy was more effective than placebo. There is conflicting evidence for the use of oligoantigenic diets. A few non-pharmacological treatments such as relaxation may be effective as prophylactic treatment for migraine in children. Because of the small number of studies and the methodological shortcomings, conclusions on effectiveness have to be drawn with caution.

Pharmacological treatment of dementia

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roy W. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Atrial Fibrillation ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Clinical Evidence ◽  
Scientific Progress ◽  
Cognitive Symptoms ◽  
Pharmacological Treatments ◽  
Behavioural Disturbance ◽  
Carotid Disease ◽  
Dose Aspirin ◽  
Low Dose Aspirin

This chapter summarises the available clinical evidence for specific pharmacological treatments for dementia with a particular emphasis on practical considerations and realistic expectations of currently available anti-dementia drugs. It covers the treatment of both cognitive and non-cognitive symptoms. The search for specific treatments for dementia has inevitably concentrated on Alzheimer’s disease (AD), partly because it is the commonest cause of dementia and partly because scientific progress has provided more potential therapeutic targets for AD than other dementias. AD is treated with AChEIs (donepezil, galantamine or rivastigmine) and the goals of treatment should be explained at the commencement of treatment. For DLB use AChEI, especially for hallucinations and other behavioural disturbance and consider memantine or increasing dose if BPSD symptoms persist. For VaD look for sources of emboli (e.g. carotid disease) and consider anticoagulation for atrial fibrillation and low dose aspirin. Ensure other relevant conditions (e.g. hypertension and diabetes) are being managed appropriately.

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder in Children and Adolescents

2001 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 50-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roz Shafran
Keyword(s):  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Tic Disorders ◽  
Controlled Trials ◽  
Combination Therapies ◽  
Pharmacological Treatments ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Cognitive Behavioural ◽  
Clinical Cases

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is estimated to affect between 0.5% and 2% of children and adolescents. The majority of clinical cases has both obsessions and compulsions. Depression, anxiety and tic disorders are common comorbid diagnoses, and assessment can therefore be complex. Several theories have been proposed for the aetiology and maintenance of the disorder, including cognitive-behavioural and neuropsychiatric theories. Cognitive-behavioural and pharmacological treatments are both probably efficacious therapies for children and adolescents but further research is needed to compare these treatments with each other, and to examine the use of combination therapies in controlled trials.

scholarly journals An Update on Assessment, Therapeutic Management, and Patents on Insomnia

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Amit Porwal ◽  
Yogesh Chand Yadav ◽  
Kamla Pathak ◽  
Ramakant Yadav
Keyword(s):  
Behavioural Therapy ◽  
Pharmacological Treatments ◽  
Pharmacological Agents ◽  
Family Doctors ◽  
Cognitive Behavioural ◽  
Melatonin Receptor Agonists ◽  
H1 Antagonists ◽  
Histamine H1 Antagonists

Insomnia is an ordinary situation related to noticeable disability in function and quality of life, mental and actual sickness, and mishappenings. It represents more than 5.5 million appointments to family doctors every year. Nonetheless, the ratio of insomniacs who are treated keeps on being low, demonstrating the requirement for proceeding with advancement and dispersal of effective treatments. Accordingly, it becomes significant to provide a compelling treatment for clinical practice. It indicates a need for the determination of various critical viewpoints for the evaluation of insomnia along with various accessible alternatives for treatment. These alternatives incorporate both nonpharmacological therapy, specifically cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia, and a number of pharmacological treatments like orexin antagonists, “z-drugs,” benzodiazepines, selective histamine H1 antagonists, nonselective antihistamines, melatonin receptor agonists, antipsychotics, antidepressants, and anticonvulsants. Besides in individuals whose insomnia is due to restless leg syndrome, depression/mood disorder, or/and circadian disturbance, there is insignificant proof favouring the effectiveness of different prescriptions for the treatment of insomnia though they are widely used. Other pharmacological agents producing sedation should be prescribed with care for insomnia therapy because of greater risk of next-day sleepiness along with known adverse effects and toxicities. This review is also aimed at providing an update on various patents on dosage forms containing drugs for insomnia therapy.

scholarly journals Interventions for cannabis misuse

2006 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 432-439 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clementine Maddock ◽  
Michelle Babbs
Keyword(s):  
Relapse Prevention ◽  
Psychotic Disorders ◽  
Illicit Drug ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Behavioural Therapy ◽  
Pharmacological Treatments ◽  
Psychological Therapies ◽  
Cognitive Behavioural ◽  
The Uk

Cannabis is the most commonly used illicit drug in the UK and a significant proportion of users have symptoms of dependence. In addition, there are a number of adverse consequences of use, including an association with psychotic disorders. Thus there is a need for effective treatment of cannabis misuse. Psychological therapies have been developed based on principles of motivational interviewing, cognitive–behavioural therapy and relapse prevention. The evidence base for these therapies is explored in this review, and studies targeting both adult users and young people are considered. Possible new pharmacological treatments are also discussed.

The transfer of CBT education from classroom to work setting: getting it right or wasting the opportunities?

2008 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alec Grant ◽  
Michael Townend ◽  
Graham Sloan
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Evidence ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Service Planning ◽  
Psychological Services ◽  
Work Setting ◽  
Practice Setting ◽  
Skills Transfer ◽  
Cognitive Behavioural ◽  
Recent Policy

AbstractRecent policy, service and financial drivers that are aimed at improving access to psychological services with a particular focus on cognitive behavioural approaches have resulted in a number local and national service planning initiatives. The extent to which these developments ought to be informed by theory and research regarding the transfer of classroom-based learning to the work setting is made clear. The existing evidence base has implications for how education providers develop collaborative curricula with NHS employers in order to prepare students for the practice setting, and for how service providers support the students' knowledge, skills development, skills transfer and consolidation of these within the practice setting. The dangers of assuming that the dissemination of the clinical evidence base is straightforward within complex organizations and the structure of the NHS are also critically discussed.

scholarly journals Plant-Derived Nutraceuticals and Immune System Modulation: An Evidence-Based Overview

Vaccines ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 468
Author(s):  
Antonella Di Sotto ◽  
Annabella Vitalone ◽  
Silvia Di Giacomo
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Clinical Evidence ◽  
The Body ◽  
Immune Disorders ◽  
Pharmacological Treatments ◽  
Abnormal Immune Response ◽  
Health Promoting ◽  
Immune System Modulation ◽  
Immune Defences

Immunomodulators are agents able to affect the immune system, by boosting the immune defences to improve the body reaction against infectious or exogenous injuries, or suppressing the abnormal immune response occurring in immune disorders. Moreover, immunoadjuvants can support immune system acting on nonimmune targets, thus improving the immune response. The modulation of inflammatory pathways and microbiome can also contribute to control the immune function. Some plant-based nutraceuticals have been studied as possible immunomodulating agents due to their multiple and pleiotropic effects. Being usually more tolerable than pharmacological treatments, their adjuvant contribution is approached as a desirable nutraceutical strategy. In the present review, the up to date knowledge about the immunomodulating properties of polysaccharides, fatty acids and labdane diterpenes have been analyzed, in order to give scientific basic and clinical evidence to support their practical use. Since promising evidence in preclinical studies, limited and sometimes confusing results have been highlighted in clinical trials, likely due to low methodological quality and lacking standardization. More investigations of high quality and specificity are required to describe in depth the usefulness of these plant-derived nutraceuticals in the immune system modulation, for health promoting and disease preventing purposes.

scholarly journals Therapies for Prevention and Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Mendiola-Precoma ◽  
L. C. Berumen ◽  
K. Padilla ◽  
G. Garcia-Alcocer
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disorder ◽  
Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors ◽  
Pharmacological Treatments ◽  
Blood Brain Barrier Disruption ◽  
Important Health ◽  
Brain Barrier Disruption ◽  
Important Health Issue ◽  
Nonpharmacological Treatments

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia associated with a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, with a prevalence of 44 million people throughout the world in 2015, and this figure is estimated to double by 2050. This disease is characterized by blood-brain barrier disruption, oxidative stress, mitochondrial impairment, neuroinflammation, and hypometabolism; it is related to amyloid-βpeptide accumulation and tau hyperphosphorylation as well as a decrease in acetylcholine levels and a reduction of cerebral blood flow. Obesity is a major risk factor for AD, because it induces adipokine dysregulation, which consists of the release of the proinflammatory adipokines and decreased anti-inflammatory adipokines, among other processes. The pharmacological treatments for AD can be divided into two categories: symptomatic treatments such as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists and etiology-based treatments such as secretase inhibitors, amyloid binders, and tau therapies. Strategies for prevention of AD through nonpharmacological treatments are associated with lifestyle interventions such as exercise, mental challenges, and socialization as well as caloric restriction and a healthy diet. AD is an important health issue on which all people should be informed so that prevention strategies that minimize the risk of its development may be implemented.

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