Placental Anthropometric Features: Maternal and Neonate Characteristics in North Central Nigeria

The objectives of the study were to determine placental weight as well as factors associated with low placental weight and to determine its impact on some anthropometrical parameters in the newborn. A total of 300 freshly delivered placentas were examined in this longitudinal-prospective study. Sobi Specialist Hospital, Alagbado, Ilorin, and Surulere Medical Centre, Eruda, Ilorin, were used for sample collections. Informed consent was obtained from patients and institutional ethical clearance was obtained from Kwara State Ministry of Health (MOH/KS/ECI/777/82). Semistructured questionnaire was used to gather data on the patients and newborns demographic indices. Analysis of variance, Student’s t-test, regression analysis, and Pearson moment correlation statistical analysis were employed to analyze the data. The mean wet placental weight for normal pregnancies was 529 g (SD = 84.01). Placental weight to birth weight ratio of 1 : 5.83 was generated, 529 g impact on newborn head circumference (mean: male = 35.30 cm, female = 34.90 cm) having a linear correlation. Regression analysis showed negative association between female babies (2.99 kg) placental weight (r=0.369; P≤0.05), birth weight, and cord length (mean = 58.4 cm). Placental weight correlation with male newborn weight (3.14 kg) had placental birth weight ratio of 0.679 between 90th and 10th percentile P<0.05 with head circumference (r=0.473, P<0.05), lower limit placental diameter 22.80 ± 1.76 cm (SD = 4.8), BMI ≤ 19.50, and Apgar score of 7/10. It is concluded that blood holding capacity of the placenta (relative to weight) and the maternal-dietary have influence on placental weight. Differences in hormonal environment in utero and pathologic adaptation of placenta, due to racial factors, significantly contributed to the size of newborn baby.

Download Full-text

Mean Placental Birth Weight Ratio at Term in Primigravidae

10.53350/pjmhs2115113496 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 15 (11) ◽

pp. 3496-3498

Author(s):

Nazia Muneer ◽

Shamaila Shamaun ◽

Afshan Shahid ◽

Riffat Jaleel ◽

Mehreen Iqbal ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Birth Weight ◽

Maternal Age ◽

Weight Ratio ◽

Operational Definition ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Placental Weight ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Inclusion Criteria ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

The Mean

Objective: To determine the mean placental birth weight ratio at term in primigravidae Study design: Cross-sectional study Place and Duration: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Civil Hospital Karachi, duration was six months after the approval of synopsis from 1st January 2016 to 30th June 2016 Subjects and Methods: A total of pregnant women who fulfill the inclusion criteria were included in this study. After delivery, baby was weighed by using weight machine and weight of baby was also noted (as per operational definition). After expulsion of complete placenta, placental weight was measured by using weight machine. The placental-birth weight ratio (PBWR) were calculated as ratio of placental weight to neonatal weight multiplied by 100. Results: Mean ± SD of maternal age was 24.77±4.04 with C.I (24.11----25.42) years. Mean ± SD of placental weight was 505.84±99.97 with C.I (489.71----521.97) grams. Out of 150 neonatal babies 101 (67.3%) were male and 49 (32.7%) were female. Mean placental birth weight ratio was found to be 16.82±2.63 with C.I (16.39----17.24). Conclusion: It is to be concluded that placental weight increased according to the birth weight. The placental weight to birth weight ratio decreased slightly with advancing gestational age. Keywords: Placental weight, Birth weight ratio, Labour at term, Primigravidae

Download Full-text

Effect of Continuing or Stopping Smoking during Pregnancy on Infant Birth Weight, Crown-Heel Length, Head Circumference, Ponderal Index, and Brain:Body Weight Ratio

American Journal of Epidemiology ◽

10.1093/aje/152.3.219 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 152 (3) ◽

pp. 219-225 ◽

Cited By ~ 79

Author(s):

A. A. Lindley

Keyword(s):

Birth Weight ◽

Head Circumference ◽

Weight Ratio ◽

Ponderal Index ◽

Smoking During Pregnancy ◽

Infant Birth

Download Full-text

Is hyperemesis gravidarum associated with placental weight and the placental weight-to-birth weight ratio? A population-based Norwegian cohort study

Placenta ◽

10.1016/j.placenta.2013.08.001 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 34 (11) ◽

pp. 990-994 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

K.F. Vandraas ◽

Å.V. Vikanes ◽

N.C. Støer ◽

S. Vangen ◽

P. Magnus ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cohort Study ◽

Birth Weight ◽

Hyperemesis Gravidarum ◽

Weight Ratio ◽

Population Based ◽

Placental Weight

Download Full-text

The Association between Disproportionate Birth Weight to Placental Weight Ratio, Clinical Outcome, and Placental Histopathological Lesions

Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy ◽

10.1159/000448949 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 41 (4) ◽

pp. 300-306 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Hadas Ganer Herman ◽

Hadas Miremberg ◽

Letizia Schreiber ◽

Jacob Bar ◽

Michal Kovo

Keyword(s):

Birth Weight ◽

Clinical Outcome ◽

Weight Ratio ◽

Placental Weight ◽

Histopathological Lesions

Download Full-text

Gross Placental Structure in a Low-Risk Population of Singleton, Term, First-Born Infants

Pediatric and Developmental Pathology ◽

10.2350/08-02-0413.1 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 12 (3) ◽

pp. 200-210 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

David A. Coall ◽

Adrian K. Charles ◽

Carolyn M. Salafia

Keyword(s):

Birth Weight ◽

Surface Area ◽

Umbilical Cord ◽

Growth And Development ◽

Weight Ratio ◽

Low Risk ◽

Placental Weight ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Umbilical Cord Insertion ◽

Placental Structure

Suboptimal fetal growth has been associated with an increased risk of adult disease, which may be exacerbated by an increased placental weight–to–fetal weight ratio. Placental weight is a summary measure of placental growth and development throughout pregnancy. However, measures of placental structure, including the chorionic disk surface area and thickness and eccentricity of the umbilical cord insertion, have been shown to account for additional variance in birth weight beyond that explained by placental weight. Little is known of the variability of these placental parameters in low-risk populations; their association with maternal, pregnancy, and neonatal characteristics; and the agreement between manual and digital measures. This study used manual and digital image analysis techniques to examine gross placental anatomy in 513 low-risk, singleton, term, first-born infants. Parametric methods compared groups and examined relationships among variables. Maternal birth weight, prepregnancy weight, and body mass index were associated with increased placental and birth weight (all P < 0.005), but only maternal birth weight was associated with increased placental surface area ( P < 0.0005) and thickness ( P = 0.005). Smoking during pregnancy reduced birth weight and increased the eccentricity of umbilical cord insertion ( P = 0.012 and 0.034, respectively). The variability in these placental parameters was consistently lower than that reported in the literature, and correlations between digital and manual measurements were reasonable ( r = .87–.71). Detailed analyses of gross placental structure can provide biologically relevant information regarding placental growth and development and, potentially, their consequences.

Download Full-text

Placental weight, birth weight and fetal:placental weight ratio in dichorionic and monochorionic twin gestations in function of gestational age, cord insertion type and placental partition

Placenta ◽

10.1016/j.placenta.2014.11.009 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 36 (2) ◽

pp. 213-220 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

M.E. De Paepe ◽

S. Shapiro ◽

L.E. Young ◽

F.I. Luks

Keyword(s):

Birth Weight ◽

Gestational Age ◽

Weight Ratio ◽

Placental Weight ◽

Monochorionic Twin

Download Full-text

Placental weight and placental weight-to-birth weight ratio are increased in diet- and exercise-treated gestational diabetes mellitus subjects but not in subjects with one abnormal value on 100-g oral glucose tolerance test

Journal of Diabetes and its Complications ◽

10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2007.04.002 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 23 (1) ◽

pp. 25-31 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Mert Kucuk ◽

Fadime Doymaz

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Birth Weight ◽

Gestational Diabetes ◽

Glucose Tolerance Test ◽

Weight Ratio ◽

Tolerance Test ◽

Placental Weight ◽

Oral Glucose ◽

Oral Glucose Tolerance ◽

Diet And Exercise

Download Full-text

Maternal and Cord Blood Hemoglobin as Determinants of Placental Weight: A Cross-Sectional Study

Journal of Clinical Medicine ◽

10.3390/jcm10050997 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (5) ◽

pp. 997

Author(s):

Ferrante S. Gragasin ◽

Maria B. Ospina ◽

Jesus Serrano-Lomelin ◽

Su Hwan Kim ◽

Matthew Kokotilo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Birth Weight ◽

Cord Blood ◽

Weight Ratio ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Placental Weight ◽

Elective Cesarean Section ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Blood Hemoglobin ◽

Elective Cesarean

Background: Both high and low placental weights are associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. Maternal hemoglobin levels can influence placental weight, but the evidence is conflicting. Since maternal hemoglobin does not invariably correlate with fetal/neonatal blood hemoglobin levels, we sought to determine whether cord blood hemoglobin or maternal hemoglobin status more closely associates with placental weight in women undergoing elective cesarean section at term. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted at the Royal Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton, Canada, involving 202 women with term singleton pregnancies undergoing elective cesarean section. Maternal blood and mixed cord blood hemoglobin levels were analyzed using a HemoCue Hb201+ system. Birth weight, placental weight, one- and five-minute APGAR scores, American Society of Anesthesiologists physical state classification, maternal age, and maternal height were also recorded. Relationships between maternal and cord blood hemoglobin levels with placental weight, birth weight, and birth weight to placental weight ratio were the main outcome measures. Results: A total of 182 subjects were included in the analysis. Regression analysis showed that cord blood hemoglobin, but not maternal hemoglobin, was inversely related with placental weight (β = −2.4, p = 0.001) and positively related with the birth weight to placental weight ratio (β = 0.015, p = 0.001 and p = 0.63, respectively). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that measuring cord blood hemoglobin levels, rather than maternal hemoglobin levels, may provide important diagnostic information about in utero fetal adaptation to suboptimal placental function and neonatal health.

Download Full-text