Geoffroea decorticansfor Biofuels: A Promising Feedstock

In this work, chañar (Geoffroea decorticans) fruit is evaluated as a potential feedstock for biodiesel and biomass pellets production with reference to some relevant properties. The fatty acid profile of this oil (83% unsaturated acids) is found to be comparable to similar seed oils which have been attempted for biodiesel production. As a result, the methyl esters (biodiesel) obtained from this oil exhibits high quality properties. Chañar biodiesel quality meets all other biodiesel international standards (ASTM D6751 and EN 14214). Moreover, the husk that surrounds the kernel showed a high potential for usage as densified solid fuels. The results demonstrate that chañar husks pellets have a higher calorific value when compared with other biomass pellets, typically, approximately 21 MJ kg−1with 1.8% of ashes (which is equivalent to that obtained from the combustion of pellets produced from forest wastes). This study indicates that chañar can be used as a multipurpose energy crop in semiarid regions for biodiesel and densified solid fuels (pellets) production.

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Direct Methanolysis of Oleaginous Yeast Biomass (Pseudozyma parantarctica) to Microbial Biodiesel

Key Engineering Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.753.259 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 753 ◽

pp. 259-263

Author(s):

Atsdawut Areesirisuk ◽

Chiu Hsia Chiu ◽

Tsair Bor Yen ◽

Jia Hsin Guo

Keyword(s):

Oleaginous Yeast ◽

Methyl Esters ◽

Lipid Extraction ◽

Cetane Number ◽

Acid Catalyst ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Intracellular Lipids ◽

Yeast Biomass ◽

Cellular Lipids ◽

Astm D6751

In this study, intracellular lipids of a novel oleaginous biomass of P. parantarctica were converted to biodiesel directly using simple acid catalyst methanolysis. The optimum condition of this method was investigated. Under optimum conditions (0.1 M H2SO4, 10 h reaction time, 65°C reaction temperature, and 1:20 (w/v) biomass-to-methanol ratio), the yield of crude biodiesel was 93.18 ± 2.09% based on total cellular lipids. The composition of crude biodiesel was C16:C18 fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) for 91.91%. Especially, the C18:1 methyl ester was the main FAME (47.10%). In addition, the result showed that this technique could produce the microbial biodiesel from biomass containing high free fatty acids (FFAs) without soap formation. The predicted cetane number and kinematic viscosity of biodiesel were characterized according to ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 standards. Our results indicated that this process produces a good quality biodiesel. Moreover, it can decrease the manufacturing costs of microbial biodiesel production from oleaginous yeast biomass without cell disruption and lipid extraction.

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Biodiesel Production Using Supercritical Methanol with Carbon Dioxide and Acetic Acid

Journal of Chemistry ◽

10.1155/2013/789594 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 2013 ◽

pp. 1-6 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Chao-Yi Wei ◽

Tzou-Chi Huang ◽

Ho-Hsien Chen

Keyword(s):

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Acetic Acid ◽

Reaction Temperature ◽

Methyl Esters ◽

Reaction Medium ◽

International Standards ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Supercritical Methanol ◽

Optimal Reaction Temperature ◽

Hydrolysis Of

Transesterification of oils and lipids in supercritical methanol is commonly carried out in the absence of a catalyst. In this work, supercritical methanol, carbon dioxide, and acetic acid were used to produce biodiesel from soybean oil. Supercritical carbon dioxide was added to reduce the reaction temperature and increase the fats dissolved in the reaction medium. Acetic acid was added to reduce the glycerol byproduct and increase the hydrolysis of fatty acids. The Taguchi method was used to identify optimal conditions in the biodiesel production process. With an optimal reaction temperature of 280°C, a methanol-to-oil ratio of 60, and an acetic acid-to-oil ratio of 3, a 97.83% yield of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) was observed after 90 min at a reaction pressure of 20 MPa. While the common approach to biodiesel production results in a glycerol byproduct of about 10% of the yield, the practices reported in this research can reduce the glycerol byproduct by 30.2% and thereby meet international standards requiring a FAME content of >96%.

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Alkali-catalyzed Transesterification of Hibiscus sabdariffa (Roselle) Seed Oil for Biodiesel Production

International Research Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry ◽

10.9734/irjpac/2020/v21i1030215 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 131-139

Author(s):

Eman H. Ahmed ◽

Azhari H. Nour ◽

Omer A. Omer Ishag ◽

Abdurahman H. Nour

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Free Fatty Acids ◽

Seed Oil ◽

International Standards ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Energy Needs ◽

Proper Size ◽

Oil Density ◽

Astm D6751

The need of energy never comes to an end so; the challenge is to procure power source sufficient to offer for our energy needs. Besides, this energy source must be dependable, renewable, recurring and non-contributing to climate change. Aims: This study was aimed to produce biodiesel from Roselle seed oil and to investigate its quality. Methodology: The Roselle seeds were clean from dirt, milled to proper size and the oil was extracted using soxhlet with n-hexane as solvent. The extracted oil was subjected to physiochemical analysis tests and then transesterified using methanol and potassium hydroxide as catalyst; with ratio of oil to alcohol 1:8 at 65°C. The quality of produced biodiesel was investigated and compared to international standards. The fatty acid composition of the produced biodiesel was determined by GC-MS. Results: Based on the experimental results, the yellow with characteristic odor oil was obtained from the seeds had the following physicochemical properties: yield, 12.65%; refractive index (25°C), 1.467 m ; free fatty acids, 5.5%; saponification value, 252 mg KOH/g of oil; density, 0.915 g/mL and ester value, 241 mgKOH/g. Also the biodiesel yield achieved was 96%, with density, 0.80 g/mL; API, 44.63; Kinematics viscosity @ 40˚C, 0.742; Pour point, < -51˚C; and Micro Carbon Residual (MCR), 0.65%; which conformed to the range of ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 standard specifications. However, the GC-MS analysis result revealed that the biodiesel produced was methyl ester and free other undesired products such as linoleic acid (33%), elaidic acid (29%) and palmitic acid (17%) and other biomolecules. Conclusion: Based on the obtained results, Roselle seed oil had potential for biodiesel production due to its high contains of free fatty acids. Therefore, in the future, more investigations in alcohol: oil ratio and the concentration of catalyst may be warranted to increase the yield much more.

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Potential Applications of Native Cyanobacterium Isolate (Arthrospira platensis NIOF17/003) for Biodiesel Production and Utilization of Its Byproduct in Marine Rotifer (Brachionus plicatilis) Production

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13041769 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (4) ◽

pp. 1769 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Mohamed A. Zaki ◽

Mohamed Ashour ◽

Ahmed M. M. Heneash ◽

Mohamed M. Mabrouk ◽

Ahmed E. Alprol ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Brachionus Plicatilis ◽

Methyl Esters ◽

Cetane Number ◽

Biomass Productivity ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Arthrospira Platensis ◽

International Standards ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Cold Filter Plugging Point ◽

Rotifer Brachionus Plicatilis

To achieve strong, successful and commercial aqua-biotechnological microalgae applications, screening, isolation, molecular identification, and physiological characterizations are needed. In the current study, a native cyanobacteria strain Arthrospira platensis NIOF17/003 was isolated from the surface water of El-Khadra Lake, a saline-alkaline lake located in Wadi El-Natrun, Egypt. The cyanobacterium was phylogenetically identified by 16S rRNA molecular marker and deposited in the GenBank database (accession number MW396472). The late exponential phase of A. platensis NIOF17/003 was reached at the 8th day of growth using Zarrouk medium, with a recorded dry weight (DW) of 0.845 g L−1. The isolated strain showed 52% of protein, 14% of carbohydrate, biomass productivity of 143.83 mg L−1 day−1, 8.5% of lipid, and lipid productivity of 14.37 mg L−1 day−1. In general, the values of cetane number, iodine value, cold filter plugging point (52.9, 85.5 g I2/100 g oil, and −2.2 °C, respectively) of the isolated fatty acid methyl esters are in accordance with those suggested by international standards. Besides, applying algal-free lipid (FL) as biodiesel byproduct in the production of rotifer (Brachionus plicatilis) revealed that a 0.6 g L−1 FL significantly increased the rotifer population females carrying eggs, confirming that FL can be used efficiently for B. plicatilis production. The current study concluded that the new isolate A. platensis NIOF17/003 is a promising strain for double sustainable use in biodiesel production and aquaculture feed.

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Three-Stage Membrane Treatment of Wastewater from Biodiesel Production-Preliminary Research

Membranes ◽

10.3390/membranes12010039 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 39

Author(s):

Magdalena Lech ◽

Agnieszka Klimek ◽

Damian Porzybót ◽

Anna Trusek

Keyword(s):

Membrane Separation ◽

International Standards ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Organic Substances ◽

Permeate Flux ◽

Nanofiltration Membranes ◽

Renewable Fuel ◽

Separation Capacity ◽

Membrane Treatment ◽

Astm D6751

As biodiesel production as renewable fuel increases, so does the amount of wastewater resulting from this technology. Wastewater is generated during the so-called biodiesel washing, i.e., washing out glycerol and methanol with water. The purified biodiesel must meet international standards, such as EN 14214 or the American ASTM D6751 standard. To fully say that biodiesel technology is environmentally friendly, the amount of wastewater should be minimized. It is also desirable that the purified water can be recycled to the technology. For this purpose, wastewater pre-treated by flotation, during which mainly oils are removed, was subjected to three-stage membrane separation. For each of the stages, the membrane was selected and characterized in terms of its separation capacity and stream stability. Starting with microfiltration, which was mainly aimed at reducing turbidity, affects the permeate flux in the following steps. Then, ultrafiltration and nanofiltration membranes were selected. These membranes were aimed at reducing the concentration of inorganic and organic substances. Consequently the cascade was composed of: MF-0.45 µm, UF-150 kDa, and NF-characterized by an 80% degree of desalination. The final permeate has a salt concentration of less than 0.15 g/L and can be reused in biodiesel technology.

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Biodiesel Production from Pongamia Pinnata and its Characterization using GC-MS, NMR and FT-IR Spectral Studies

International Journal of Vehicle Structures and Systems ◽

10.4273/ijvss.10.6.14 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (6) ◽

Author(s):

J. Fernandez ◽

V. Hariram ◽

S. Seralathan ◽

S.A. Harikrishnan ◽

T. Micha Premkumar

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Methyl Esters ◽

Cetane Number ◽

Calorific Value ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Major Constituent ◽

Spectral Studies ◽

Biodiesel Synthesis ◽

Ft Ir

Biodiesel synthesis from the pongamia oil seed and its characterization is elaborated in this paper. A double stage transesterification i.e. acid catalysed transesterification and base catalysed esterification are adopted to reduce the free fatty acids content and conversion of triglycerides into methyl esters. In this process, H2SO4, NaOH and methanol are used at the methanol/oil molar ratio of 7:1. By this process, 95% of pongamia biodiesel is obtained. The physiochemical properties like calorific value, Cetane number, density, kinematic viscosity, flash point, fire point etc. are analysed and it is found to be within the ASTM standards. GC-MS analysis indicated the existence of 14 prominent fatty acids with oleic acid as the major constituent. 13C and 1H NMR results supported the GC-MS data and it also confirmed the conversion efficiency of converting the vegetable oil into PBD as 87.23%. The shifting and appearance of major peaks in the FT-IR spectrum confirmed the formation of FAMEs from the triglycerides.

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Quantification of Seed Oil Content and Fatty Acid Profile of Jatropha cucas L. from Guizhou, China

International Journal of Biology ◽

10.5539/ijb.v8n2p92 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 92

Author(s):

Hamidou SENOU ◽

Cai X. ZHENG ◽

Gabriel SAMAKE ◽

Mamadou B. TRAORE ◽

Fousseni FOLEGA ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Jatropha Curcas ◽

Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Methyl Esters ◽

Saturated Fatty Acids ◽

Total Content ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Seed Oils ◽

Fatty Acids Composition

The methyl esters of fatty acids composition of the oil from jatropha curcas seeds were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometer GC-MS. Fourteen components were found to be representative with 99.52% of the total content of seed oils. The main constituents were unsaturated fatty acids (71.93%) and saturated fatty acids (27.59%). For the saturated fatty acids composition such as palmitic and stearic acid, the rate was 15.80% and 10.79%, respectively. Linoleic acid (39.58%) and oleic acid (30.41%) were obtained in highest concentration among the unsaturated fatty acids identified in the seeds oil of Jatropha curcas from Guizhou. This value also justifies the fluidity of the oil at room temperature. A high percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids (39.58%) and a slightly lower rate of monounsaturated fatty acids (32.35%) were also observed. The seed oils profile of Guizhou Jatropha curcas presents the desirable fatty acid C14 to C18 and interesting features for the biodiesel production.

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Prospecting for Oleaginous and Robust Chlorella spp. for Coal-Fired Flue-Gas-Mediated Biodiesel Production

Energies ◽

10.3390/en11082026 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 11 (8) ◽

pp. 2026 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Bohwa Kim ◽

Ramasamy Praveenkumar ◽

Eunji Choi ◽

Kyubock Lee ◽

Sang Jeon ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acid ◽

Lipid Content ◽

Flue Gas ◽

Fatty Acid Methyl Esters ◽

Methyl Esters ◽

International Standards ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Acid Methyl ◽

G Cell ◽

Mixotrophic Conditions

Prospecting for robust and high-productivity strains is a strategically important step in the microalgal biodiesel process. In this study, 30 local strains of Chlorella were evaluated in photobioreactors for biodiesel production using coal-fired flue-gas. Three strains (M082, M134, and KR-1) were sequentially selected based on cell growth, lipid content, and fatty acid composition under autotrophic and mixotrophic conditions. Under autotrophic conditions, M082 and M134 showed comparable lipid contents (ca. 230 mg FAME [fatty acid methyl esters derived from microalgal lipids]/g cell) and productivities (ca. 40 mg FAME/L·d) versus a reference strain (KR-1) outdoors with actual flue-gas (CO2, 13%). Interestingly, under mixotrophic conditions, M082 demonstrated, along with maximal lipid content (397 mg FAME/g cell), good tolerance to high temperature (40 °C). Furthermore, the fatty acid methyl esters met important international standards under all of the tested culture conditions. Thus, it was concluded that M082 can be a feedstock of choice for coal-fired, flue-gas-mediated biodiesel production.

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Comparative analyses of biodiesel produced from neem and jatropha seed oil

Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences ◽

10.4314/bajopas.v12i2.20 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 141-143

Author(s):

I.S. Ibrahim ◽

I.T. Abdullahi ◽

F.Y. Muhammad

Keyword(s):

Reaction Time ◽

Methyl Ester ◽

Physicochemical Properties ◽

Seed Oil ◽

Methyl Esters ◽

Reaction Times ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Jatropha Oil ◽

Jatropha Seed ◽

Astm D6751

Biodiesel is derived from triglycerides by transesterification reaction with alcohol (ethanol or methanol), and has classified as a renewable, biodegradable, and nontoxic fuel. Several methods for biodiesel production have been developed, among which transesterification using alkali-catalysis gives high levels of conversion of triglycerides to their corresponding methyl esters in short reaction times. This study was conducted to extract the neem and Jatropha oil for the production of biodiesel using alkali-catalyzed reaction The samples were subjected to reaction with sodium hydroxide (NaOH), 0.2:1 w/v methanol (MeOH) to oil mole ratio, reaction temperature of 6°C, and 30 min reaction time. The final biodiesel yield obtained was 47.5% and 45.5% from the neem and the jaropha oil sample respectively. The basic physicochemical properties of the jatropha methyl ester produced from both jatropha oil samples were found to be within the ASTM D6751 specified limits.

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