scholarly journals The Role of Antioxidant Enzymes in the Ovaries

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shan Wang ◽  
Guolin He ◽  
Meng Chen ◽  
Tao Zuo ◽  
Wenming Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physiological Function ◽  
Antioxidant Systems ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Female Reproductive System ◽  
Cellular Mechanisms ◽  
Antioxidant Genes ◽  
Reproductive Disease ◽  
Or Genes ◽  
By Products

Proper physiological function of the ovaries is very important for the entire female reproductive system and overall health. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated as by-products during ovarian physiological metabolism, and antioxidants are indicated as factors that can maintain the balance between ROS production and clearance. A disturbance in this balance can induce pathological consequences in oocyte maturation, ovulation, fertilization, implantation, and embryo development, which can ultimately influence pregnancy outcomes. However, our understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying these physiological and pathological processes is lacking. This article presents up-to-date findings regarding the effects of antioxidants on the ovaries. An abundance of evidence has confirmed the various significant roles of these antioxidants in the ovaries. Some animal models are discussed in this review to demonstrate the harmful consequences that result from mutation or depletion of antioxidant genes or genes related to antioxidant synthesis. Disruption of antioxidant systems may lead to pathological consequences in women. Antioxidant supplementation is indicated as a possible strategy for treating reproductive disease and infertility by controlling oxidative stress (OS). To confirm this, further investigations are required and more antioxidant therapy in humans has to been performed.

scholarly journals Multifunctional Role of Chitosan Edible Coatings on Antioxidant Systems in Fruit Crops: A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 2633
Author(s):  
Giuseppina Adiletta ◽  
Marisa Di Matteo ◽  
Milena Petriccione
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Antioxidant Systems ◽  
Edible Coatings ◽  
Ros Production ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Fruit Crops ◽  
Oxidative Damages ◽  
Film Forming ◽  
Anti Oxidant

Chitosan-based edible coatings represent an eco-friendly and biologically safe preservative tool to reduce qualitative decay of fresh and ready-to-eat fruits during post-harvest life due to their lack of toxicity, biodegradability, film-forming properties, and antimicrobial actions. Chitosan-based coatings modulate or control oxidative stress maintaining in different manner the appropriate balance of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in fruit cells, by the interplay of pathways and enzymes involved in ROS production and the scavenging mechanisms which essentially constitute the basic ROS cycle. This review is carried out with the aim to provide comprehensive and updated over-view of the state of the art related to the effects of chitosan-based edible coatings on anti-oxidant systems, enzymatic and non-enzymatic, evaluating the induced oxidative damages during storage in whole and ready-to-eat fruits. All these aspects are broadly reviewed in this review, with particular emphasis on the literature published during the last five years.

Progress in understanding the molecular oxygen paradox – function of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species in cell signaling

2017 ◽  
Vol 398 (11) ◽  
pp. 1209-1227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nidhi Kuksal ◽  
Julia Chalker ◽  
Ryan J. Mailloux
Keyword(s):  
Reactive Oxygen Species ◽  
Molecular Oxygen ◽  
Reactive Oxygen ◽  
Oxygen Metabolism ◽  
Antioxidant Systems ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Oxygen Paradox ◽  
Secondary Messenger ◽  
Cell Structures ◽  
By Products

AbstractThe molecular oxygen (O2) paradox was coined to describe its essential nature and toxicity. The latter characteristic of O2is associated with the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can damage structures vital for cellular function. Mammals are equipped with antioxidant systems to fend off the potentially damaging effects of ROS. However, under certain circumstances antioxidant systems can become overwhelmed leading to oxidative stress and damage. Over the past few decades, it has become evident that ROS, specifically H2O2, are integral signaling molecules complicating the previous logos that oxyradicals were unfortunate by-products of oxygen metabolism that indiscriminately damage cell structures. To avoid its potential toxicity whilst taking advantage of its signaling properties, it is vital for mitochondria to control ROS production and degradation. H2O2elimination pathways are well characterized in mitochondria. However, less is known about how H2O2production is controlled. The present review examines the importance of mitochondrial H2O2in controlling various cellular programs and emerging evidence for how production is regulated. Recently published studies showing how mitochondrial H2O2can be used as a secondary messenger will be discussed in detail. This will be followed with a description of how mitochondria use S-glutathionylation to control H2O2production.

scholarly journals Protective Role of Peroxiredoxins against Reactive Oxygen Species in Neonatal Rat Testicular Gonocytes

Antioxidants ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristian O’Flaherty ◽  
Annie Boisvert ◽  
Gurpreet Manku ◽  
Martine Culty
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Reactive Oxygen Species ◽  
Gene Array ◽  
Reactive Oxygen ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Neonatal Rat ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Antioxidant Genes

Peroxiredoxins (PRDXs) are antioxidant enzymes that protect cells from oxidative stress and play a role in reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated signaling. We reported that PRDXs are critical for human fertility by maintaining sperm viability and regulating ROS levels during capacitation. Moreover, studies on Prdx6−/− mice revealed the essential role of PRDX6 in the viability, motility, and fertility competence of spermatozoa. Although PRDXs are abundant in the testis and spermatozoa, their potential role at different phases of spermatogenesis and in perinatal germ cells is unknown. Here, we examined the expression and role of PRDXs in isolated rat neonatal gonocytes, the precursors of spermatogonia, including spermatogonial stem cells. Gene array, qPCR analyses showed that PRDX1, 2, 3, 5, and 6 transcripts are among the most abundant antioxidant genes in postnatal day (PND) 3 gonocytes, while immunofluorescence confirmed the expression of PRDX1, 2, and 6 proteins. The role of PRDXs in gonocyte viability was examined using PRDX inhibitors, revealing that the 2-Cys PRDXs and PRDX6 peroxidases activities are critical for gonocytes viability in basal condition, likely preventing an excessive accumulation of endogenous ROS in the cells. In contrast to its crucial role in spermatozoa, PRDX6 independent phospholipase A2 (iPLA2) activity was not critical in gonocytes in basal conditions. However, under conditions of H2O2-induced oxidative stress, all these enzymatic activities were critical to maintain gonocyte viability. The inhibition of PRDXs promoted a two-fold increase in lipid peroxidation and prevented gonocyte differentiation. These results suggest that ROS are produced in neonatal gonocytes, where they are maintained by PRDXs at levels that are non-toxic and permissive for cell differentiation. These findings show that PRDXs play a major role in the antioxidant machinery of gonocytes, to maintain cell viability and allow for differentiation.

scholarly journals The Role of Mirk Kinase in Sarcomas

Sarcoma ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eileen Friedman
Keyword(s):  
Tumor Cells ◽  
Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Chemotherapeutic Drugs ◽  
Antioxidant Genes ◽  
Tumor Cell Apoptosis ◽  
Stromal Tumors ◽  
Normal Tissues ◽  
Low Levels

Targeting the tyrosine kinase KIT in gastrointestinal stromal tumors has led to improved treatment. Other kinases might serve as therapeutic targets in the more common forms of sarcoma. The kinase Mirk/dyrk1B is highly expressed in the vast majority of osteosarcomas and rhabdomyosarcomas and mediates their growth, as depletion of Mirk led to tumor cell apoptosis. Mirk is known to increase the expression of a series of antioxidant genes, which scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) within various tumor cells, mediating their survival. As a result, depleting Mirk led to increased levels of damaging ROS. Tumor cells depleted of Mirk were also sensitized to low levels of chemotherapeutic drugs that increase ROS levels. In contrast, Mirk expression is quite low in most normal cells, and Mirk depletion or embryonic knockout of Mirk did not detectably affect cell survival. Thus targeting Mirk for intervention in sarcomas might spare most normal tissues.

scholarly journals Bidirectional transfer of Engrailed homeoprotein across the plasma membrane requires PIP2

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irène Amblard ◽  
Edmond Dupont ◽  
Isabel Alves ◽  
Julie Miralvès ◽  
Isabelle Queguiner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Physiological Function ◽  
Deficient Mutant ◽  
Cellular Mechanisms ◽  
Intercellular Trafficking ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Common Process ◽  
Summary Statement ◽  
Core Role

1.AbstractHomeoproteins are a class of transcription factors sharing the unexpected property of intercellular trafficking. It confers to homeoproteins a paracrine mode of action, shown to exert a wide range of physiological functions, during development and in the adult. Internalization and secretion, the two steps of intercellular transfer, rely on unconventional mechanisms but the cellular mechanisms at stake still need to be fully characterized. Thanks to the design of new quantitative and sensitive assays dedicated to the study of homeoprotein transfer in cell culture, we demonstrate a core role of the phosphoinositides PIP2 together with cholesterol in the translocation of Engrailed2 (EN2) homeoprotein across the plasma membrane. Both secretion and internalization are regulated according to PIP2 levels, challenged by drug or enzymatic treatments. In addition, EN2 specifically interacts with PIP2 and the reduced affinity of a paracrine deficient mutant of EN2 supports a role of PIP2 in homeoprotein physiological function. We propose that the two ways plasma membrane translocation steps accounting for homeoprotein secretion and internalization respectively are parts of a common process.Summary StatementDeciphering the mechanism of homeoprotein intercellular trafficking

scholarly journals The Industrial Organism Corynebacterium glutamicum Requires Mycothiol as Antioxidant to Resist against Oxidative Stress in Bioreactor Cultivations

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabian Stefan Franz Hartmann ◽  
Lina Clermont ◽  
Quach Ngoc Tung ◽  
Haike Antelmann ◽  
Gerd Michael Seibold
Keyword(s):  
Corynebacterium Glutamicum ◽  
Redox Balance ◽  
Growth Defect ◽  
Antioxidant Systems ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Enzymatic Antioxidants ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Industrial Performance ◽  
Oxygen Concentrations

In aerobic environments, bacteria are exposed to reactive oxygen species (ROS). To avoid an excess of ROS, microorganisms are equipped with powerful enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants. Corynebacterium glutamicum, a widely used industrial platform organism, uses mycothiol (MSH) as major low molecular weight (LMW) thiol and non-enzymatic antioxidant. In aerobic bioreactor cultivations C. glutamicum becomes exposed to oxygen concentrations surpassing the air saturation, which are supposed to constitute a challenge for the intracellular MSH redox balance. In this study, the role of MSH was investigated at different oxygen levels (pO2) in bioreactor cultivations in C. glutamicum. Despite the presence of other highly efficient antioxidant systems, such as catalase, the MSH deficient ΔmshC mutant was impaired in growth in bioreactor experiments performed at pO2 values of 30%. At a pO2 level of 20% this growth defect was abolished, indicating a high susceptibility of the MSH-deficient mutant towards elevated oxygen concentrations. Bioreactor experiments with C. glutamicum expressing the Mrx1-roGFP2 redox biosensor revealed a strong oxidative shift in the MSH redox potential (EMSH) at pO2 values above 20%. This indicates, that the LMW thiol MSH is an essential antioxidant to maintain the robustness and industrial performance of C. glutamicum during aerobic fermentation processes.

scholarly journals Lactate and pyruvate promote cellular stress resistance and longevity through ROS signaling

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arnaud Tauffenberger ◽  
Hubert Fiumelli ◽  
Salam Almustafa ◽  
Pierre J. Magistretti
Keyword(s):  
Energy Production ◽  
Neuroblastoma Cells ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Antioxidant Defenses ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Cellular Mechanisms ◽  
C Elegans ◽  
Survival Pathways ◽  
Lactate And Pyruvate

SummaryL-lactate, for long considered a glycolytic end-product, is now recognized as an important energy substrate. Moreover, it appears that its role is not limited to energy production but also as a signal for neuroprotection and synaptic plasticity. Using a model of neuroblastoma cells and the nematode C. elegans we investigated the cellular mechanisms underlying this protective role of L-lactate. We found that L-lactate promotes a mild Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) induction that translates into activation of antioxidant defenses and pro-survival pathways such as PI3K/AKT and Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) chaperones. This hormetic mechanism provides protection against oxidative stress in both cells and nematodes. Furthermore, a mild ROS induction by lactate also promotes longevity in C. elegans.

scholarly journals Therapies with Antioxidant Potential in Psoriasis, Vitiligo, and Lichen Planus

Antioxidants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1087
Author(s):  
Fabrizio Guarneri ◽  
Lucrezia Bertino ◽  
Giovanni Pioggia ◽  
Marco Casciaro ◽  
Sebastiano Gangemi
Keyword(s):  
Lichen Planus ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Antioxidant Systems ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Standard Drug ◽  
Drug Treatments ◽  
Endogenous Antioxidant ◽  
Clinical Changes

Oxidative stress plays an important pathogenetic role in many chronic inflammatory diseases, including those of dermatological interest. In particular, regarding psoriasis, vitiligo, and lichen planus, excess reactive oxygen species and a decline in endogenous antioxidant systems are observed. In this regard, treatments with antioxidant properties could be appropriate therapeutic options. To date, clinical trials in dermatology on these treatments are limited. We reviewed the available studies on the efficacy of antioxidant therapies in psoriasis, vitiligo, and lichen planus. The role of herbal derivatives, vitamins, and trace elements was analyzed. The antioxidant properties of conventional therapies were also evaluated. Data from the literature suggest that antioxidants might be useful, but available studies on this topic are limited, heterogeneous, not completely standardized, and on small populations. Furthermore, in most cases, antioxidants alone are unable to induce significant clinical changes, except perhaps in mild forms, and must be used in conjunction with standard drug treatments to achieve measurable results. Further studies need to be conducted, considering larger populations and using internationally validated scales, in order to compare the results and clinical efficacy.

Pathophysiological role of free radical processes in pregnancies end in miscarriage

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 136-140
Author(s):  
Elena A. Sosnova ◽  
S. B Bolevich ◽  
M. Sh Pokaleneva
Keyword(s):  
Reactive Oxygen Species ◽  
Obstetrics And Gynecology ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Cellular Mechanisms ◽  
Miscarriage Rate ◽  
Pathophysiological Role ◽  
The One ◽  
Radical Processes ◽  
In Pregnancy

Pregnancy end in miscarriage proves to be the one of the main problems of modern obstetrics and gynecology. Miscarriage rate currently accounts for 15-27%. Among the causes of miscarriage there are discriminated genetic, anatomic, endocrine, infectious, immunologic, and thrombophilic factors. In the exclusion of all of above mentioned reasons the genesis of spontaneous abortion is considered to be unclear (idiopathic). In recent years, more and more often the attention of clinicians is attracted by pathophysiological aspects of the participation offree radical processes in molecular and cellular mechanisms of the development of alteration in pregnancy end in miscarriage. So far, information both on the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by leukocytes and the state ofprotective antioxidant system in women with habitual loss ofpregnancy has failed to be systematized.

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