scholarly journals A Novel Secretory Vesicle from Deer Antlerogenic Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Conditioned Media (DaMSC-CM) Promotes Tissue Regeneration

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Minkoo Seo ◽  
Jin-Chul Kim ◽  
Hyung-Ki Kim ◽  
Eun wook Choi ◽  
Suyeong Jeong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Tissue Regeneration ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Wnt Signaling Pathway ◽  
Average Diameter ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Secretory Vesicle ◽  
Conditioned Media ◽  
Secretory Vesicles ◽  
Multipotent Stem Cells

Multipotent stem cells have the capacity to generate terminally differentiated cell types of each lineage; thus, they have great therapeutic potential for a wide variety of diseases. The most widely available stem cells are derived from human tissues, and their use for therapeutic application is limited by their high cost and low productivity. Herein, we report that conditioned media of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) isolated from deer antlers enhanced tissue regeneration through paracrine action via a combination of secreted growth factors and cytokines. Notably, DaMSC-conditioned media (DaMSC-CM) enhanced hair regeneration by activating the Wnt signaling pathway. In addition, DaMSC-CM had regenerative potential in damaged skin tissue through induction of skin regeneration-related genes. Remarkably, we identified round vesicles derived from DaMSC-CM, with an average diameter of ~120 nm that were associated with hair follicle formation, suggesting that secretory vesicles may act as paracrine mediators for modulation of local cellular responses. In addition, these secretory vesicles could regulate the expression of Wnt-3a, Wnt-10b, and lymphoid enhancer-binding factor-1 (LEF-1), which are related to tissue renewal. Thus, our findings demonstrate that the use of DaMSC-CM as a unique natural model for rapid and complete tissue regeneration has possible application for therapeutic development.

scholarly journals Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Tissue Regeneration

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 096368972090850 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bocheng Zhang ◽  
Xiaoyuan Tian ◽  
Jun Hao ◽  
Gang Xu ◽  
Weiguo Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Tissue Regeneration ◽  
Tissue Repair ◽  
Membrane Structure ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Biological Functions ◽  
Self Renewal ◽  
Multipotent Stem Cells

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent stem cells that have attracted increasing interest in the field of regenerative medicine. Previously, the differentiation ability of MSCs was believed to be primarily responsible for tissue repair. Recent studies have shown that paracrine mechanisms play an important role in this process. MSCs can secrete soluble molecules and extracellular vesicles (EVs), which mediate paracrine communication. EVs contain large amounts of proteins and nucleic acids, such as mRNAs and microRNAs (miRNAs), and can transfer the cargo between cells. The cargoes are similar to those in MSCs and are not susceptible to degradation due to the protection of the EV bimolecular membrane structure. MSC-EVs can mimic the biological characteristics of MSCs, such as differentiation, maturation, and self-renewal. Due to their broad biological functions and their ability to transfer molecules between cells, EVs have been intensively studied by an increasing number of researchers with a focus on therapeutic applications, especially those of EVs secreted by MSCs. In this review, we discuss MSC-derived EVs and their therapeutic potential in tissue regeneration.

Therapeutic Potential of Umbilical Cord Stem Cells for Liver Regeneration

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 219-232
Author(s):  
Ifrah Anwar ◽  
Usman A. Ashfaq ◽  
Zeeshan Shokat
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Umbilical Cord ◽  
Fas Ligand ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Low Risk ◽  
Blood Stem Cells ◽  
Umbilical Cord Stem Cells ◽  
High Regeneration

The liver is a vital organ for life and the only internal organ that is capable of natural regeneration. Although the liver has high regeneration capacity, excessive hepatocyte death can lead to liver failure. Various factors can lead to liver damage including drug abuse, some natural products, alcohol, hepatitis, and autoimmunity. Some models for studying liver injury are APAP-based model, Fas ligand (FasL), D-galactosamine/endotoxin (Gal/ET), Concanavalin A, and carbon tetrachloride-based models. The regeneration of the liver can be carried out using umbilical cord blood stem cells which have various advantages over other stem cell types used in liver transplantation. UCB-derived stem cells lack tumorigenicity, have karyotype stability and high immunomodulatory, low risk of graft versus host disease (GVHD), low risk of transmitting somatic mutations or viral infections, and low immunogenicity. They are readily available and their collection is safe and painless. This review focuses on recent development and modern trends in the use of umbilical cord stem cells for the regeneration of liver fibrosis.

scholarly journals Hyaluronan Regulates Cell Behavior: A Potential Niche Matrix for Stem Cells

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mairim Alexandra Solis ◽  
Ying-Hui Chen ◽  
Tzyy Yue Wong ◽  
Vanessa Zaiatz Bittencourt ◽  
Yen-Cheng Lin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Tissue Regeneration ◽  
Proliferative Activity ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Cell Behavior ◽  
Cellular Receptors ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Cellular Behaviors ◽  
High Concentrations

Hyaluronan is a linear glycosaminoglycan that has received special attention in the last few decades due to its extraordinary physiological functions. This highly viscous polysaccharide is not only a lubricator, but also a significant regulator of cellular behaviors during embryogenesis, morphogenesis, migration, proliferation, and drug resistance in many cell types, including stem cells. Most hyaluronan functions require binding to its cellular receptors CD44, LYVE-1, HARE, layilin, and RHAMM. After binding, proteins are recruited and messages are sent to alter cellular activities. When low concentrations of hyaluronan are applied to stem cells, the proliferative activity is enhanced. However, at high concentrations, stem cells acquire a dormant state and induce a multidrug resistance phenotype. Due to the influence of hyaluronan on cells and tissue morphogenesis, with regards to cardiogenesis, chondrogenesis, osteogenesis, and neurogenesis, it is now been utilized as a biomaterial for tissue regeneration. This paper summarizes the most important and recent findings regarding the regulation of hyaluronan in cells.

Amniotic Stem Cell-Conditioned Media for the Treatment of Nerve and Muscle Pathology: A Systematic Review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chukwuweike Gwam ◽  
Ahmed Emara ◽  
Nequesha Mohamed ◽  
Noor Chughtai ◽  
Johannes Plate ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Tissue Regeneration ◽  
Cell Damage ◽  
Conditioned Media ◽  
Nerve Tissue ◽  
Muscle Pathology ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Cell Based Therapy

Muscle and nerve tissue damage can elicit a significant loss of function and poses as a burden for patients and healthcare providers. Even for tissues, such as the peripheral nerve and skeletal muscle, that harbor significant regenerative capacity, innate regenerative processes often lead to less than optimal recovery and residual loss of function. The reasons for poor regeneration include significant cell damage secondary to oxidative stress, poor recruitment of resident stem cells, and an unfavorable microenvironment for tissue regeneration. Stem cell-based therapy was once thought as a potential therapy in tissue regeneration, due to its self-renewal and multipotent capabilities. Early advocates for cellular-based therapy pointed to the pluripotent nature of stem cells, thus eluding to its ability to differentiate into resident cells as the source of its regenerative capability. However, increasing evidence has revealed a lack of engraftment and differentiation of stem cells, thereby pointing to stem cell paracrine activity as being responsible for its regenerative potential. Stem cell-conditioned media houses biomolecular factors that portray significant regenerative potential. Amniotic-derived stem cell-conditioned media (AFS-CM) has been of particular interest because of its ease of allocation and in vitro culture. The purpose of this review is to report the results of studies that assess the role of AFS-CM for nerve and muscle conditions. In this review, we will cover the effects of AFS-CM on cellular pathways, genes, and protein expression for different nerve and muscle cell types.

scholarly journals Comparison of the Proliferation and Differentiation Potential of Human Urine-, Placenta Decidua Basalis-, and Bone Marrow-Derived Stem Cells

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chengguang Wu ◽  
Long Chen ◽  
Yi-zhou Huang ◽  
Yongcan Huang ◽  
Ornella Parolini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Stem Cell Differentiation ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Stem Cell Marker ◽  
Differentiation Potential ◽  
Multipotent Stem Cells ◽  
Decidua Basalis

Human multipotent stem cell-based therapies have shown remarkable potential in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering applications due to their abilities of self-renewal and differentiation into multiple adult cell types under appropriate conditions. Presently, human multipotent stem cells can be isolated from different sources, but variation among their basic biology can result in suboptimal selection of seed cells in preclinical and clinical research. Thus, the goal of this study was to compare the biological characteristics of multipotent stem cells isolated from human bone marrow, placental decidua basalis, and urine, respectively. First, we found that urine-derived stem cells (USCs) displayed different morphologies compared with other stem cell types. USCs and placenta decidua basalis-derived mesenchymal stem cells (PDB-MSCs) had superior proliferation ability in contrast to bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs); these cells grew to have the highest colony-forming unit (CFU) counts. In phenotypic analysis using flow cytometry, similarity among all stem cell marker expression was found, excluding CD29 and CD105. Regarding stem cell differentiation capability, USCs were observed to have better adipogenic and endothelial abilities as well as vascularization potential compared to BMSCs and PDB-MSCs. As for osteogenic and chondrogenic induction, BMSCs were superior to all three stem cell types. Future therapeutic indications and clinical applications of BMSCs, PDB-MSCs, and USCs should be based on their characteristics, such as growth kinetics and differentiation capabilities.

Stem Cells Applications in Therapeutics and Site-Specific Genome Editing Through CRISPR Cas9 System

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Javed M ◽  
◽  
Khan A ◽  
Mukheed M ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Genome Editing ◽  
Pluripotent Stem Cells ◽  
Disease Modeling ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Multipotent Stem Cells ◽  
Site Specific ◽  
Regenerative Medicines ◽  
Induced Pluripotent ◽  
Adult Cells

Stem cells ae immature cells that have ability to differentiate into all specific and mature cells in body. The two main characteristics of stem cells are selfrenewable and ability to differentiate into all mature, functional and adult cells types. There are the two major classes a) pluripotent stem cells which have potential to differentiate in all adult cell and b) multipotent stem cells which have capacity to differentiate into many adult cells but not in all cell types. Due to the self-renewable ability stem cells are use in therapeutics, tissue regeneration, disease modeling and regenerative medicines and to treat cardiovascular diseases, neural disorders such as Parkinson’s disease and most importantly to treat carcinomas. The human induced pluripotent stem cells provide a great platform to study and treatment of human diseases because these are able to differentiate into many functional and specialized adult cells of body. The genome editing tools such as CRISPR Cas9 system and TALENs are used to generate multiple DNA variants in hPSCs by inducing site specific mutations, frame shift mutation and deletion. In present days CRISPR Cas9 is more efficient and frequent method for genome editing which is derived from bacterial cell.

scholarly journals Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Cancer: Clinical Challenges and Opportunities

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weiping Lin ◽  
Linfeng Huang ◽  
Ying Li ◽  
Bin Fang ◽  
Gang Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽  
Anticancer Agents ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Inhibit Tumor Growth ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
Promising Source ◽  
Target Cancer

Stem cell-based therapies exhibit profound therapeutic potential for treating various human diseases, including cancer. Among the cell types that can be used for this purpose, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are considered as promising source of stem cells in personalized cell-based therapies. The inherent tumor-tropic property of MSCs can be used to target cancer cells. Although the impacts of MSCs on tumor progression remain elusive, they have been genetically modified or engineered as targeted anticancer agents which could inhibit tumor growth by blocking different processes of tumor. In addition, there are close interactions between MSCs and cancer stem cells (CSCs). MSCs can regulate the growth of CSCs through paracrine mechanisms. This review aims to focus on the current knowledge about MSCs-based tumor therapies, the opportunities and challenges, as well as the prospective of its further clinical implications.

scholarly journals Neurotransmitter Modulation of Carotid Body Germinal Niche

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (21) ◽  
pp. 8231
Author(s):  
Verónica Sobrino ◽  
Aida Platero-Luengo ◽  
Valentina Annese ◽  
Elena Navarro-Guerrero ◽  
Patricia González-Rodríguez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Carotid Body ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Cell Activity ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Clinical Tool ◽  
Multipotent Stem Cells ◽  
Glomus Cells ◽  
Afferent Fibers ◽  
Sensory Fibers

The carotid body (CB), a neural-crest-derived organ and the main arterial chemoreceptor in mammals, is composed of clusters of cells called glomeruli. Each glomerulus contains neuron-like, O2-sensing glomus cells, which are innervated by sensory fibers of the petrosal ganglion and are located in close contact with a dense network of fenestrated capillaries. In response to hypoxia, glomus cells release transmitters to activate afferent fibers impinging on the respiratory and autonomic centers to induce hyperventilation and sympathetic activation. Glomus cells are embraced by interdigitating processes of sustentacular, glia-like, type II cells. The CB has an extraordinary structural plasticity, unusual for a neural tissue, as it can grow several folds its size in subjects exposed to sustained hypoxia (as for example in high altitude dwellers or in patients with cardiopulmonary diseases). CB growth in hypoxia is mainly due to the generation of new glomeruli and blood vessels. In recent years it has been shown that the adult CB contains a collection of quiescent multipotent stem cells, as well as immature progenitors committed to the neurogenic or the angiogenic lineages. Herein, we review the main properties of the different cell types in the CB germinal niche. We also summarize experimental data suggesting that O2-sensitive glomus cells are the master regulators of CB plasticity. Upon exposure to hypoxia, neurotransmitters and neuromodulators released by glomus cells act as paracrine signals that induce proliferation and differentiation of multipotent stem cells and progenitors, thus causing CB hypertrophy and an increased sensory output. Pharmacological modulation of glomus cell activity might constitute a useful clinical tool to fight pathologies associated with exaggerated sympathetic outflow due to CB overactivation.

scholarly journals PDGF-AB and 5-Azacytidine induce conversion of somatic cells into tissue-regenerative multipotent stem cells

2016 ◽  
Vol 113 (16) ◽  
pp. E2306-E2315 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vashe Chandrakanthan ◽  
Avani Yeola ◽  
Jair C. Kwan ◽  
Rema A. Oliver ◽  
Qiao Qiao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Growth Factor ◽  
Tissue Regeneration ◽  
Somatic Cells ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Cell Plasticity ◽  
Differentiation Potential ◽  
Multipotent Stem Cells ◽  
Differentiated Cells

Current approaches in tissue engineering are geared toward generating tissue-specific stem cells. Given the complexity and heterogeneity of tissues, this approach has its limitations. An alternate approach is to induce terminally differentiated cells to dedifferentiate into multipotent proliferative cells with the capacity to regenerate all components of a damaged tissue, a phenomenon used by salamanders to regenerate limbs. 5-Azacytidine (AZA) is a nucleoside analog that is used to treat preleukemic and leukemic blood disorders. AZA is also known to induce cell plasticity. We hypothesized that AZA-induced cell plasticity occurs via a transient multipotent cell state and that concomitant exposure to a receptive growth factor might result in the expansion of a plastic and proliferative population of cells. To this end, we treated lineage-committed cells with AZA and screened a number of different growth factors with known activity in mesenchyme-derived tissues. Here, we report that transient treatment with AZA in combination with platelet-derived growth factor–AB converts primary somatic cells into tissue-regenerative multipotent stem (iMS) cells. iMS cells possess a distinct transcriptome, are immunosuppressive, and demonstrate long-term self-renewal, serial clonogenicity, and multigerm layer differentiation potential. Importantly, unlike mesenchymal stem cells, iMS cells contribute directly to in vivo tissue regeneration in a context-dependent manner and, unlike embryonic or pluripotent stem cells, do not form teratomas. Taken together, this vector-free method of generating iMS cells from primary terminally differentiated cells has significant scope for application in tissue regeneration.

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