scholarly journals Neurotransmitter Modulation of Carotid Body Germinal Niche

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (21) ◽  
pp. 8231
Author(s):  
Verónica Sobrino ◽  
Aida Platero-Luengo ◽  
Valentina Annese ◽  
Elena Navarro-Guerrero ◽  
Patricia González-Rodríguez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Carotid Body ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Cell Activity ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Clinical Tool ◽  
Multipotent Stem Cells ◽  
Glomus Cells ◽  
Afferent Fibers ◽  
Sensory Fibers

The carotid body (CB), a neural-crest-derived organ and the main arterial chemoreceptor in mammals, is composed of clusters of cells called glomeruli. Each glomerulus contains neuron-like, O2-sensing glomus cells, which are innervated by sensory fibers of the petrosal ganglion and are located in close contact with a dense network of fenestrated capillaries. In response to hypoxia, glomus cells release transmitters to activate afferent fibers impinging on the respiratory and autonomic centers to induce hyperventilation and sympathetic activation. Glomus cells are embraced by interdigitating processes of sustentacular, glia-like, type II cells. The CB has an extraordinary structural plasticity, unusual for a neural tissue, as it can grow several folds its size in subjects exposed to sustained hypoxia (as for example in high altitude dwellers or in patients with cardiopulmonary diseases). CB growth in hypoxia is mainly due to the generation of new glomeruli and blood vessels. In recent years it has been shown that the adult CB contains a collection of quiescent multipotent stem cells, as well as immature progenitors committed to the neurogenic or the angiogenic lineages. Herein, we review the main properties of the different cell types in the CB germinal niche. We also summarize experimental data suggesting that O2-sensitive glomus cells are the master regulators of CB plasticity. Upon exposure to hypoxia, neurotransmitters and neuromodulators released by glomus cells act as paracrine signals that induce proliferation and differentiation of multipotent stem cells and progenitors, thus causing CB hypertrophy and an increased sensory output. Pharmacological modulation of glomus cell activity might constitute a useful clinical tool to fight pathologies associated with exaggerated sympathetic outflow due to CB overactivation.

scholarly journals Oxygen sensing by the carotid body: mechanisms and role in adaptation to hypoxia

2016 ◽  
Vol 310 (8) ◽  
pp. C629-C642 ◽  
Author(s):  
José López-Barneo ◽  
Patricia González-Rodríguez ◽  
Lin Gao ◽  
M. Carmen Fernández-Agüera ◽  
Ricardo Pardal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carotid Body ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Adaptation To Hypoxia ◽  
Glomus Cells ◽  
Adaptive Processes ◽  
Cell Depolarization ◽  
Sensory Fibers

Oxygen (O2) is fundamental for cell and whole-body homeostasis. Our understanding of the adaptive processes that take place in response to a lack of O2 (hypoxia) has progressed significantly in recent years. The carotid body (CB) is the main arterial chemoreceptor that mediates the acute cardiorespiratory reflexes (hyperventilation and sympathetic activation) triggered by hypoxia. The CB is composed of clusters of cells (glomeruli) in close contact with blood vessels and nerve fibers. Glomus cells, the O2-sensitive elements in the CB, are neuron-like cells that contain O2-sensitive K+ channels, which are inhibited by hypoxia. This leads to cell depolarization, Ca2+ entry, and the release of transmitters to activate sensory fibers terminating at the respiratory center. The mechanism whereby O2 modulates K+ channels has remained elusive, although several appealing hypotheses have been postulated. Recent data suggest that mitochondria complex I signaling to membrane K+ channels plays a fundamental role in acute O2 sensing. CB activation during exposure to low Po2 is also necessary for acclimatization to chronic hypoxia. CB growth during sustained hypoxia depends on the activation of a resident population of stem cells, which are also activated by transmitters released from the O2-sensitive glomus cells. These advances should foster further studies on the role of CB dysfunction in the pathogenesis of highly prevalent human diseases.

scholarly journals Multiple Roles for Cholinergic Signaling from the Perspective of Stem Cell Function

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 666
Author(s):  
Toshio Takahashi
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Cell Activity ◽  
Embryonic Stem ◽  
Cholinergic Neurons ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Proliferative Potential ◽  
True Nature ◽  
Cholinergic Signaling

Stem cells have extensive proliferative potential and the ability to differentiate into one or more mature cell types. The mechanisms by which stem cells accomplish self-renewal provide fundamental insight into the origin and design of multicellular organisms. These pathways allow the repair of damage and extend organismal life beyond that of component cells, and they probably preceded the evolution of complex metazoans. Understanding the true nature of stem cells can only come from discovering how they are regulated. The concept that stem cells are controlled by particular microenvironments, also known as niches, has been widely accepted. Technical advances now allow characterization of the zones that maintain and control stem cell activity in several organs, including the brain, skin, and gut. Cholinergic neurons release acetylcholine (ACh) that mediates chemical transmission via ACh receptors such as nicotinic and muscarinic receptors. Although the cholinergic system is composed of organized nerve cells, the system is also involved in mammalian non-neuronal cells, including stem cells, embryonic stem cells, epithelial cells, and endothelial cells. Thus, cholinergic signaling plays a pivotal role in controlling their behaviors. Studies regarding this signal are beginning to unify our understanding of stem cell regulation at the cellular and molecular levels, and they are expected to advance efforts to control stem cells therapeutically. The present article reviews recent findings about cholinergic signaling that is essential to control stem cell function in a cholinergic niche.

scholarly journals Comparison of the Proliferation and Differentiation Potential of Human Urine-, Placenta Decidua Basalis-, and Bone Marrow-Derived Stem Cells

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chengguang Wu ◽  
Long Chen ◽  
Yi-zhou Huang ◽  
Yongcan Huang ◽  
Ornella Parolini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Stem Cell Differentiation ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Stem Cell Marker ◽  
Differentiation Potential ◽  
Multipotent Stem Cells ◽  
Decidua Basalis

Human multipotent stem cell-based therapies have shown remarkable potential in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering applications due to their abilities of self-renewal and differentiation into multiple adult cell types under appropriate conditions. Presently, human multipotent stem cells can be isolated from different sources, but variation among their basic biology can result in suboptimal selection of seed cells in preclinical and clinical research. Thus, the goal of this study was to compare the biological characteristics of multipotent stem cells isolated from human bone marrow, placental decidua basalis, and urine, respectively. First, we found that urine-derived stem cells (USCs) displayed different morphologies compared with other stem cell types. USCs and placenta decidua basalis-derived mesenchymal stem cells (PDB-MSCs) had superior proliferation ability in contrast to bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs); these cells grew to have the highest colony-forming unit (CFU) counts. In phenotypic analysis using flow cytometry, similarity among all stem cell marker expression was found, excluding CD29 and CD105. Regarding stem cell differentiation capability, USCs were observed to have better adipogenic and endothelial abilities as well as vascularization potential compared to BMSCs and PDB-MSCs. As for osteogenic and chondrogenic induction, BMSCs were superior to all three stem cell types. Future therapeutic indications and clinical applications of BMSCs, PDB-MSCs, and USCs should be based on their characteristics, such as growth kinetics and differentiation capabilities.

Stem Cells Applications in Therapeutics and Site-Specific Genome Editing Through CRISPR Cas9 System

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Javed M ◽  
◽  
Khan A ◽  
Mukheed M ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Genome Editing ◽  
Pluripotent Stem Cells ◽  
Disease Modeling ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Multipotent Stem Cells ◽  
Site Specific ◽  
Regenerative Medicines ◽  
Induced Pluripotent ◽  
Adult Cells

Stem cells ae immature cells that have ability to differentiate into all specific and mature cells in body. The two main characteristics of stem cells are selfrenewable and ability to differentiate into all mature, functional and adult cells types. There are the two major classes a) pluripotent stem cells which have potential to differentiate in all adult cell and b) multipotent stem cells which have capacity to differentiate into many adult cells but not in all cell types. Due to the self-renewable ability stem cells are use in therapeutics, tissue regeneration, disease modeling and regenerative medicines and to treat cardiovascular diseases, neural disorders such as Parkinson’s disease and most importantly to treat carcinomas. The human induced pluripotent stem cells provide a great platform to study and treatment of human diseases because these are able to differentiate into many functional and specialized adult cells of body. The genome editing tools such as CRISPR Cas9 system and TALENs are used to generate multiple DNA variants in hPSCs by inducing site specific mutations, frame shift mutation and deletion. In present days CRISPR Cas9 is more efficient and frequent method for genome editing which is derived from bacterial cell.

Biological Characteristics and Multilineage Differentiation of Kidney Mesenchymal Stem Cells Derived from the Tibetan Mastiff

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 904-913
Author(s):  
Bing Yan ◽  
Ruining Liang ◽  
Meng Ji ◽  
Qi-Qige Wuyun ◽  
Weijun Guan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽  
Marker Gene ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Immunofluorescence Staining ◽  
Marker Genes ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Multipotent Stem Cells ◽  
Different Cell Types

Of all the significant researches that have taken place in isolation, culture and characterization of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), the field of kidney-derived mesenchymal stem cells (KMSCs) in Tibetan mastiff is still a blank. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to isolate, culture and characterize the Tibetan mastiff KMSCs. The KMSCs were successfully isolated from one-day year old Tibetan mastiff kidney, cultured for 16 passages and distinguished by two methods: immunofluorescence staining and RT-PCR. The Tibetan mastiff KMSCs expressed specific surface marker genes (VIM, CD44, FN1, CD90, CD109, CD73, FN1) and kidney marker gene PAX2. The proliferation ability of Tibetan mastiff KMSCs was measured through cell count and clonality. Furthermore, cells differentiated into different cell types (hepatocellular cells, osteogenic cells, adipogenic cells and chondrogenic cells) under special induced medium, and the marker genes of induced cells were identified with Immunofluorescence staining and RT-PCR. All of these results indicated that the Tibetan mastiff KMSCs were obtained successfully, which possessed certain characteristics of multipotent stem cells. Therefore, MSCs in Tibetan mastiff kidney hold potential for clinical applications for regenerative therapy and their further studies are waiting to be required to investigate their functions.

scholarly journals A Novel Secretory Vesicle from Deer Antlerogenic Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Conditioned Media (DaMSC-CM) Promotes Tissue Regeneration

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Minkoo Seo ◽  
Jin-Chul Kim ◽  
Hyung-Ki Kim ◽  
Eun wook Choi ◽  
Suyeong Jeong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Tissue Regeneration ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Wnt Signaling Pathway ◽  
Average Diameter ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Secretory Vesicle ◽  
Conditioned Media ◽  
Secretory Vesicles ◽  
Multipotent Stem Cells

Multipotent stem cells have the capacity to generate terminally differentiated cell types of each lineage; thus, they have great therapeutic potential for a wide variety of diseases. The most widely available stem cells are derived from human tissues, and their use for therapeutic application is limited by their high cost and low productivity. Herein, we report that conditioned media of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) isolated from deer antlers enhanced tissue regeneration through paracrine action via a combination of secreted growth factors and cytokines. Notably, DaMSC-conditioned media (DaMSC-CM) enhanced hair regeneration by activating the Wnt signaling pathway. In addition, DaMSC-CM had regenerative potential in damaged skin tissue through induction of skin regeneration-related genes. Remarkably, we identified round vesicles derived from DaMSC-CM, with an average diameter of ~120 nm that were associated with hair follicle formation, suggesting that secretory vesicles may act as paracrine mediators for modulation of local cellular responses. In addition, these secretory vesicles could regulate the expression of Wnt-3a, Wnt-10b, and lymphoid enhancer-binding factor-1 (LEF-1), which are related to tissue renewal. Thus, our findings demonstrate that the use of DaMSC-CM as a unique natural model for rapid and complete tissue regeneration has possible application for therapeutic development.

scholarly journals Two anatomically distinct niches regulate stem cell activity

Blood ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 120 (11) ◽  
pp. 2174-2181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hideo Ema ◽  
Toshio Suda
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Adult Stem Cells ◽  
Cell Activity ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
Cell Regulation ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem ◽  
Stem Cell Regulation ◽  
Cellular Components

Abstract The niche microenvironment controls stem cell number, fate, and behavior. The bone marrow, intestine, and skin are organs with highly regenerative potential, and all produce a large number of mature cells daily. Here, focusing on adult stem cells in these organs, we compare the structures and cellular components of their niches and the factors they produce. We then define the niche as a functional unit for stem cell regulation. For example, the niche possibly maintains quiescence and regulates fate in stem cells. Moreover, we discuss our hypothesis that many stem cell types are regulated by both specialized and nonspecialized niches, although hematopoietic stem cells, as an exception, are regulated by a nonspecialized niche only. The specialized niche is composed of 1 or a few types of cells lying on the basement membrane in the epithelium. The nonspecialized niche is composed of various types of cells widely distributed in mesenchymal tissues. We propose that the specialized niche plays a role in local regulation of stem cells, whereas the nonspecialized niche plays a role in relatively broad regional or systemic regulation. Further work will verify this dual-niche model to understand mechanisms underlying stem cell regulation.

scholarly journals Spinal Cord Injury Management through the Combination of Stem Cells and Implantable 3D Bioprinted Platforms

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 3189
Author(s):  
Atefeh Zarepour ◽  
Sara Hooshmand ◽  
Aylin Gökmen ◽  
Ali Zarrabi ◽  
Ebrahim Mostafavi
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Stem Cells ◽  
Spinal Cord Injury ◽  
Functional Integration ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
3D Bioprinting ◽  
Multipotent Stem Cells ◽  
Novel Treatments ◽  
Combined Application ◽  
Cord Injury

Spinal cord injury (SCI) has a major impact on affected patients due to its pathological consequences and absence of capacity for self-repair. Currently available therapies are unable to restore lost neural functions. Thus, there is a pressing need to develop novel treatments that will promote functional repair after SCI. Several experimental approaches have been explored to tackle SCI, including the combination of stem cells and 3D bioprinting. Implanted multipotent stem cells with self-renewing capacity and the ability to differentiate to a diversity of cell types are promising candidates for replacing dead cells in injured sites and restoring disrupted neural circuits. However, implanted stem cells need protection from the inflammatory agents in the injured area and support to guide them to appropriate differentiation. Not only are 3D bioprinted scaffolds able to protect stem cells, but they can also promote their differentiation and functional integration at the site of injury. In this review, we showcase some recent advances in the use of stem cells for the treatment of SCI, different types of 3D bioprinting methods, and the combined application of stem cells and 3D bioprinting technique for effective repair of SCI.

Stem Cells Applications in Therapeutics and Site-Specific Genome Editing Through CRISPR Cas9 System

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 1216-1223
Author(s):  
Muhammad Javed Iqbal ◽  
Muhammad Mukheed ◽  
Alisha Khan ◽  
Saba Irfan ◽  
Marriyam Talat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Genome Editing ◽  
Pluripotent Stem Cells ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Multipotent Stem Cells ◽  
Site Specific ◽  
Adult Cell ◽  
Immature Cells ◽  
Adult Cells

Stem cells are immature cells that have ability to differentiate into all specific and mature cells in body. The two main characteristics of stem cells are self-renewable and ability to differentiate into all mature, functional and adult cells types. There are the two major classes a) pluripotent stem cells which have potential to differentiate in all adult cell and b) multipotent stem cells which have capacity to differentiate into many adult cells but not in all cell types.

scholarly journals Establishment and biological characterization of a dermal mesenchymal stem cells line from bovine

2014 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tingting Sun ◽  
Chao Yu ◽  
Yuhua Gao ◽  
Chenqiong Zhao ◽  
Jinlian Hua ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Neural Cells ◽  
Biological Characterization ◽  
Multipotent Stem Cells ◽  
Reverse Transcription Pcr ◽  
Lineage Differentiation

The DMSCs (dermal mesenchymal stem cells) are multipotent stem cells, which can differentiate in vitro into many cell types. Much work has been done on DMSCs from humans, mice, rabbits and other mammals, but the related literature has not been published about these cells in cattle. In this study, we isolated and established the DMSC lines from cattle, thereby initiating further research on these cells, such as growth kinetics, detection of special surface antigen and RT–PCR (reverse transcription–PCR) assays to identify the biological characterization of the cell line. Furthermore, the DMSCs are induced to differentiate into adipocytes, osteoblasts and neural cells in vitro. Our results suggest that DMSCs isolated from cattle possess similar biological characteristics with those from other species. Their multi-lineage differentiation capabilities herald a probable application model in tissue engineering and induced pluripotent stem cells.

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