scholarly journals Molecular Typing and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Methicillin-ResistantStaphylococcus aureusIsolated from Bovine Milk in Tanzania

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jibril Mohammed ◽  
Michael Henry Ziwa ◽  
Yaovi Mahuton Gildas Hounmanou ◽  
Adela Kisanga ◽  
Huruma Nelwike Tuntufye
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Bovine Milk ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Molecular Characteristics ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Local Markets ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern

Methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA) in raw milk can be transmitted from animals to humans, and in Tanzania raw milk is sold in local markets and consumed as purchased. This study was performed to determine the molecular characteristics and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of MRSA strains isolated from raw bovine milk sold at local markets in Tanzania. A total of 117 raw milk samples were cultured on Baird-Parker medium to isolateS. aureusand PCR was used for amplification ofgltBgene forS. aureusidentification and the presence ofmecAgene for methicillin-resistant strains. Coagulase-negative (CN)S. aureuswere reconfirmed using tube coagulase, DNase, and API Staph tests. MRSA isolates werespatyped whereas antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by the disc diffusion method. Forty-six coagulase positives (CP) and two CNS. aureuswere identified. Most strains were resistant to penicillin (72%), and 3 isolates: 2 CNS. aureusand 1 coagulase-negative Staphylococci (CNS), were phenotypically resistant to vancomycin, oxacillin, and cefoxitin and were confirmed to carrymecA.Resistance to clindamycin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and tetracycline was 23.9%, 30.4%, and 41.3%, respectively. Twelve isolates exhibited multidrug resistance; however, only onemecApositive strain among the three was typeable and belonged tospatype t2603. This study reports for the first time the presence of CN variant of MRSA, which was assigned the spa type t2603, and the presence of multidrug resistantS. aureusisolates from bovine milk in Morogoro, Tanzania.

scholarly journals Transformation of commensal to a pathogen: Blood stream infection due to coagulase negative staphylococci among patients attending tertiary care hospital in North India

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 71-76
Author(s):  
Anupam Das ◽  
Vikramjeet Singh ◽  
Pranshu Pandey ◽  
Manodeep Sen ◽  
Jyotsna Agarwal
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Blood Stream Infection ◽  
Blood Stream ◽  
North India ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Susceptibility Pattern ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern ◽  
Culture Positive

Aim of this study was to know the prevalence of Coagulase Negative Staphylococci (CoNS) in Blood Stream Infection (BSI) among patients attending a Superspeciality hospital in North India. Objective of this study was to compare incidence of CoNS in ICU and ward patients suffering from BSI and their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern. This retrospective hospital based study was conducted in the Microbiology Department, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow for a period of two years (January, 2017 -December, 2018). Blood samples from a total of 6498 patients from Out-Patient, In-Patient and Intensive care unit departments were subjected to aerobic and anaerobic bacterial culture. Culture positive broth was subcultured on Blood Agar and MacConkey Agar to isolate pathogens in pure culture. Pure cultured isolates were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility pattern by Kirby Bauer Disk Diffusion method as per CLSI 2018.During the study period, out of total 3284 samples in 2017 and 3214 in 2018, 663 and 595 were found to be culture positive respectively.Staphylococci were isolated from 636 (9.78%) patients (10.2% in 2017 and 9.2% in 2018). Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from 18.8% and CoNS from 81.2% of total Staphylococcal isolates. Among CoNS isolates 70.7% were found to be Methicillin Resistant CoNS (MRCoNS). This study observed CoNS as a major cause of BSI as compared to Staphylococcus aureusThe significance of CONS bacteremia should be evaluated better in light of clinical profile of the patient. Better screening and infection control practices in the future can decrease the rate of methicillin resistant CoNS in our centre.

scholarly journals Bacteriological profile and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of endotracheal tube secretion of patients in ICUs of a tertiary care hospital in Punjab

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 224-229
Author(s):  
Kiranjeet Kaur ◽  
Shavetika Jindal
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Tertiary Care Hospital ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Susceptibility Pattern ◽  
Prospective Longitudinal Study ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern ◽  
Prospective Longitudinal

Healthcare associated pneumonia (HAP)is second most common HCAIs that occur in 27% critically ill patients. Eighty-six percent of HAP are associated with mechanical ventilation and termed as ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP). VAP due to multidrug resistant has also increased in recent past. To isolate and identify the bacterial pathogens in endotracheal tubes aspirates of ICUs patients and study their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern.A prospective longitudinal study was conducted in the Microbiology laboratory of a tertiary care hospital over a period of six months after clearance from institutional Research Committee and Ethical Committee. All the samples of ETT secretions received in Clinical Microbiology lab from ICU patients and fulfilling the criteria for VAP were included in this study. Samples were processed as per standard protocol and organisms were identified on the basis of gram staining, colony characters and biochemical tests. Antibiotic sensitivity was performed by Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method as per CLSI guidelines. : A total of 100 samples of ET secretions were collected and proceeded for culture. Out of 100 samples, 76 (76.0%) were positive for bacterial growth. Among 76 positive cultures, a total 80 bacterial isolates were obtained as some cultures were showing polymicrobial growth. Five (6.26%) isolates were Gram Positive bacteria and 75(93.7%) were Gram negative. The most frequent isolates were 35(43.7%) followed by , isolates were sensitive to colistin while resistant to ampicillin and amoxiclav. isolates were sensitive to colistin and resistant to ampicillin, amoxiclav, ciprofloxacin, cefixime, piperacillin tazobactam. isolates were sensitive to colistin while resistant to ampicillin, amoxiclav, ceftizidime and piperacillin tazobactam. In our study antimicrobial pattern of isolated bacteria shows multidrug resistant pathogens which are associated with VAP and limit therapeutic options.

scholarly journals Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Retail Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) in Addis Ababa City: Magnitude of Contamination and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aklilu Feleke Haile ◽  
Silvia Alonso ◽  
Nega Berhe ◽  
Tizeta Bekele Atoma ◽  
Prosper N. Boyaka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Addis Ababa ◽  
Foodborne Pathogen ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Susceptibility Pattern ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern

Escherichia coli O157:H7 is an important foodborne pathogen but largely under investigated in Africa. The objectives of this study were to estimate the prevalence and pattern of antimicrobial resistance of E. coli O157:H7 in lettuce in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. A total of 390 retail lettuce samples were collected across the 10 subcities of Addis Ababa. E. coli O157:H7 was isolated and identified following ISO-16654:2001 standard. The isolates were further tested for antimicrobial susceptibility to 13 antimicrobials using the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method. Out of the 390 lettuce samples examined, two (0.51%) carried E. coli O157:H7. The antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of strains showed resistance to ampicillin (100%) and tetracycline (50.0%). One of the two isolates was multidrug resistant to two antimicrobials tested. The results of this study demonstrate the presence of drug-resistant E. coli O157:H7 in lettuce in markets in Addis Ababa. Despite the low prevalence, its presence in a product that is eaten raw highlights potential public health risk in the area associated with this pathogen.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern and SCCmec types of methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci from subclinical bovine mastitis in Hatay, Turkey

2014 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 563-566 ◽  
Author(s):  
Özkan Aslantaş ◽  
Mehmet Ali Yılmaz ◽  
Ebru Şebnem Yılmaz ◽  
Cemil Kurekci
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Meca Gene ◽  
Bovine Mastitis ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern ◽  
Sccmec Types ◽  
Susceptibility Patterns ◽  
Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome

Abstract Eighty-nine isolates of coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) of eight species from subclinical bovine mastitis were screened for the phenotypic and genotypic methicilline-resistance. In addition, all methicillin-resistant (MR) isolates indicating the mecA gene were examined by PCR for the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns, and staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) types were also determined by multiplex PCR. A total of 21 (23.6%) CoNS isolates were found to be resistant to oxacillin in broth microdilution assay. All isolates phenotypically resistant to oxacillin did not have the mecA gene, which was only found in 14.6% (13) of the isolates. Most MR-CoNS isolates were highly resistant to erythromycin (92.3%), fusidic acid (84.6%), penicillin (76.9%), and rifampycin (61.5%), and susceptible to mupirocin (100%), tetracycline (100%), vancomycin (100%), clindamycin (92.3%), and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (69.2%). In conclusion, a high rate of antimicrobial resistance among MR-CoNS isolated from food producing animals emphasises the need for periodic surveillance of their resistance.

scholarly journals Staphylococcal Colonisation of Intravenous Cannula and Antimicrobial Patterns of Isolated Staphylococcus Species

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-136
Author(s):  
R Mahto ◽  
J Amatya ◽  
R Amatya ◽  
D Adhikari
Keyword(s):  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽  
Intravenous Cannula ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern ◽  
Antimicrobial Sensitivity ◽  
Sensitivity Pattern ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility Test ◽  
Slide Test ◽  
Vancomycin Resistant

Cannula-related infections are amongst the most important nosocomial infections. Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase negative Staphylococci (CONS) are the most frequent causes of colonizing the intravenous cannula through which infection may occur. The aim of the study was to isolate the colonized staphylococci and to study the antimicrobial sensitivity pattern against them. Cultures of cannula tips were raised by semi-quantitative method. Antibiotic susceptibility test was performed by Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method as per The Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI) guidelines. Coagulase positive Staphylococcus was confirmed by coagulase slide test followed by tube test. CONS were distinguished by novobiocin sensitivity test. Out of 200 samples of cannula tips collected and processed, 45 (22.5%) isolates were S. aureus, 15 (7.5%) were S. epidermidis and 16 (8%) were other CONS. The highest occurance (30.7%) of S. aureus and the CONS (18.4%) was found in the nephrology ward and the surgical ward respectively. All the 76 isolates were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility pattern. Novobiocin was used to differentiate S. epidermidis from other CONS. All isolates were sensitive to ampicillin and ofloxacin. Out of total, 46.7% isolates of S. aureus and 12.9% isolates of CONS were multidrug resistant; 35.5% and 20 % isolates of S. aureus were oxacillin (methicillin) resistant and vancomycin resistant respectively. Four (12.9%) isolates of CONS [2(13.3%) of other CONS and 2(12.5%) of S. epidermidis] were oxacillin (methicillin) and vancomycin resistant. In our study, vancomycin resistant staphylococci were found and it was concluded that the precautions for inserting intravenous cannula is necessary as different kinds of pathogens may colonize such devices. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njst.v14i2.10426   Nepal Journal of Science and Technology Vol. 14, No. 2 (2013) 131-136

scholarly journals Antimicrobial Resistance and Molecular Characterization of Citrobacter spp. Causing Extraintestinal Infections

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liyun Liu ◽  
Ling Zhang ◽  
Haijian Zhou ◽  
Min Yuan ◽  
Dalong Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Housekeeping Genes ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Molecular Characteristics ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
Carbapenem Resistant ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Hospital Patients

ObjectivesThis prospective study was carried out to investigate molecular characteristics and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Citrobacter spp. from extraintestinal infections.MethodsForty-six clinical Citrobacter spp. isolates were isolated from hospital patients with extraintestinal infections and analyzed by multilocus sequence typing (MLST) using seven housekeeping genes. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by disk diffusion method according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) recommendations. Adhesion and cytotoxicity to HEp-2 cells were assessed.ResultsThe 46 clinical Citrobacter spp. isolates were typed into 38 sequence types (STs), 9 of which belonged to four clonal complexes (CCs). None of the isolates shared the same ST or CCs with isolates from other countries or from other parts of China. Over half of the isolates were multidrug-resistant (MDR), with 17/26 C. freundii, 5/6 C. braakii, and 3/14 C. koseri isolates being MDR. Moreover, four isolates were carbapenem resistant with resistance to imipenem or meropenem. Among eight quinolone resistant C. freundii, all had a mutation in codon 59 (Thr59Ile) in quinolone resistance determining region of the gyrA gene. Only a small proportion of the isolates were found to be highly cytotoxic and adhesive with no correlation to sample sources.ConclusionsThere was a diverse range of Citrobacter isolates causing extraintestinal infections and a high prevalence of MDR.

scholarly journals Prevalence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus [MRSA] Isolates at a Tertiary Care Hospital in Mangalore, South India

2010 ◽  
Vol 2 (02) ◽  
pp. 082-084 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vidya Pai ◽  
Venkatakrishna I Rao ◽  
Sunil P Rao
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Disc Diffusion ◽  
Susceptibility Pattern ◽  
Disc Diffusion Method ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Inducible Clindamycin Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern

ABSTRACT Background/Aim: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is an important cause of nosocomial infections worldwide. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of MRSA and their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern in our hospital located in Mangalore, India. Materials and Methods: The bacterial isolates from various clinical specimens of patients admitted in our hospital were cultured as per standard protocol and all isolates of Staphylococcus aureus obtained were included in the study. The isolates were identified by standard methods like catalase test, slide and tube coagulase tests, and growth on Mannitol salt agar (HiMedia Lab, Mumbai). The antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion method. The D-test for inducible clindamycin resistance was performed. The isolates were tested for methicillin resistance by using oxacillin disc by disc diffusion method and confirmed by agar screen test (oxacillin 6 μgm/ml). The results were interpreted according to CLSI criteria. Results: During a period of one year, a total of 237 isolates of S. aureus were studied and 69 (29.1%) were found to be methicillin-resistant. MRSA isolates showed greater resistance to multiple drugs than methicillin sensitive Staphylococcus aureus MSSA isolates. Inducible clindamycin resistance was 18.8% in MRSA as against 3.5% in MSSA. About 40–50% of MRSA were resistant to erythromycin, gentamicin, and chloramphenicol, while less than 30% were resistant to ciprofloxacin and amikacin. However, all strains were sensitive to vancomycin. Conclusion: The regular surveillance of hospital-acquired infections of MRSA may be helpful in formulating and monitoring the antibiotic policy. This may also help in preserving antibiotics like vancomycin, only for life-threatening staphylococcal diseases.

ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY IN CULTURE POSITIVE ENTERIC FEVER

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dr. Manish Kulshrestha ◽  
Dr. Anjali Kulshrestha
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Blood Culture ◽  
Nalidixic Acid ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Enteric Fever ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Bone Marrow Culture ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Culture Positive

INTRODUCTION: Enteric fever includes typhoid and paratyphoid fever. Peak incidence is seen in children 5–15 years of age; but in regions where the disease is highly endemic, as in India, children younger than 5 years of age may have the highest infection rates. There are about 22 million new typhoid cases occur each year. Young children in poor, resource limited areas, who make up the majority of the new cases and there is a mortality figures of 215,000 deaths annually. A sharp decline in the rates of complications and mortality due to typhoid fever is observed as a result of introduction of effective antibiotic therapy since 1950s. MDR-ST became endemic in many areas of Asia, including India soon after multidrug-resistant strains of Salmonella enterica serotype typhi (MDR-ST) that were resistant to all the three first-line drugs then in use, namely chloramphenicol, amoxycillin and co-trimoxazole emerged in early 1990s. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Only blood culture or bone marrow culture positive cases were included. The patients with culture isolated enteric fever were included in the study. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was carried out by disk diffusion method using antibiotic discs. The analysis of the antimicrobial susceptibility was carried out as per CLSI interpretative guidelines. RESULTS: A total of 82 culture positive cases were included in the present study. 80 culture isolates were from blood culture and 2 from the bone marrow culture. Salmonella entericasubspecies enterica serovartyphi (S typhi) was isolated from 67 (81.70%) patients while Salmonella enterica subspecies entericaserovarparatyphi (S paratyphi A) was isolated from 13 (15.85%) cases and 2 (2.44%) were Salmonella enterica subspecies entericaserovarschottmuelleri (S paratyphi B). Of the 82 cases 65(79.3%) isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin, 17 (20.7%) were resistant to nalidixic acid, one (1.2%) case each was resistant to Cefotaxime and ceftriaxone, 2 (2.4%) were resistant to chloramphenicol, 10 (12.2%) were resistant and to cotrimoxazole 3 (3.7%) were resistant. CONCLUSION: In a culture positive cases 65(79.3%) isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin and 17 (20.7%) were resistant to nalidixic acid. Multidrug resistant isolates were 65(79.3%).

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