Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infection and Obstinate Biofilm Producers

Background. Biofilms, or colonies of uropathogen growing on the surface of indwelling medical devices, can inflict obstinate or recurring infection, thought-provoking antimicrobial therapy.Methods. This prospective analysis included 105 urine samples from catheterized patients receiving intensive care. Ensuing phenotypic identification, antibiotic sensitivity test was performed by modified Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion method following CLSI guidelines; MDR isolates were identified according to the combined guidelines of the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Biofilm-forming uropathogens were detected by the tissue culture plate (TCA) method.Results. The predominant uropathogen in catheter-associated UTIs (CAUTIs) wasEscherichia coli57%, followed byKlebsiella pneumonia15%,Pseudomonas aeruginosa12%,Staphylococcus aureus8%,Enterobacterspp. 3%,Enterococcus faecalis,Acinetobacterspp., andProteus mirabilis1.5%, of which 46% isolates were biofilm producers. Prime biofilm producers wereEscherichia coli33%, followed byKlebsiella pneumoniae30%,Pseudomonas aeruginosa20%,Staphylococcus aureus10%,Acinetobacter, andEnterobacter3.33%. Multidrug resistance associated with biofilm producers were greater than biofilm nonproducers. The Gram-negative biofilm producers found 96.15%, 80.76%, 73.07%, 53.84%, 53.84%, 46.15%, 19.23%, and 11.5% resistant to amoxyclave, ceftazidime, tetracycline, gentamicin, meropenem, nitrofurantoin, amikacin, imipenem, and fosfomycin, respectively. Gram-positive biofilm producers, however, were found 100% resistant to tetracycline, cloxacillin, and amoxyclave: 66.67% resistant to ampicillin while 33.33% resistant to gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, and nitrofurantoin.Conclusion. High antimicrobial resistance was observed in biofilm producers than non-biofilm producers. Of recommended antimicrobial therapies for CAUTIs, ampicillin and amoxicillin-clavulanate were the least active antibiotics, whereas piperacillin/tazobactam and imipenem were found as the most effectual for gram-negative biofilm producer. Likewise, amoxicillin-clavulanate and tetracycline were the least active antibiotics, whereas vancomycin, fosfomycin, piperacillin-tazobactam, and meropenem were found as the most effective antibiotic for Gram-positive biofilm producer. In the limelight, the activity fosfomycin was commendable against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative biofilm producers.

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UJI DAYA ANTIBAKTERI BAWANG PUTIH (Allium sativum L.) TERHADAP BAKTERI Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium DAN Pseudomonas aeruginosa DALAM MENINGKATKAN KEAMANAN PANGAN

Informatika Pertanian ◽

10.21082/ip.v24n1.2015.p53-58 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 24 (1) ◽

pp. 53 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Sri Suryatmiati Prihandani

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Food Safety ◽

Salmonella Typhimurium ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Gram Positive ◽

Gram Negative ◽

Garlic Powder

Garlic is widely used as a herbal medicine. In order to support the empirical use and improve its application in food safety, this study was conducted to test the antibacterial activity of garlic against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) bacteria. Garlic was used in the form of fine powder. Garlic powder then dissolved in sterile distilled water and squeezed to obtain garlic solution with a concentration of 50%, 25% and 12.5%. Antibacterial activity of garlic juice was tested by diffusion method using paper disc to determine diameter of bacterial growth inhibition zones. Screening results demonstrated that the chemical constituents of garlic powder were saponins, flavonoids and triterpenoids. Garlic powder has antibacterial activity to Gram-positive S. aureus and Gram-negative bacteria E. coli, S. typhimurium and P. aeruginosa. Garlic has antimicrobial potential and can be used as decontaminant against Escherichia coli to maintain quality of food safety such as meat.

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Magnitude of Multidrug Resistance among Bacterial Isolates from Surgical Site Infections in Two National Referral Hospitals in Asmara, Eritrea

International Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.1155/2021/6690222 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 ◽

pp. 1-11

Author(s):

Eyob Yohannes Garoy ◽

Yacob Berhane Gebreab ◽

Oliver Okoth Achila ◽

Nobiel Tecklebrhan ◽

Hermon Michael Tsegai ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Surgical Site Infections ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Gram Negative Bacteria ◽

Gram Positive ◽

Gram Negative ◽

Referral Hospitals

Background. The World Health Organization has emphasized the importance of understanding the epidemiology of MDR organisms from a local standpoint. Here, we report on a spectrum of bacteria associated with surgical site infections in two referral hospitals in Eritrea and the associated antibiotic susceptibility patterns. Methods. This survey was conducted between February and May 2017. A total of 83 patients receiving treatment for various surgical conditions were included. Swabs from infected surgical sites were collected using Levine technique and processed using standard microbiological procedures. In vitro antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed on Mueller–Hinton Agar by the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method following Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 20. Results. A total of 116 isolates were recovered from 83 patients. In total, 67 (58%) and 49 (42%) of the isolates were Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, respectively. The most common isolates included Citrobacter spp., Klebsiella spp., Escherichia coli, Proteus spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella spp., Enterobacter spp., and Acinetobacter spp. In contrast, Staphylococcus aureus, CONS, and Streptococcus viridians were the predominant Gram-positive isolates. All the Staphylococcus aureus isolates were resistant to penicillin. MRSA phenotype was observed in 70% of the isolates. Vancomycin, clindamycin, and erythromycin resistance were observed in 60%, 25%, and 25% of the isolates, respectively. Furthermore, a high proportion (91%) of the Gram-negative bacteria were resistant to ampicillin and 100% of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli isolates were resistant to >5 of the tested antibiotics. The two Acinetobacter isolates were resistant to >7 antimicrobial agents. We also noted that 4 (60%) of the Klebsiella isolates were resistant to >5 antimicrobial agents. Possible pan-drug-resistant (PDR) strains were also isolated. Conclusion. Due to the high frequency of MDR isolates reported in this study, the development and implementation of suitable infection control policies and guidelines is imperative.

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Bacteriological Profile, Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern and Predictors of bacteremia among Children with Bloodstream Infection

10.21203/rs.3.rs-400910/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Samina Nazir Chaki ◽

Levina Msuya ◽

Deborah Mchaile ◽

Michael Johnson Mahande ◽

Ronald Mwitalemi Mbwasi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Bloodstream Infection ◽

Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽

Klebsiella Pneumonia ◽

Gram Negative Bacteria ◽

Susceptibility Pattern ◽

Gram Positive ◽

Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern ◽

Gram Negative

Abstract Background: Bloodstream infections are major causes of morbidity and mortality among children in Sub-Saharan countries. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of bacteremia, etiological agents’ antibiotic susceptibility pattern and predictors of bacteremia among children with bloodstream Infection.Methodology: This hospital-based cross-section study involved children aged two months to thirteen years. All children meeting the inclusion criteria during the study period were enrolled. All consenting parents were interviewed via a questionnaire to collect data, followed by a thorough physical assessment and venipuncture was done to collect blood samples. Data were analysed using SPSS version 23.Results: Among 242 study participants, 154(63.6%) were male and blood cultures were positive in 37(15.3%). Gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria constituted 32(80%) and 8(20%), respectively. The frequent pathogen found was Staphylococcus aureus 25(62.5%), followed by Enterococcus spp. 4(10%), Escherichia coli 4(10%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa 3(7.5%), Streptococcus pyogenes 3(7.5%) and 1(2.5%) Klebsiella pneumonia. The majority of bacterial isolates showed high resistance to commonly used antibiotics in the study area. Predictors of bacteremia were severe malnutrition, hydrocephalus, hyperglycemia, lethargy and BSI with no foci of infection. Conclusion: Prevalence of bacteremia was 15.3%. Gram-positive bacteria were more prevalent than gram-negative bacteria. Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli were the prevalent isolates causing BSI. Effective antibiotics for both gram-negative & gram-positive organisms are imipenem, meropenem and piperacillin-tazobactam followed by amikacin; vancomycin & clindamycin for gram-positive organisms. To curb the growing antimicrobial resistance that we see in this and other studies, continuous antimicrobial stewardship is necessary, else we risk failing to treat BSI.

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Common Pathogens and Antibiotic Sensitivity Profiles of Infected Diabetic Foot Ulcers in Saudi Arabia

The International Journal of Lower Extremity Wounds ◽

10.1177/1534734618793557 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 17 (3) ◽

pp. 161-168 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Mousab Yousef Al Ayed ◽

Mutasem Ababneh ◽

Asirvatham Alwin Robert ◽

Aus Alzaid ◽

Rania Ahmed Ahmed ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽

Saudi Arabia ◽

Diabetic Foot ◽

Antibiotic Sensitivity ◽

Foot Ulcers ◽

Diabetic Foot Ulcers ◽

Gram Positive ◽

Gram Negative ◽

Klebsiella Spp

We sought to define the type and antibiotic sensitivity response of pathogens isolated from diabetic foot ulcers based on ulcer location and Wagner classification. This retrospective analysis was done among 126 patients between 40 and 70 years of age at the Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, using the swab culture method for microbiological assessment. Data on demographic variables, ulcer sites (location), and depth of ulcer (Wagner classification) were also collected. A total of 134 pathogens were isolated from 126 patients. The most common gram-negative pathogen identified was Pseudomonas aeruginosa (15.6%), followed by Klebsiella spp (6.7%). The most common gram-positive pathogen was Staphylococcus aureus (35%), followed by Streptococcus (8.9%). The most widely accepted antibiotic to which the gram-negative bacteria were sensitive was gentamycin (20.1%), followed by ciprofloxacin (19%). The most routinely used antibiotic in the treatment of the gram-positive bacteria was erythromycin (16%), with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (14.1%) being the next most effective. In conclusion, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella spp, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus were the most common causes of diabetic foot infections. However, the frequency of encountered pathogens and respective sensitivity to antibiotic therapy may be influenced by the location site and severity of the ulceration.

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Screening of some plant materials used in South-West Algerian traditional medicine for their antibacterial activity

International Journal of Phytomedicine ◽

10.5138/09750185.2161 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. 619

Author(s):

Fatehi Naima ◽

Houcine BENMEHDI ◽

Allali Hocine ◽

Oulednecir Nawal

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Traditional Medicine ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Plant Materials ◽

Gram Negative ◽

Maximum Inhibition ◽

Reference Strains

The initial introduction of new medicinal agents into the health care system sometimes, requires information beyond that is recorded in libraries relying instead, on reports available through traditions and healers within a society. This paper explored the antibacterial activity of aqueous and hydromethanolic extracts of nine folkloric medicinal plant from Bechar region (southwest Algeria) namely: A. nardus, A. schoenanthus, G. vulgaris, two species of H. scoparia green & red, P. laevigata, R. tripartita, T. gallica and T. nudatum, frequently used in the local traditional medicine. The antibacterial activity of different extracts were evaluated by using disc diffusion method agar and antibiotics susceptibility of ten selected microorganisms: seven reference strains, Bacillus cereus, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, and three clinically isolated strains, Escherichia coli (Urinary Tract Infection), Escherichia coli (Vaginal Infection) and Staphylococcus aureus (Skin Infection).The maximum antibacterial activity was recorded against the gram negative reference strains Pseudomonas aeruginosaand Escherichia coli with a maximum inhibition diameter of 15.6 ± 0.5 and 15.0 ± 1.4 mm respectively displayed by the aqueous extract of T. gallica, followed by the activity detected by the hydromethanolic extract of R. tripartita against the gram negative reference strain Pseudomonas aeruginosa (14.6±1.2 mm) and the aqueous and hydromethanolic extracts of R. tripartita against the gram negative reference strains Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli with a maximum inhibition diameter of 14.3 ± 2.0 and 14.3±0.5 mm, respectively.According to the present study, H. scoparia red, P. laevigata, R. tripartita, and T. gallicacan be served as broad spectrum antibiotic and used as a potent source of natural antibacterial agents by replacing commercially available synthetic drug that may have a large number of side effects.

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Evaluation of Antibacterial Activity of Three Quaternary Ammonium Disinfectants on Different Germs Isolated from the Hospital Environment

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2020/6509740 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-6

Author(s):

Amal Ramzi ◽

Bouchra Oumokhtar ◽

Yassine Ez zoubi ◽

Touria Filali Mouatassem ◽

Moussa Benboubker ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Quaternary Ammonium ◽

Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Hospital Environment ◽

Gram Positive ◽

Gram Negative ◽

E Coli

Background. The microbiological risk of the hospital environment, including inert surfaces, medical devices, and equipment, represents a real problem. Objective. This study is aimed at demonstrating and assessing the antibacterial activity of three synthetic disinfectants classified as quaternary ammoniums on different bacterial strains (Gram-negative and Gram-positive like Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter cloacae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Staphylococcus aureus) isolated from the hospital environment. The reference strains included Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 used as negative control strains. Method. Three quaternary ammonium disinfectants were tested: DDN9® (0.5%) which contains didecylmethylpolyoxyethylammonium propionate as an active substance, spray (0.4%) containing quaternary ammonium compounds, and Phagosurf ND® (0.4%) with didecyldimethylammonium chloride. Their effect was evaluated using the disk diffusion technique and the broth dilution methods, allowing the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and then the Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC). Result. Only the growth of Gram-positive bacteria and some strains of Gram-negative bacteria were inhibited by the three synthetic disinfectants. NDD9® demonstrated an antibacterial effect only against the Gram-positive strains (S. aureus and S. aureus ATCC 29213) with a MIC of 0.25 mg/ml. The disinfectant spray showed effect against all four strains including E. coli (9), S. aureus, E. coli ATCC 25922, and P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853 with an inhibitory concentration of 4 mg/ml, while the growth of S. aureus ATCC 29213 was inhibited at 2 mg/ml. The third disinfectant, Phagosurf ND®, inhibited only the growth of S. aureus ATCC 29213 at a MIC of 4 mg/ml. Conclusion. This study is the first here in Morocco to evaluate the bacterial activity of products intended for the control of the healthcare environment. The results obtained on the three disinfectants tested reveal an ineffectiveness against some isolated strains from the hospital environment.

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Study of Aerobic Bacterial Etiology and Their Antibiogram from Pus Samples in a Tertiary Care Hospital

International Journal of Research and Review ◽

10.52403/ijrr.20210442 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (4) ◽

pp. 358-362

Author(s):

T. Kanakadurgamba ◽

Rama Lakshmi Koripella ◽

B. Gowtham

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Klebsiella Pneumonia ◽

Microbiological Analysis ◽

Gram Positive ◽

Gram Negative ◽

Culture Positive ◽

Gram Positive Cocci

Introduction: The spread of multidrug resistant bacteria has added a new angel to the problem of wound infections which are a major cause of morbidity. To avoid difficulty in treatment of such infections it is mandatory for every pus sample to undergo Culture and sensitivity. Aim: To isolate and study the antibiogram of the aerobic bacteria from pus samples. Materials and Methods: A total of 426 pus samples received from various wards in the Microbiology department. Andhra Medical College, Visakhapatnam were processed as per standard guidelines in the laboratory. All the aerobic bacterial isolates obtained were kept for antibiogram by Kirby Bauer’s disc diffusion method as per CLSI Guidelines. Results: Out of 426 samples 394 (92.4%) were culture positive. Among culture positive samples 90.6% were pure cultures and 9.4% were mixed isolates. Gram negative bacilli were 72.8% of the total isolates and 27.2% were Gram positive cocci. Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumonia were the predominant isolates (30.3% and 28.9%) followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (24%), Proteus species (9.7%) and Acinetobacter species (6.9%). Among Gram positive cocci Staphylococcus aureus (62.6%), Enterococci (20.5%) and Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus (11.2%) and Streptococci (3.7%). GNB were more sensitive to Colistin (92%), Amikacin (86%), Imipenem and Meropenem (86% and 84.4%), Piperacillin Tazobactam (84%), Gentamycin (78%), Cefaperazone Sulbactam (76.2%) and Ciprofloxacin (56%). Gram positive cocci were sensitive to Linezolid and Teicoplanin (98% each), Vancomycin (96.2%), Clindamycin (84%), Gentamycin (79%), Azithromycin (76.4%), Ciprofloxacin (66%) and Amoxiclav (54%) out of 62.6% Staphylococcus aureus isolates 31.4% were MRSA and out of 72.8% of Gram negative bacilli 38.2% were ESBLS. Conclusion: As multidrug resistant bacterial strains are emerging in various infectious and pyogenic wound infection is most important cause of morbidity, it is important for a clinician to send all pus samples for microbiological analysis and their antibiogram before putting cases on antibiotics. Keywords: Pus samples, Multidrug resistance, Gram negative bacilli, Gram positive cocci, Antimicrobial sensitivity.

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Antibacterial Activity of Borassus flabellifer Vinegar-Graphene Quantum Dots Against Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Bacteria

Asian Journal of Chemistry ◽

10.14233/ajchem.2021.23376 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 33 (11) ◽

pp. 2662-2666

Author(s):

Amnuay Noypha ◽

Paweena Porrawatkul ◽

Nongyao Teppaya ◽

Parintip Rattanaburi ◽

Saksit Chanthai ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Quantum Dots ◽

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Graphene Quantum Dots ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Gram Negative Bacteria ◽

Gram Positive ◽

Gram Negative ◽

E Coli

Borassus flabellifer vinegar–graphene quantum dots (BFV-GQDs) were successfully synthesized using a pyrolysis method with Borassus flabellifer vinegar (BFV) as the precursor. All the samples were characterized using ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry (UV-Vis), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The antibacterial activities of BFV-GQDs against strains of Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli) and Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus) were determined using the agar well diffusion method for preliminary screening, while minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined using the broth macro-dilution method. The zones of inhibition were compared with those of citric acid–graphene quantum dots (CA-GQDs). It was observed that the synthesized BFV-GQDs demonstrated excellent antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (82.3%) and good antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli (73.3%). The MIC of BFV-GQDs against E. coli was 6.25 mg/mL and S. aureus was 12.5 mg/mL, whereas the MBC of BFV-GQDs against E. coli was 12.5 mg/mL and S. aureus was 25.0 mg/mL.

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Formulation, Preparation, Physico-chimical Analysis, Microbiological Peculiarities and Therapeutic Challenges of Extractive Solution of Kombucha

Revista de Chimie ◽

10.37358/rc.18.3.6184 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 69 (3) ◽

pp. 720-724 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Olimpia Dumitriu Buzia ◽

Valeria Fasie ◽

Nela Mardare ◽

Camelia Diaconu ◽

Gabriela Gurau ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Candida Albicans ◽

Water Extraction ◽

Gram Positive ◽

Gram Negative ◽

Pharmaceutical Technology

This paper aimed at the preparation and characterisation of an extractive solution of Kombucha. We have applied the method of water extraction of a species of yeast, Kombucha, grown and proliferated in the pharmaceutical technology laboratory of the Faculty of Pharmacy at Dunarea de Jos University of Galati. Samples of various sugar concentrations have been prepared, as well as samples subject to concentration, thus obtaining extracts of up to 80% concentration. The extract obtained was analysed chemically and microbiologically. The main elements highlighted in the composition of the extractive solution were: iron, zinc, magnesium, calcium and potassium. The antimicrobial activity in strains: Gram-positive: Staphylococcus aureus, Gram-negative: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia Coli, fungi: Candida albicans.

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Synthesis, characterization and antibacterial evaluation of novel benzothiazole clubbed acetamide derivatives

Research Journal of Chemistry and Environment ◽

10.25303/257rjce15721 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 25 (7) ◽

pp. 157-160

Author(s):

Vikaskumar Shukla ◽

Jayesh Jadhav ◽

Maharshi Shukla ◽

Jigar Patel ◽

Jyotindra Mahyavanshi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽

Bacillus Subtilis ◽

Bacterial Strains ◽

Gram Positive ◽

Gram Negative ◽

Benzothiazole Derivatives ◽

Antibacterial Evaluation ◽

Antibacterial Potential

A novel series of mercapto benzothiazole derivatives clubbed through acetamide linkage was designed and synthesized which was subjected to antibacterial evaluation using gram positive bacterial strains Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli as gram negative strains. Some of the synthesized compounds showed their excellent antibacterial potential.

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