scholarly journals Prevalence and Antibiotics Susceptibility Pattern of Salmonella and Shigella Species among Diarrheal Patients Attending Nekemte Referral Hospital, Oromia, Ethiopia

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alemayehu Terfassa ◽  
Mulissa Jida
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Information ◽  
Referral Hospital ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Antibiotics Resistance ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Resistance Level ◽  
Intervention Measures ◽  
Shigella Species ◽  
Disk Diffusion Assay ◽  
Antibiotics Susceptibility

The main objective of this study was determining the prevalence and antibiotics resistance pattern of Salmonella and Shigella sp. from diarrheal patients attending Nekemte Referral Hospital. A total of 422 patients were included in the study and their sociodemographic and clinical information was collected using questionnaire. Stool samples of the patients were collected and processed following standard bacteriological protocols. Presumptive colonies of Salmonella and Shigella species were identified and subcultured to their respective genera by standard biochemical tests. Antibiotics susceptibility of the isolates was tested using disk diffusion assay. The prevalences of Salmonella and Shigella sp. among the patients were 7.1% and 2.1%, respectively. The antimicrobial susceptibility test results of the isolates showed that they are highly resistant to amoxicillin (30 μg). In contrast, the isolates showed relatively lower resistance level to ceftriaxone (30 μg), nalidixic acid (30 μg), norfloxacin (10 μg), and ciprofloxacin (5 μg). This study revealed 9.2% prevalence of Salmonella and Shigella sp. which were resistant to commonly prescribed antibiotics. Thus, intervention measures such as health education, provision of safe drinking water, improvement of waste disposal systems, and surveillance of antibiotics susceptibility of the pathogens should be done regularly.

scholarly journals Antibiotic resistance pattern of uropathogens in urinary tract infections in children at State Referral Hospital, Falkawn, Mizoram, India

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 2108
Author(s):  
F. Elizabeth Lalhmangaihzuali ◽  
Zarzoliana . ◽  
Zorinsangi Varte ◽  
Gracy Laldinmawii
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Urinary Tract Infections ◽  
Referral Hospital ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Antibiotics Resistance ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
High Level ◽  
Tract Infections

Background: Analysing antibiotic susceptibility pattern of uropathogens help to overcome the therapeutic difficulties created by the rising anti-microbial resistant bacteria and guides in choosing appropriate antibiotics. Hence, we aimed at evaluating the uropathogens causing urinary tract infections and study their antibiograms.Methods: Midstream urine samples were collected, cultured and appropriate biochemical tests were performed for proper identification of urinary tract pathogens in State Referral Hospital Falkawn, Mizoram, India from 1st January to 30th June 2018.Results: The most common isolated gram-negative uropathogens were Escherichia coli (40.9%), followed by Klebsiella spp. (17.6%), Proteus spp. (10.7%) and Pseudomonas spp. (3.1%). Among gram-positive organisms Enterococcus spp. (20.1%) and Staphylococcus spp. (7.6%) were grown. Urinary tract infections were more prevalent in girls (64.8%) than boys (35.2%). High level of resistance was found to amoxycillin/ampicillin by all the organisms isolated.Conclusions: Almost all the test organisms exhibited multiple antibiotic resistance. The study identified multiple antibiotics resistance by uropathogens which were earlier used as first line of treatment of UTI in children.

scholarly journals Insight into the Stunting vis a vis Salmonella and Shigella Species among Children of Pakistan

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Batool M ◽  
◽  
Noreen Z ◽  
Bokhari H ◽  
Krishin J ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Close Association ◽  
Clinical Information ◽  
Childhood Mortality ◽  
Socioeconomic Background ◽  
Stunted Growth ◽  
Molecular Tests ◽  
Shigella Species ◽  
Disk Diffusion Assay ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
Antibiotics Susceptibility

Pakistan is one of the leading countries where the high childhood mortality (under the age of 5 years) as well as is a country where >33% of children are underweight and 38% show stunted growth. The current study investigated the presence or absence of Salmonella and Shigella sp. in stunted children under five years of age from the lower socioeconomic background of Pakistan. Besides, the antibiotics susceptibility patterns were studied along with the sociodemographic and clinical information demographic factors using a questionnaire. The stool samples from stunted children have processed following standard bacteriological protocols and presumptive colonies of Salmonella and Shigella species were identified and sub-cultured on selective media and confirmed by using the standard biochemical test as well as molecular tests. Antibiotics susceptibility of the isolates to 10 antibiotics was tested using disk diffusion assay. The results suggested that 10.5% and 5.7% of the stool samples were positive for Salmonella and Shigella sp. respectively. Moreover, the antibiotics susceptibility test results of the isolates showed that Salmonella sp., were showing higher resistance to amoxicillin whereas Shigella sp. were more resistant to gentamycin. All Salmonella and Shigella isolates were resistant to Rifampicin and 80% of isolates of both were susceptible to ciprofloxacin and cefotaxime. The study suggested that environmental enteric dysfunction (EED), is widespread among malnourished children and may result in stunted growth. The contributory factors such as unsafe farming practices or close association to poultry or livestock animals and prevailing sanitation & hygiene conditions are the potential source of entero-pathogens.

scholarly journals Prevalence and Antibiotics Susceptibility Profiles of Streptococcus Pyogenes Among Pediatric Patients With Acute Pharyngitis at Felege Hiwot Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Destaw Kebede ◽  
Alemale Admas ◽  
Daniel Mekonnen
Keyword(s):  
Streptococcus Pyogenes ◽  
Pediatric Patients ◽  
Northwest Ethiopia ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Antibiotics Resistance ◽  
Clinical Predictors ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Acute Pharyngitis ◽  
Specialized Hospital ◽  
Antibiotics Susceptibility

Abstract Background: Streptococcus pyogenes (S. pyogenes) is a Gram positive bacterium which is a leading cause of pharyngitis, skin and soft tissue infection and post streptococcal syndromes. Due to lack of β-lactamase enzyme production, it was considered universally susceptible to penicillin group and later generation of β-lactam antibiotics. As such, empirical treatment was common which might leads to development of antibiotics resistance. Therefore, the aims of this study were to determine the prevalence and antibiotics susceptibility profile; associated factors of S. pyogenes among pediatrics patients with acute pharyngitis in Felege Hiwot Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Northwest EthiopiaMethods: A total of 154 pediatric patients, whose age ranged from 0-18 years recruited to the study by convenient sampling technique on which hospital based cross-sectional study was carried out from 1st February to 19th June 2020 at FHCSH. S. pyogenes were identified by throat swab culture on 5% sheep blood agar with an overnight incubation at 37oC in candle jar with 5% CO2. Gram stain, catalase test and bacitracin test were used to identify S. pyogenes. The data were entered into EpiData version 3.1 and analyzed by SPSS version 20 software. Bivariables and multivariable logistic regressions were carried out for analysis by considering P < 0.05 as statistically significant. Results: From the total throat swabs, 14 (9.1%) with (95% CI; 4.5-14.3) were culture positive for S. pyogenes. All isolates were sensitive to penicillin and ampicillin whereas 4 (35.7%), 4 (35.5%), 3 (21.4%), 2 (14.3%), 1 (7.1%), 7 (50.0%) and 1 (7.1%) were resistant for ceftriaxone, vancomycin, erythromycin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, clindamycin and levofloxacin, respectively. Presence of any smoker in home was significantly associated with S. pyogenes acute pharyngitis, while tender lymphadenopathy and recurrence were clinical predictors for S. pyogenes acute pharyngitis (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The prevalence of S. pyogenes 9.1% which is considered as low prevalence. All S. pyogenes remain sensitive to penicillin and resistance was also obtained to clindamycin 7 (50.0%), ceftriaxone 5 (35.7%), erythromycin 3 (21.4%). The current practice of giving erythromycin, clindamycin instead of penicillin and ampicillin is in contrary with microbiology result. There should be routine throat culture and a continuous surveillance of antibiotics resistance pattern for S. pyogenes to improve the use of antibiotics in hospitals.

scholarly journals Antibiotic Resistance Pattern and Plasmid Profile of Bacteria Isolates from Household Water Distribution Tanks in Ado-Ekiti

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 1697-1704
Author(s):  
T.F. Babalola ◽  
T.O. Olowomofe ◽  
T.R. Omodara ◽  
T.Y. Ogunyemi
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Plasmid Profile ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Antibiotics Resistance ◽  
Alkaline Lysis ◽  
Household Water ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Antibiotics Susceptibility ◽  
Total Bacteria

Water is essential to life. The existence of all forms of life is dependent on an adequate water supply. The exigent need for water supply in homes prompted the construction of water sources and water storage devices in the homes. This however does not guarantee that the water is safe to drink. If the water is safe at the source, it may be contaminated during transportation storage and drawing at home. This study was carried out to determine the microbial counts, antibiotics susceptibility and plasmid profile of bacteria isolates from household water distribution tanks in the Ado-Ekiti metropolis. The total bacteria and coliform counts were determined using the pour plating technique. The antibiotic susceptibility pattern of the isolates was determined using the disc diffusion technique while the plasmid profile of the isolates was determined using the alkaline lysis method and agar gel electrophoresis. The mean total bacteria count of the water sample was 6.96 log10 CFU/ml, while the mean total of coliform count is 5.50 log10CFU/ml. The isolates with multiple antibiotics resistance belonged to five bacteria genera namely: Escherichia, Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, Enterobacter and Proteus. The plasmid analysis showed that four of the resistant strains had multiple plasmids, Enterobacter aerogens had 3 plasmids (1kb, 1.5kb and 2kb), Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella aerogens had two plasmids (1kb, 1.5kb) respectively while Proteus vulgaris and Escherichia coli had no plasmid.

scholarly journals Prevalence and antibiotics susceptibility profiles of Streptococcus pyogenes among pediatric patients with acute pharyngitis at Felege Hiwot Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Destaw Kebede ◽  
Alemale Admas ◽  
Daniel Mekonnen
Keyword(s):  
Streptococcus Pyogenes ◽  
Pediatric Patients ◽  
Northwest Ethiopia ◽  
Empirical Treatment ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Antibiotics Resistance ◽  
Clinical Predictors ◽  
Acute Pharyngitis ◽  
Specialized Hospital ◽  
Antibiotics Susceptibility

Abstract Background Streptococcus pyogenes (S. pyogenes) is a Gram positive bacterium which is a leading cause of pharyngitis, skin and soft tissue infection and post streptococcal syndromes. Due to lack of β-lactamase enzyme production, it was considered universally susceptible to penicillin group and later generation of β-lactam antibiotics. As such, empirical treatment was common which might leads to development of antibiotics resistance. Therefore, the aims of this study were to determine the prevalence, antibiotics susceptibility profile; and associated factors of S. pyogenes among pediatric patients with acute pharyngitis in Felege Hiwot Comprehensive Specialized Hospital (FHCSH), Northwest Ethiopia. Methods Hospital based cross-sectional study was carried out on 154 pediatric patients, whose age ranged from 0 to 18 years old using consecutive convenient sampling technique from 1st February to 19th June 2020 at FHCSH. S. pyogenes were identified by throat swab culture on 5% sheep blood agar with an overnight incubation at 37 °C in candle jar containing 5% CO2. Gram stain, catalase test and bacitracin test were used to identify S. pyogenes. Then,the data were entered into EpiData version 3.1 and analyzed by SPSS version 20 software. Finally, stepwise, bivariable and multivariable logistic regressions were carried out for identifyying factors having significant ssociation (p<0.05) with  acute pharyngitis.  Results From the total throat swabs, 14 (9.1%) with (95% CI; 4.5–14.3) were culture positive for S. pyogenes. From these, all isolates were sensitive to penicillin and ampicillin. On the otherhand, 4 (35.7%), 4 (35.5%), 3 (21.4%), 2 (14.3%), 1 (7.1%), 7 (50.0%) and 1 (7.1%) isolates were resistant for ceftriaxone, vancomycin, erythromycin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, clindamycin and levofloxacin, respectively. The presence of any smoker in home showed significant association with S. pyogenes acute pharyngitis. Furthermore, having tender lymphadenopathy and recurrence were clinical predictors for S. pyogenes acute pharyngitis (P < 0.05). Conclusion The prevalence of S. pyogenes was guaged at 9.1% which is considered as low prevalence. All S. pyogenes isolats remain sensitive to penicillin. However, resistance was reported to clindamycin 7 (50.0%), ceftriaxone 5 (35.7%) and erythromycin 3 (21.4%). The current practice of giving erythromycin, clindamycin instead of penicillin and ampicillin is againest the microbiology result. Therefore, current empirical treatment of acute pharyngitis shall take in to account the current evidences. Continuous surveillance of antibiotics resistance pattern of S. pyogenes for acute pharyngitis must be strengthen to improve the use of antibiotics in hospitals.

scholarly journals Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern of Nosocomial Isolates of Staphylococcus aureus in a Tertiary Care Hospital, Nepal

2009 ◽  
Vol 48 (175) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bidya Shrestha ◽  
B M Pokhrel ◽  
T M Mohapatra
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Test Method ◽  
University Teaching ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Methicillin Resistant

Introduction: Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), the most common cause ofnosocomial infection has been a major cause of morbidity and mortality around the world. They arenormally resistant to most of the antibiotics used in clinical practice. This study has been carried outto fi nd out the resistance pattern among S. aureus.Methods: During November 2007 to June 2008, clinical samples from patients with nosocomialinfection were processed for culture and sensitivity following standard methodology in microbiologylaboratory, Tribhuvan University teaching hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal.Results: Among 149 Staphylococcus aureus isolates, highest resistance was observed against Penicillin(91.94%) followed by Fluoroquinolone (61.74%), Erythromycin (52.94%), Gentamicin (46.98%),Cotrimoxazole (42.95%), Tetracycline (40.94%) and others, whereas susceptibility was observedmaximum against Chloramphenicol (94.85%) followed by Rifampicin (92.61%), Tetracycline(59.06%), Cotrimoxazole (57.04%), and others. None of the isolates were resistant to Vancomycinand Teicoplanin. Of these isolates 44.96 % of the isolates were Methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA).Resistance to Penicillin, Fluoroquinolone, Erythromycin, Gentamicin, Co-trimoxazole and Tetracyclinewere associated signifi cantly with MRSA isolates (X2= 8.779, p<0.05, X2= 74.233, p<0.05, X2= 84.2842,p<0.05, X2= 108.2032, p<0.05, X2= 88.1512, p<0.05 and X2= 79.1876, p<0.05 respectively). Althoughmost of the Methicillin sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) isolates were susceptible to both Rifampicinand Chloramphenicol, only Rifampicin susceptibility was signifi cantly associated with them (X2=10.1299, p<0.05). Among three Biochemical tests for the detection of β lactamase detection namelychromogenic, iodometric and acidimetric test, chromogenic test method had highest sensitivity andspecifi city.Conclusions: Since MRSA comprised a greater part of S. aureus isolates and were multi-resistant,patients infected by such strains should be identifi ed and kept in isolation for hospital infectioncontrol and treated with second line of drug like vancomycin.Key Words: β lactamase, methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus,methicillin sensitive Staphylococcus aureus, resistance pattern

scholarly journals Geographical distribution and antibiotics susceptibility patterns of toxigenic Vibrio cholerae isolates from Kisumu County, Kenya

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Silas O. Awuor ◽  
Eric O. Omwenga ◽  
Ibrahim I. Daud
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Vibrio Cholerae ◽  
Multiple Drug Resistance ◽  
Drug Susceptibility ◽  
Multiple Drug ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Antimicrobial Drug Resistance ◽  
Antibiotics Susceptibility ◽  
Conventional Antibiotics ◽  
Susceptibility Patterns

Background: Multiple drug resistance has become a major threat to the treatment of cholera. Recent studies in Kenya have described the epidemiology, especially the risk factors, of cholera; however, there is little information on the phenotypic and drug susceptibility patterns of Vibrio cholerae (V. cholerae) in outbreaks that in the recent past have occurred in western Kenya.Aim: To characterise and determine the antibiotics’ susceptibility profiling of toxigenic V. cholerae isolates from Kisumu County.Setting: The project was conducted in Kisumu County, Kenya.Methods: A total of 119 V. cholerae O1, biotype El Tor, isolates collected during 2017 cholera outbreak in Kisumu County were used for this study. The samples were cultured on thiosulphate-citrate-bile salts sucrose (TCBS) agar and biochemical tests were carried out using standard procedures. Susceptibility tests were conducted by using various conventional antibiotics against standard procedures.Results: Of the 119 isolates, 101 were confirmed to be V. cholerae belonging to serotypes Inaba and Ogawa, with Inaba being the predominant serotype (73.95%). The isolates were susceptible to ciprofloxacin (100%), ofloxacin (100%), gentamycin (100%), doxycycline (99%), ceftriaxone (99%) and streptomycin (96.04%) antimicrobials, and resistant to erythromycin (53.47%), amoxicillin (64.4%), nalidixic acid (83.2%) and ampicillin (89.11%), with high resistance to cotrimoxazole (99%) and tetracycline (97%).Conclusion: Vibrio cholerae was resistant to multiple antibiotics, including those commonly used in the management of cholera. Taken together, there is a need to carry out regular surveillance on antimicrobial drug resistance during outbreaks.

scholarly journals Antibiotic Resistance in Children with Recurrent or Complicated Urinary Tract Infection

2009 ◽  
Vol 48 (173) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nidal S Younish ◽  
K Qual ◽  
T Al-Awaisheh ◽  
F Al-Awaisheh ◽  
D Al-Kayed
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Tract Infection ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Tract Infection ◽  
Recurrent Urinary Tract Infection ◽  
Complicated Urinary Tract Infection ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Candida Spp ◽  
Recurrent Uti ◽  
Antibiotics Susceptibility

INTRODUCTION:Urinary tract infection is certainly one of the most common childhood infections. Emerging resistance to the antibiotics is not unusual. Current hospitalization for children with urinary tract infection is reserved for severe or complicated cases. The aim of the present study was to determine the antibiotic resistance pattern among children with recurrent or complicated urinary tract infection.METHODS:A retrospective study carried out at Prince Hashem hospital, Zarqa city, eastern Jordan and involved 336 episodes of culture proved urinary tract infection obtained from 121 patients with recurrent UTI, who used prophylactic antibiotics during the period from April 1, 2004 to December 31, 2006. The isolated microorganisms and there antibiotics susceptibility were studied.RESULTS:Seventy three patients (60.3%) were found to have some forms of urinary tract anomaly, significantly more prevalent among male children P<0.001. Vesicoureteral reflux being the most common (58.9%). Renal scars were significantly more prevalent among those with complicated rather than recurrent urinary tract infection (64.3% vs. 16.6%, P<0.001). Gram negative organisms were the most frequent isolates in patients with recurrent and complicated urinary tract infection. Proteus, Pseudomonas and Candida spp. were more prevalent in patients with complicated (P<0.001), and isolates in patients with UTA were significantly more resistant to most antibiotics tested.CONCLUSIONS:Pediatric urine culture isolates are becoming increasingly resistant to commonly used antibiotics. Empirical treatment with Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) or Cephalexin as the initial drug is ineffective. Nitrofurantoin and Nalidixic acid can be considered as the first line antibiotics for prophylaxis and or treatment of patients with recurrent UTI, while Meropenam and Ciprofloxacin can be used empirically in treating patients with complicated UTI.Key words: Antibiotic resistance, Complicated, Recurrent, Urinary tract infection

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