scholarly journals District Effect Appraisal in East Sub-Saharan Africa: Combating Childhood Anaemia

Anemia ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danielle J. Roberts ◽  
Temesgen Zewotir
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Heterogeneity ◽  
Role Models ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Wealth Index ◽  
District Level ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Place Of Residence ◽  
Household Level

Background. Anaemia in children is a significant health problem that receives little attention. This study aimed at determining the factors significantly associated with anaemia in children aged 6 to 59 months in Kenya, Malawi, Tanzania, and Uganda while accounting for the spatial heterogeneity within and between the districts of the four countries. In addition, the performance of the districts with regard to their impact on anaemia was assessed and ranked. Methods. A generalised additive mixed model with a spatial effect based on the geographical coordinates of the clusters was used. A district-level random effect was included to further account for the heterogeneity as well as to rank the performance of the districts based on the best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP). Results. The results depicted significant spatial heterogeneity between and within the districts of the countries. After accounting for such spatial heterogeneity, child-level characteristics (gender, malaria test result, and mother’s highest education level), household-level characteristics (household size, household’s wealth index Z-score, the type of toilet facility available, and the type of place of residence), and the country of residence were found to be significantly associated with the child’s anaemia status. There was a significant interaction between the type of place of residence and the country of residence. Based on the BLUP for the district-level random effect, the top 3 best- and worst-performing districts within each country were identified. Conclusion. The ranking of the performance of the districts allows for the worst-performing districts to be targeted for further research in order to improve their anaemia control strategies, as well as for the best-performing districts to be identified to further determine why they are performing better and then to use these districts as role models in efforts to overcome childhood anaemia.

scholarly journals Spatial data analysis of malnutrition among children under-five years in Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Haile Mekonnen Fenta ◽  
Temesgen Zewotir ◽  
Essey Kebede Muluneh
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Data ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Dietary Diversity ◽  
Media Exposure ◽  
Wealth Index ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Spatial Data Analysis ◽  
Place Of Residence ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
Parental Level

Abstract Background Childhood malnutrition is a major cause of child mortality under the age of 5 in the sub-Saharan Africa region. This study sought to identify the risk factors and spatial distribution of the composite index of anthropometric failure (CIAF). Methods Secondary data from 2000, 2005, 2011, and 2016 Ethiopian Health and Demographic Survey (EDHS) were used. The generalized geo-additive mixed model was adopted via the Integrated Nested Laplace Approximation (INLA) with a binomial family and logit link function. Results The CIAF status of children was found to be positively associated with the male gender, the potency of contracting a disease, and multiple births. However, it was negatively associated with family wealth quartiles, parental level of education, place of residence, unemployment status of mothers, improved sanitation, media exposure, and survey years. Moreover, the study revealed significant spatial variations on the level of CIAF among administrative zones. Conclusions The generalized geo-additive mixed-effects model results identified gender of the child, presence of comorbidity, size of child at birth, dietary diversity, birth type, place of residence, age of the child, parental level of education, wealth index, sanitation facilities, and media exposure as main drivers of CIAF. The results would help decision-makers to develop and carry out target-oriented programs.

scholarly journals Genital Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections among women in sub-Saharan Africa: A structured review

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (8) ◽  
pp. 806-824 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Henk Dubbink ◽  
Stephan P Verweij ◽  
Helen E Struthers ◽  
Sander Ouburg ◽  
James A McIntyre ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chlamydia Trachomatis ◽  
Neisseria Gonorrhoeae ◽  
Sex Workers ◽  
Chlamydial Infection ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Random Effect Model ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Sub Saharan

Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae constitute major public health problems among women, but the burden of infection in sub-Saharan Africa is poorly documented. We conducted a structured review of the prevalence and incidence of genital, oral and anal C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae infection in women in sub-Saharan Africa. We searched Medline, EMBASE and Web of Science over a 10-year period for studies on epidemiology of genital, oral and anal chlamydial infection and gonorrhoea in women in all countries of sub-Saharan Africa. We assessed geographic and demographic differences in prevalence and incidence of infection; weighted mean prevalence estimates were calculated with a random-effect model. A total of 102 study results were included, with data available for 24/49 of sub-Saharan countries. The weighted prevalence of chlamydial infection was lower among women in community-based studies (3.9%; 95% CI: 2.9–5.1%) than for women recruited at primary healthcare facilities (6.0%; 95% CI: 4.2–8.4%, p < 0.001); the same was observed for gonorrhoea (2.2%; 95% CI: 1.2–4.0% vs. 4.2%; 95% CI: 3.2–5.6%, p < 0.001). Prevalence of Chlamydia among sex workers was 5.5% (95% CI: 4.2–7.3%) and gonorrhoea 7.6% (95% CI: 5.4–11%). Seven studies reported on incidence which varied between 0.75–28 and 2.8–17 per 100 person-years-at-risk for chlamydial infection and gonorrhoea, respectively. Only two studies reported on anal infections and one on oral infection. This overview underscores the considerable incidence and prevalence of genital C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae in women in different settings in sub-Saharan Africa. Better control strategies are warranted to reduce the burden of infection and to prevent long-term complications of these infections.

scholarly journals Gini and wealth in 34 sub-Saharan African countries from 1990

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olaa Hall ◽  
Göran Djurfeldt ◽  
niklas Boke Olén
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Human Development ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Remote Sensing Data ◽  
Wealth Index ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Poor Countries ◽  
Gini Coefficients ◽  
Sub Saharan

The standard narrative about inequality is that is ever increasing, but solid evidence to support this claim is often lacking, especially for poor countries and at subnational levels where data are scarce and poor. In this paper we use data from the Demographic and Health Survey for 34 countries in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and over 50000 villages surveyed since 1990. We use a wealth index developed by DHS researchers and Gini coefficients drawing on the same source together with remote sensing data. By means of a mixed model we conclude that human development, operationalized by the wealth index has tended to be associated with lower rather than higher inequality in SSA during the period covered.

scholarly journals Disparities in childhood composite index of anthropometric failure prevalence and determinants across Ethiopian administrative zones

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (9) ◽  
pp. e0256726
Author(s):  
Haile Mekonnen Fenta ◽  
Temesgen Zewotir ◽  
Essey Kebede Muluneh
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Model ◽  
Dietary Diversity ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Composite Index ◽  
Wealth Index ◽  
Female Child ◽  
Outcome Variable ◽  
Demographic And Health Surveys ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Under Five

Background The prevalence of under-five children’s undernutrition in Ethiopia is among the highest in the world. This study aimed at exploring the prevalence and risk factors of the composite index for anthropometric failure (CIAF) of under-five children in Ethiopia by incorporating the zonal (district) effects. Methods The data was drawn from Ethiopian Demographic and Health Surveys (EDHSs), a population-based cross-sectional study of 29,599 under-five year children from 72 Zones in the years 2000, 2005, 2011, and 2016. Fixed effect variables related to child and maternal-household were included in the model. We adopted a generalized mixed model with CIAF as outcome variable and Zones as random effects. Results The prevalence of CIAF in Ethiopia was 53.78% with the highest prevalence of 61.30% in 2000 and the lowest prevalence of 46.58% in 2016. The model result revealed that being a female child, absence of comorbidity, singleton births, and the first order of birth showed significantly lower CIAF prevalence than their counterparts. Among the household characteristics, children from mothers of underweight body mass index, uneducated parents, poor household sanitation, and rural residents were more likely to be undernourished than their counterparts. Based on the best linear unbiased prediction for the zonal-level random effect, significant variations of CIAF among zones were observed. Conclusion The generalized linear mixed-effects model results identified gender of the child, size of child at birth, dietary diversity, birth type, place of residence, age of the child, parental level of education, wealth index, sanitation facilities, and media exposure as main drivers of CIAF. Disparities of CIAF were observed between and within the Ethiopian administrative Zones over time.

scholarly journals KAJIAN PENGARUH PENAMBAHAN INFORMASI GEROMBOL TERHADAP PREDIKSI AREA NIRCONTOH PADA DATA BINOMIAL

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 566-578
Author(s):  
Beny Trianjaya ◽  
Anang Kurnia ◽  
Agus M Soleh
Keyword(s):  
Small Area ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Fixed Effect ◽  
District Level ◽  
Calibration Model ◽  
Labor Conditions ◽  
Sample Area ◽  
Employment Data

Employment data is one of the important indicators related to the development progress of a country. Labor conditions in the territory of Indonesia can only be compared between times through the Survei Angkatan Kerja Nasional (Sakernas) data. Data generated from Sakernas and published by BPS is the number of employed and unemployed. The obstacle in estimating the semester unemployment rate at the regency/municipality level is the lack of a number of examples. One of the indirect estimates currently developing is small area estimation (SAE). This study developed the generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) by adding cluster information and examines the development of modifications with several model scenarios. The purpose of this study was to develop a prediction model for basic GLMM on a small area approach by adding cluster information as a fixed effect or random effect. The simulation results show that Model-2, a model that adds a fixed effect k-cluster and also adds a mean from the estimated effect of random areas in the sample area, is the best model with the smallest relative bias (RB) and Relative root mean squares error (RRMSE). This model is better than the basic GLMM model (Model-0) and Model-1 (a model which only adds a mean from the estimated random effect area in the sample area). Model-2 is applied to estimate the proportion of unemployed sub-district level in Southeast Sulawesi Province. Estimating the proportion of unemployed with calibration Model-2 produced an estimated aggregation of the unemployment proportion of Southeast Sulawesi Province at 0.0272. These results are similar to BPS (0.0272). Thus, the results of the estimated proportion of unemployment at the sub-district level with a calibration Model-2 can be said to be feasible to use.

Breaking the Metal Ceiling

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco Campos ◽  
Markus Goldstein ◽  
Laura McGorman ◽  
Ana Maria Munoz Boudet ◽  
Obert Pimhidzai
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Role Models ◽  
Occupational Segregation ◽  
Gender Segregation ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Small Enterprises ◽  
Labour Market Participation ◽  
Female Labour Market Participation ◽  
Sub Saharan

Evidence from developed and developing countries indicates that there is significant gender segregation within the labour market, with women more likely to work in low-productivity sectors or less profitable businesses. This chapter looks at occupational segregation which significantly contributes to the earnings gender gap worldwide. The chapter studies the differences in outcomes for male and female enterprises and their sectors in sub-Saharan Africa, a region of high female labour market participation and entrepreneurship. Data on Uganda show that women breaking into male-dominated sectors make as much as men, and three times more than women staying in female-dominated sectors. Factors including entrepreneurial skill/abilities and credit/human capital constraints do not explain women’s sectoral choices. However, information about profitability of their small enterprises, male role models’ influence, and exposure to the sector from family and friends are critical in helping women circumvent or overcome norms undergirding occupational segregation.

scholarly journals The generalizability crisis

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-37
Author(s):  
Tal Yarkoni
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Statistical Inference ◽  
Random Effects ◽  
False Positive ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Statistical Procedures ◽  
Subject Variability ◽  
Replication Crisis

Abstract Most theories and hypotheses in psychology are verbal in nature, yet their evaluation overwhelmingly relies on inferential statistical procedures. The validity of the move from qualitative to quantitative analysis depends on the verbal and statistical expressions of a hypothesis being closely aligned—that is, that the two must refer to roughly the same set of hypothetical observations. Here I argue that many applications of statistical inference in psychology fail to meet this basic condition. Focusing on the most widely used class of model in psychology—the linear mixed model—I explore the consequences of failing to statistically operationalize verbal hypotheses in a way that respects researchers' actual generalization intentions. I demonstrate that whereas the "random effect" formalism is used pervasively in psychology to model inter-subject variability, few researchers accord the same treatment to other variables they clearly intend to generalize over (e.g., stimuli, tasks, or research sites). The under-specification of random effects imposes far stronger constraints on the generalizability of results than most researchers appreciate. Ignoring these constraints can dramatically inflate false positive rates, and often leads researchers to draw sweeping verbal generalizations that lack a meaningful connection to the statistical quantities they are putatively based on. I argue that failure to take the alignment between verbal and statistical expressions seriously lies at the heart of many of psychology's ongoing problems (e.g., the replication crisis), and conclude with a discussion of several potential avenues for improvement.

Improving the quality of disaggregated SDG indicators with cluster information for small area estimates

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 955-961
Author(s):  
Rizky Zulkarnain ◽  
Dwi Jayanti ◽  
Tri Listianingrum
Keyword(s):  
Small Area ◽  
Research University ◽  
Direct Method ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Auxiliary Information ◽  
District Level ◽  
Small Areas ◽  
Associate Dean ◽  
Development Goals

The increasing needs for more disaggregated data motivates National Statistical Offices (NSOs) to develop efficient methods for producing official statistics without compromising on quality. In Indonesia, regional autonomy requires that Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) indicators are available up to the district level. However, several surveys such as the Indonesian Demographic and Health Survey produce estimates up to the provincial level only. This generates gaps in support for district level policies. Small area estimation (SAE) techniques are often considered as alternatives for overcoming this issue. SAE enables more reliable estimation of the small areas by utilizing auxiliary information from other sources. However, the standard SAE approach has limitations in estimating non-sampled areas. This paper introduces an approach to estimating the non-sampled area random effect by utilizing cluster information. This model is demonstrated via the estimation of contraception prevalence rates at district levels in North Sumatera province. The results showed that small area estimates considering cluster information (SAE-cluster) produce more precise estimates than the direct method. The SAE-cluster approach revises the direct estimates upward or downward. This approach has important implications for improving the quality of disaggregated SDGs indicators without increasing cost. The paper was prepared under the kind mentorship of Professor James J. Cochran, Associate Dean for Research, Prof. of Statistics and Operations Research, University of Alabama.

Do Nutrition Education Approaches With Preschoolers and Their Caregivers Influence Retention of Biofortified Orange-Fleshed Sweetpotato on Farms?: Evidence From Homa Bay County, Kenya

2021 ◽  
pp. 037957212110254
Author(s):  
Sylvester O. Ojwang ◽  
David J. Otieno ◽  
Julius J. Okello ◽  
Penina Muoki ◽  
Rose A. Nyikal
Keyword(s):  
Nutrition Education ◽  
Early Childhood Development ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Text Messages ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Childhood Development ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Micronutrient Deficiencies ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Intention To Treat

Background: Biofortified staples have been promoted widely in sub-Saharan Africa to combat micronutrient deficiencies. Contemporary projects are increasingly using elementary schools to target households with these foods. Objective: This study assessed the effects of integrated nutrition education approaches, targeting preschoolers and their caregivers, on retention of orange-fleshed sweetpotato (OFSP) on farms in the second season after lapse of free vine dissemination initiatives. Methods: Rural farming households, with preschoolers and no prior engagement with OFSP, were targeted. A multistage sample of 431 preschooler–caregiver pairs was recruited for a cluster-randomized controlled trial. After issuing routine OFSP promotion activities, 15 village-level clusters of the pairs were randomized into 1 control group (3 villages) and 3 treatment arms (4 villages each) for the interventions. Baseline and follow-up household-level survey data were collected from the caregivers. The interventions included: (1) OFSP-branded exercise books, posters, and a poem to preschoolers only; (2) OFSP-oriented mobile phone-mediated text messages to caregivers only; and (3) both 1 and 2 provided to individual households concurrently. Interventions 1 and 2 were single-channeled, while 3 was multichanneled. We estimated the intention-to-treat (ITT) and treatment-on-the-treated (TOT) effects using a binary logit model and a special regressor method, respectively. Results: Only the multichanneled nutrition education approach had significant effects (ITT = 0.167, P = .001; TOT = .243, P = .007) on the caregivers’ likelihood to retain OFSP on their farms. Conclusions: The finding implies that multichanneled agriculture-nutrition education interventions through Early Childhood Development institutions can be effective in ensuring sustainable adoption of OFSP.

scholarly journals PSVII-18 Fatty acid composition of the longissimus muscle from Angus and Wagyu sired cattle at the 6th and 12th rib location

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 211-212
Author(s):  
Jerad Jaborek ◽  
Francis L Fluharty ◽  
Alejandro E Relling
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Repeated Measurements ◽  
Longissimus Muscle ◽  
Trans Isomers ◽  
Fa Composition ◽  
Effect Of Treatment ◽  
Similar Body ◽  
Location Interaction

Abstract The fatty acid (FA) composition of the longissimus muscle (LM) of Angus and Wagyu sired cattle raised to a similar body weight (612 kg) were compared at the 6th and 12th rib locations. Angus sired steers represented T1, cattle from a Wagyu sire selected for growth represented T2, and cattle from a Wagyu sire selected for marbling represented T3. Data were analyzed mixed model with repeated measurements on animal (LM location); the model include the fixed effect of treatment, LM location, and their interaction, and random effect of sex. The percentage of 16:0, 18:1cis9, 18:3, and monounsaturated FA (MUFA) exhibited a treatment*LM location interaction (P ≤ 0.7), where T2 cattle had a greater percentage of 16:0 and a lesser percentage of 18:1cis9, 18:3, and MUFA at the 12th rib vs. 6th rib location compared with T1 and T3 cattle. The percentage of total FA lipid, polyunsaturated FA(PUFA), and PUFA:SFA ratio in the LM were greater (P ≤ 0.02) for T3 cattle compared with T1 and T2 cattle. The percentage of 18:0 was greater (P ≤ 0.01) for T1 cattle compared with T2 and T3 cattle, while T1 cattle had a greater (P ≤ 0.01) percentage of saturated FA (SFA) compared to T3 cattle. The percentage of 18:1cis9, other 18:1cis isomers, 18:2, MUFA, and MUFA:SFA ratio were greater (P ≤ 0.02) for T3 cattle compared with T1 cattle, with T2 cattle being intermediate. The percentage of total FA lipid, 18:0, 18:1 trans isomers, and SFA were greater (P ≤ 0.01) at the 6th rib LM location, while 14:1, 18:cis9, other 18:1 cis isomers, MUFA, MUFA:SFA, and PUFA:SFA ratio were greater (P ≤ 0.02) at the 12th rib LM location

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