scholarly journals PSVII-18 Fatty acid composition of the longissimus muscle from Angus and Wagyu sired cattle at the 6th and 12th rib location

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 211-212
Author(s):  
Jerad Jaborek ◽  
Francis L Fluharty ◽  
Alejandro E Relling
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Repeated Measurements ◽  
Longissimus Muscle ◽  
Trans Isomers ◽  
Fa Composition ◽  
Effect Of Treatment ◽  
Similar Body ◽  
Location Interaction

Abstract The fatty acid (FA) composition of the longissimus muscle (LM) of Angus and Wagyu sired cattle raised to a similar body weight (612 kg) were compared at the 6th and 12th rib locations. Angus sired steers represented T1, cattle from a Wagyu sire selected for growth represented T2, and cattle from a Wagyu sire selected for marbling represented T3. Data were analyzed mixed model with repeated measurements on animal (LM location); the model include the fixed effect of treatment, LM location, and their interaction, and random effect of sex. The percentage of 16:0, 18:1cis9, 18:3, and monounsaturated FA (MUFA) exhibited a treatment*LM location interaction (P ≤ 0.7), where T2 cattle had a greater percentage of 16:0 and a lesser percentage of 18:1cis9, 18:3, and MUFA at the 12th rib vs. 6th rib location compared with T1 and T3 cattle. The percentage of total FA lipid, polyunsaturated FA(PUFA), and PUFA:SFA ratio in the LM were greater (P ≤ 0.02) for T3 cattle compared with T1 and T2 cattle. The percentage of 18:0 was greater (P ≤ 0.01) for T1 cattle compared with T2 and T3 cattle, while T1 cattle had a greater (P ≤ 0.01) percentage of saturated FA (SFA) compared to T3 cattle. The percentage of 18:1cis9, other 18:1cis isomers, 18:2, MUFA, and MUFA:SFA ratio were greater (P ≤ 0.02) for T3 cattle compared with T1 cattle, with T2 cattle being intermediate. The percentage of total FA lipid, 18:0, 18:1 trans isomers, and SFA were greater (P ≤ 0.01) at the 6th rib LM location, while 14:1, 18:cis9, other 18:1 cis isomers, MUFA, MUFA:SFA, and PUFA:SFA ratio were greater (P ≤ 0.02) at the 12th rib LM location

scholarly journals PSIII-30 Feedlot performance and carcass characteristics of Angus and Wagyu sired cattle raised to a similar body weight endpoint

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 259-259
Author(s):  
Jerad R Jaborek ◽  
Alejandro E Relling
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Design Experiment ◽  
Feedlot Performance ◽  
Incomplete Block Design ◽  
Breed Differences ◽  
Effect Of Treatment ◽  
Similar Body

Abstract Angus and Wagyu sired calves were used in an incomplete block design experiment to investigate breed differences for growth at a similar body weight. Cattle were individually fed a common corn silage based growing diet for 4 months and transitioned to a common finishing diet for the remainder of the study. Treatments were as follows: T1) Angus sired steers (n = 13) harvested at 612 kg, T2) Wagyu (LMR Fukutsuru 729T) sired steers (n = 4) and heifers (n = 5) harvested at 612 kg, T3) Wagyu (OW Yasufuku 229Y) sired steers (n = 5) and heifers (n = 8) harvested at 612 kg. Data were analyzed in SAS using the mixed model: Yij = μ + Ti + sj + eij, where Ti was the fixed effect of treatment, sj was the random effect of sex, and eij was the random error. Contrasts were made to compare T1 vs. T2 and T3, and T2 vs. T3. Receiving weight was greater (P ≤ 0.02) for Angus sired cattle compared to Wagyu sired cattle, and Fukutsuru sired cattle had greater (P ≤ 0.05) receiving weights compared to Yasufuku sired cattle. Off-test weights were similar across treatments (P = 0.49). Wagyu sired cattle required more days on feed (P ≤ 0.01), resulting in a greater age at harvest (P ≤ 0.01) compared to Angus sired cattle. Fukutsuru sired cattle tended to require fewer days on feed (P = 0.07) and be younger at harvest (P = 0.10) compared to Yasufuku sired cattle. Angus sired cattle had greater ADG (P ≤ 0.01), DMI (P ≤ 0.01), and G:F (P ≤ 0.02) compared to Wagyu sired cattle. Angus sired cattle had a lesser percentage of KPH fat (P ≤ 0.01) and tended to have more desirable YG scores (P = 0.06) compared to Wagyu sired cattle. Wagyu sired cattle had greater marbling scores (P ≤ 0.01) compared to Angus sired cattle, while Yasufuku sired cattle had greater marbling scores compared to Fukutsuru sired cattle.

scholarly journals Effect of supplementation with different fatty acid profile to the dam in early gestation and to the offspring on the finishing diet on offspring growth and hypothalamus mRNA expression in sheep

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mario Francisco Oviedo-Ojeda ◽  
José Alejandro Roque-Jiménez ◽  
Megan Whalin ◽  
Héctor Aarón Lee-Rangel ◽  
Alejandro Enrique Relling
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Hormone Receptors ◽  
Leptin Receptor ◽  
Repeated Measurements ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Metastasis Suppressor ◽  
Productive Performance

Abstract Supplementation with omega-3 and omega-9 fatty acids during late gestation regulates offspring development; however, their effect in the first third of gestation is unknown in sheep. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of the maternal supplementation with an enriched source of monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) or an enriched source of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) during the first third of gestation on productive performance on ewes and offspring, and hypothalamic neuropeptides on offspring. Seventy-nine post-weaning lambs, born of sheep supplemented in the first third of gestation with 1.61% Ca salts rich with MUFA or EPA+DHA (Dam supplementation; DS), were distributed in a 2×2 factorial arrangement of treatments to finishing diets containing 1.48% of Ca salts of MUFA or EPA+DHA (Lamb supplementation; LS). The finishing period of the offspring lasted for 56 d. During the finishing period dry matter intake (DMI, daily) and body weight (BW) were recorded. Plasma was collected for metabolites analysis. Twenty-four lambs were slaughtered, and hypothalamus was collected for mRNA expression of hormone receptors, neuropeptides, and lipid transport genes. The data were analyzed with a mixed model in SAS (9.4) using repeated measurements, when needed. There was a DS×LS interaction for BW (P = 0.10) where LS with EPA+DHA born from DS with MUFA were heavier than the other 3 treatments. Lambs born from DS with MUFA have a greater DMI (P < 0.01) than the offspring born from DS with EPA+DHA. Lambs born from MUFA supplemented dams had a greater (P ≤ 0.05) hypothalamus mRNA expression for cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript, growth hormone receptor, metastasis suppressor 1, leptin receptor, pro-opiomelanocortin, and Neuropeptide Y. These results indicate that growth depends not on the type of fatty acids during the finishing phase but the interaction of different sources of fatty acids ad different stages. Also, supplementation with fatty acids during early pregnancy changes productive performance and neuropeptides’ mRNA expression of lambs independently of the finishing diet.

scholarly journals The generalizability crisis

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-37
Author(s):  
Tal Yarkoni
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Statistical Inference ◽  
Random Effects ◽  
False Positive ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Statistical Procedures ◽  
Subject Variability ◽  
Replication Crisis

Abstract Most theories and hypotheses in psychology are verbal in nature, yet their evaluation overwhelmingly relies on inferential statistical procedures. The validity of the move from qualitative to quantitative analysis depends on the verbal and statistical expressions of a hypothesis being closely aligned—that is, that the two must refer to roughly the same set of hypothetical observations. Here I argue that many applications of statistical inference in psychology fail to meet this basic condition. Focusing on the most widely used class of model in psychology—the linear mixed model—I explore the consequences of failing to statistically operationalize verbal hypotheses in a way that respects researchers' actual generalization intentions. I demonstrate that whereas the "random effect" formalism is used pervasively in psychology to model inter-subject variability, few researchers accord the same treatment to other variables they clearly intend to generalize over (e.g., stimuli, tasks, or research sites). The under-specification of random effects imposes far stronger constraints on the generalizability of results than most researchers appreciate. Ignoring these constraints can dramatically inflate false positive rates, and often leads researchers to draw sweeping verbal generalizations that lack a meaningful connection to the statistical quantities they are putatively based on. I argue that failure to take the alignment between verbal and statistical expressions seriously lies at the heart of many of psychology's ongoing problems (e.g., the replication crisis), and conclude with a discussion of several potential avenues for improvement.

Impact of an Infant Formula Containing a Novel Fat Blend (Cow’s Milk Fat, Fish and Vegetable Oil) and Prebiotics on Stool Fatty Acid Soaps and Erythrocyte Fatty Acid Profiles in Full-Term Healthy Newborns

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Maroula Lambidou ◽  
Birgit Alteheld ◽  
Rolf Fimmers ◽  
Frank Jochum ◽  
Antonia Nomayo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Infant Formula ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Human Breast Milk ◽  
Infant Formulas ◽  
Fa Composition ◽  
And Control ◽  
Breast Fed

<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> Recently, new commercial infant formulas have been composed considering novel fat blends and oligosaccharides to better resemble the fatty acid (FA) composition and stereospecific distribution (e.g., increased amount of ß-palmitate) as well as probiotics content of human breast milk. We hypothesized that these newly composed infant formulas may decrease fecal FA soap excretion and may positively affect erythrocyte FA profiles compared with regular formulas. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Healthy infants were randomly assigned to receive a high-sn-2-palmitate formula (&#x3e;25% of the PA is esterified to the sn-2 position of the glycerol backbone, verum: <i>n</i> = 30) or a “standard” formula containing &#x3c;10% of PA in sn-2 position and no oligosaccharides (control: <i>n</i> = 27); a non-randomized group of breast-fed infants served as control. Anthropometric data of the infants (body weight, recumbent length, and head circumference) were recorded at inclusion (visit 1) and 6 and 12 weeks after onset of intervention (visits 2 and 3). Blood samples for erythrocyte FA analysis (gas chromatography) were taken at visits 1 and 2; stool samples were collected at visit 2. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Quantitative formula intake (mL/kg body weight × day) at visit 2 (verum: 155 ± 30, control: 164 ± 30) and visit 3 (verum: 134 ± 26, control: 134 ± 21) was comparable. Six weeks after onset of intervention, stool total FA soaps, palmitate soaps, and total FAs were similar in both formula-fed groups but significantly higher than in breast-fed infants. During the 6-week intervention, erythrocyte palmitate decreased significantly from baseline in all 3 groups with no group differences (verum: 29.20 ± 1.17 to 27.12 ± 0.66, control: 29.88 ± 2.00 to 27.01 ± 0.94, breast-fed: 30.20 ± 0.86 to 26.84 ± 0.98). For selected FAs, significant changes over time in verum and control group were obvious but without formula effects. Some variations in the FA profile of breast-fed infants compared to both verum and control groups were observed. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> In contrast to our hypothesis, feeding a newly composed infant formula based on a fat blend with 25% of PA in the sn-2 position of triacylglycerols and supplemented with a prebiotic could not decrease insoluble FA soap excretion compared with a standard product; in this respect, breastfeeding is obviously the best choice. Surprisingly, erythrocyte FA profiles were comparable in formula-fed and breast-fed infants; obvious alterations in FA composition of the respective fat sources and structure did not affect FA incorporation into membranes. Caution should be, however, exercised in drawing robust conclusions in the absence of larger, adequately powered intervention studies.

Effects of full-time v. part-time grazing on seasonal changes in milk coagulation properties and fatty acid composition

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Franziska S. Akert ◽  
Michael Kreuzer ◽  
Carmen Kunz ◽  
Beat Reidy ◽  
Joel Berard
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Seasonal Variations ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Seasonal Effects ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Fa Composition ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Milk Coagulation ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Feeding Systems

Abstract For this research communication our objective was to investigate to what extent milk coagulation properties and milk fatty acid (FA) composition were affected by different feeding systems, season and their interaction. Eighteen cows in total were subjected to one of three different feeding system treatments: full-time grazing or part-time grazing combined with indoor feeding of fresh grass with low or high concentrate supplementation. Milk was sampled in spring, summer and autumn. Milk coagulation time was 15.0, 19.0 and 17.7 min, coagulation dynamics 1.67, 3.41 and 1.79 min, and curd firmness 52.7, 32.4 and 47.0 mm in spring, summer and autumn, respectively. Thus, milk coagulation properties of the milk were lower during summer. There were strong seasonal effects on milk FA proportions, but there were not always changes with progressing season, or changes were different with respect to the impact of the feeding systems (system × season interaction). The milk fat was favourably rich in oleic acid, conjugated linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid and had a low n-6/n-3 fatty acid ratio in all systems. Factors like seasonal variations in grass composition and the energy balance of the cows were considered relevant for the milk FA composition. Overall, seasonal variations in milk quality were less pronounced with part-time grazing with fresh grass indoors as compared to full-time grazing without concentrate.

scholarly journals Response transformations for random effect and variance component models

2020 ◽  
pp. 1471082X2096691
Author(s):  
Amani Almohaimeed ◽  
Jochen Einbeck
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Likelihood ◽  
Random Effects ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Statistical Technique ◽  
Response Distribution ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Variance Component Models ◽  
Response Transformation

Random effect models have been popularly used as a mainstream statistical technique over several decades; and the same can be said for response transformation models such as the Box–Cox transformation. The latter aims at ensuring that the assumptions of normality and of homoscedasticity of the response distribution are fulfilled, which are essential conditions for inference based on a linear model or a linear mixed model. However, methodology for response transformation and simultaneous inclusion of random effects has been developed and implemented only scarcely, and is so far restricted to Gaussian random effects. We develop such methodology, thereby not requiring parametric assumptions on the distribution of the random effects. This is achieved by extending the ‘Nonparametric Maximum Likelihood’ towards a ‘Nonparametric profile maximum likelihood’ technique, allowing to deal with overdispersion as well as two-level data scenarios.

Fatty acid composition of ruminal digesta and longissimus muscle from lambs fed silage mixtures including red clover, sainfoin, and timothy12

2016 ◽  
Vol 94 (4) ◽  
pp. 1550-1560 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Campidonico ◽  
P. G. Toral ◽  
A. Priolo ◽  
G. Luciano ◽  
B. Valenti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid Composition ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Acid Composition ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Longissimus Muscle

scholarly journals Effect of almond consumption on the serum fatty acid profile: a dose–response study

2014 ◽  
Vol 112 (7) ◽  
pp. 1137-1146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie Nishi ◽  
Cyril W. C. Kendall ◽  
Ana-Maria Gascoyne ◽  
Richard P. Bazinet ◽  
Balachandran Bashyam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Risk Score ◽  
Percentage Change ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Serum Fatty Acid ◽  
Full Dose ◽  
Fa Composition ◽  
Chd Risk ◽  
Half Dose

Consumption of almonds has been shown to be associated with a decreased risk of CHD, which may be related to their fatty acid (FA) composition. However, the effect of almond consumption on the serum FA composition is not known. Therefore, in the present study, we investigated whether almond consumption would alter the serum FA profile and risk of CHD, as calculated using Framingham's 10-year risk score, in a dose-dependent manner in hyperlipidaemic individuals when compared with a higher-carbohydrate control group using dietary interventions incorporating almonds. A total of twenty-seven hyperlipidaemic individuals consumed three isoenergetic (mean 1770 kJ/d) supplements during three 1-month dietary phases: (1) full-dose almonds (50–100 g/d); (2) half-dose almonds with half-dose muffins; (3) full-dose muffins. Fasting blood samples were obtained at weeks 0 and 4 for the determination of FA concentrations. Almond intake (g/d) was found to be inversely associated with the estimated Framingham 10-year CHD risk score (P= 0·026). In both the half-dose and full-dose almond groups, the proportions of oleic acid (OA) and MUFA in the TAG fraction (half-almond: OA P= 0·003; MUFA P= 0·004; full-almond: OA P< 0·001; MUFA P< 0·001) and in the NEFA fraction (half-almond: OA P= 0·01; MUFA P= 0·04; full-almond: OA P= 0·12; MUFA P= 0·06) increased. The estimated Framingham 10-year CHD risk score was inversely associated with the percentage change of OA (P= 0·011) and MUFA (P= 0·016) content in the TAG fraction. The proportions of MUFA in the TAG and NEFA fractions were positively associated with changes in HDL-cholesterol concentrations. Similarly, the estimated Framingham 10-year CHD risk score was inversely associated with the percentage change of OA (P= 0·069) and MUFA content in the NEFA fraction (P= 0·009). In conclusion, the results of the present study indicate that almond consumption increases OA and MUFA content in serum TAG and NEFA fractions, which are inversely associated with CHD lipid risk factors and overall estimated 10-year CHD risk.

Effect of frame size and time-on-pasture on steer performance, longissimus muscle fatty acid composition, and tenderness in a forage-finishing system1,2

2014 ◽  
Vol 92 (10) ◽  
pp. 4767-4774 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. K. Duckett ◽  
C. Fernandez Rosso ◽  
G. Volpi Lagreca ◽  
M. C. Miller ◽  
J. P. S. Neel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid Composition ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Acid Composition ◽  
Longissimus Muscle ◽  
Frame Size

scholarly journals Mixed Models as a Tool for Comparing Groups of Time Series in Plant Sciences

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 362
Author(s):  
Ioannis Spyroglou ◽  
Jan Skalák ◽  
Veronika Balakhonova ◽  
Zuzana Benedikty ◽  
Alexandros G. Rigas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Random Effects ◽  
Mixed Models ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Repeated Measurements ◽  
Time Series Models ◽  
Additional Time ◽  
Biotic Stresses ◽  
Viable Solution ◽  
Long Time

Plants adapt to continual changes in environmental conditions throughout their life spans. High-throughput phenotyping methods have been developed to noninvasively monitor the physiological responses to abiotic/biotic stresses on a scale spanning a long time, covering most of the vegetative and reproductive stages. However, some of the physiological events comprise almost immediate and very fast responses towards the changing environment which might be overlooked in long-term observations. Additionally, there are certain technical difficulties and restrictions in analyzing phenotyping data, especially when dealing with repeated measurements. In this study, a method for comparing means at different time points using generalized linear mixed models combined with classical time series models is presented. As an example, we use multiple chlorophyll time series measurements from different genotypes. The use of additional time series models as random effects is essential as the residuals of the initial mixed model may contain autocorrelations that bias the result. The nature of mixed models offers a viable solution as these can incorporate time series models for residuals as random effects. The results from analyzing chlorophyll content time series show that the autocorrelation is successfully eliminated from the residuals and incorporated into the final model. This allows the use of statistical inference.

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