scholarly journals Vitamin K and Bone Health: A Review on the Effects of Vitamin K Deficiency and Supplementation and the Effect of Non-Vitamin K Antagonist Oral Anticoagulants on Different Bone Parameters

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Celia Rodríguez-Olleros Rodríguez ◽  
Manuel Díaz Curiel
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin K ◽  
Bone Health ◽  
Oral Anticoagulants ◽  
Vitamin K Antagonist ◽  
Coagulation Cascade ◽  
Undercarboxylated Osteocalcin ◽  
Vitamin K Deficiency ◽  
Risk Of Fracture ◽  
K Deficiency ◽  
Related Proteins

Although known for its importance in the coagulation cascade, vitamin K has other functions. It is an essential vitamin for bone health, taking part in the carboxylation of many bone-related proteins, regulating genetic transcription of osteoblastic markers, and regulating bone reabsorption. Vitamin K deficiency is not uncommon, as deposits are scarce and dependent upon dietary supplementation and absorption. Vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants, which are prescribed to many patients, also induce vitamin K deficiency. Most studies find that low serum K1 concentrations, high levels of undercarboxylated osteocalcin (ucOC), and low dietary intake of both K1 and K2 are associated with a higher risk of fracture and lower BMD. Studies exploring the relationship between vitamin K supplementation and fracture risk also find that the risk of fracture is reduced with supplements, but high quality studies designed to evaluate fracture as its primary endpoint are needed. The reduction in risk of fracture with the use of non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants instead of warfarin is also of interest although once again, the available evidence offers disparate results. The scarce and limited evidence, including low quality studies reaching disparate conclusions, makes it impossible to extract solid conclusions on this topic, especially concerning the use of vitamin K supplements.

scholarly journals Two Types of Prothrombin in Vitamin K Deficiency

1970 ◽  
Vol 23 (03) ◽  
pp. 633-637 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. C Hemker ◽  
Annemarie D. Muller ◽  
E. A Loeliger
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin K ◽  
Oral Anticoagulants ◽  
Coagulation Factors ◽  
The Other ◽  
Vitamin K Deficiency ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
K Deficiency

SummaryIn vitamin K deficiency (either absolute or induced by oral anticoagulants) two types of prothrombin occur. One is not distinguishable from normal prothrombin. It generates thrombin quickly in a medium in which the factors V, VII and X, thromboplastin and Ca++ are present in sufficient amounts. The other is converted into thrombin much more slowly under the same conditions. In the onestage prothrombin assay only the first form is measured, in a two-stage prothrombin assay both forms are estimated. This accounts for the well-known discrepancy between these two tests in vitamin K deficiency. The abnormal prothrombin can be considered one of the Proteins Induced by Vitamin K Absence. The occurrence of this kind of proteins fits in the concept of the action of vitamin K as a co-factor in a system that converts polypeptide-precursors into coagulation factors.

scholarly journals Difference in the metabolism of vitamin K between liver and bone in vitamin K-deficient rats

2002 ◽  
Vol 87 (4) ◽  
pp. 307-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toshiro Sato ◽  
Yutaka Ohtani ◽  
Yoko Yamada ◽  
Sanshiroh Saitoh ◽  
Hiroshi Harada
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Vitamin K ◽  
Initial Level ◽  
Undercarboxylated Osteocalcin ◽  
Vitamin K Deficiency ◽  
Dose Administration ◽  
Osteocalcin Level ◽  
Short Period ◽  
K Deficiency ◽  
The Difference

The difference between vitamin K metabolism in the liver and that in the bone of vitamin K-deficient rats was examined. After 17 d administration of vitamin K-deficient food, vitamin K in the liver was almost depleted, and prothrombin time (PT) was prolonged. Serum total osteocalcin level was slightly decreased by vitamin K deficiency, whereas serum undercarboxylated osteocalcin level did not change. The level of menaquinone (MK)-4 as well as that of phylloquinone was decreased, but approximately 40 % of the initial level still existed in the femur after the 17 d period. A single-dose administration of vitamin K (250 nmol/kg body weight) markedly increased vitamin K level in the liver but not in the femur. These results suggest that the turnover of vitamin K in the bone is slower than that in the liver, and bone metabolism may be little affected by the short period of intake of vitamin K-deficient food. However, intake of a larger amount of vitamin K is required for its accumulation in the bone than in the liver. Furthermore, the counteracting effect of MK-7 on prolonged PT in vitamin K-deficient rats was found to be higher than phylloquinone or MK-4.

scholarly journals Vitamin K in COVID-19—Potential Anti-COVID-19 Properties of Fermented Milk Fortified with Bee Honey as a Natural Source of Vitamin K and Probiotics

Fermentation ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 202
Author(s):  
Amira Mohammed Ali ◽  
Hiroshi Kunugi ◽  
Hend A. Abdelmageed ◽  
Ahmed S. Mandour ◽  
Mostafa Elsayed Ahmed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin K ◽  
Vitamin K Antagonists ◽  
Oral Anticoagulants ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Fermented Milk ◽  
Organ Damage ◽  
Natural Source ◽  
Vitamin K Deficiency ◽  
K Deficiency

Vitamin K deficiency is evident in severe and fatal COVID-19 patients. It is associated with the cytokine storm, thrombotic complications, multiple organ damage, and high mortality, suggesting a key role of vitamin K in the pathology of COVID-19. To support this view, we summarized findings reported from machine learning studies, molecular simulation, and human studies on the association between vitamin K and SARS-CoV-2. We also investigated the literature for the association between vitamin K antagonists (VKA) and the prognosis of COVID-19. In addition, we speculated that fermented milk fortified with bee honey as a natural source of vitamin K and probiotics may protect against COVID-19 and its severity. The results reported by several studies emphasize vitamin K deficiency in COVID-19 and related complications. However, the literature on the role of VKA and other oral anticoagulants in COVID-19 is controversial: some studies report reductions in (intensive care unit admission, mechanical ventilation, and mortality), others report no effect on mortality, while some studies report higher mortality among patients on chronic oral anticoagulants, including VKA. Supplementing fermented milk with honey increases milk peptides, bacterial vitamin K production, and compounds that act as potent antioxidants: phenols, sulforaphane, and metabolites of lactobacilli. Lactobacilli are probiotic bacteria that are suggested to interfere with various aspects of COVID-19 infection ranging from receptor binding to metabolic pathways involved in disease prognosis. Thus, fermented milk that contains natural honey may be a dietary manipulation capable of correcting nutritional and immune deficiencies that predispose to and aggravate COVID-19. Empirical studies are warranted to investigate the benefits of these compounds.

Pathophysiology of Vitamin K-deficiency and Oral Anticoagulants

1991 ◽  
Vol 66 (01) ◽  
pp. 153-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cees Vermeer ◽  
Karly Hamulyák
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin K ◽  
Oral Anticoagulants ◽  
Vitamin K Deficiency ◽  
K Deficiency

scholarly journals Vitamin K Nutrition and Bone Health

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 1909 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naoko Tsugawa ◽  
Masataka Shiraki
Keyword(s):  
Energy Metabolism ◽  
Fracture Risk ◽  
Vitamin K ◽  
Bone Health ◽  
Bone Fractures ◽  
Vitamin K Deficiency ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
K Deficiency ◽  
Dependent Protein

Vitamin K is essential for blood coagulation and plays an important role in extrahepatic metabolism, such as in bone and blood vessels, and in energy metabolism. This review discusses the assessment of vitamin K sufficiency and the role of vitamin K in bone health. To elucidate the exact role of vitamin K in other organs, accurate tools for assessing vitamin K deficiency or insufficiency are crucial. Undercarboxylated vitamin K-dependent protein levels can be measured to evaluate tissue-specific vitamin K deficiency/insufficiency. Vitamin K has genomic action through steroid and xenobiotic receptor (SXR); however, the importance of this action requires further study. Recent studies have revealed that the bone-specific, vitamin K-dependent protein osteocalcin has a close relationship with energy metabolism through insulin sensitivity. Among the organs that produce vitamin K-dependent proteins, bone has attracted the most attention, as vitamin K deficiency has been consistently associated with bone fractures. Although vitamin K treatment addresses vitamin K deficiency and is believed to promote bone health, the corresponding findings on fracture risk reduction are conflicting. We also discuss the similarity of other vitamin supplementations on fracture risk. Future clinical studies are needed to further elucidate the effect of vitamin K on fracture risk.

scholarly journals Vitamin K in Chronic Kidney Disease

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mario Cozzolino ◽  
Michela Mangano ◽  
Andrea Galassi ◽  
Paola Ciceri ◽  
Piergiorgio Messa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Kidney Disease ◽  
At Risk ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Vitamin K ◽  
Bone Health ◽  
Vitamin K Deficiency ◽  
Population At Risk ◽  
K Deficiency ◽  
Subclinical Vitamin ◽  
Fat Soluble Vitamins

Vitamin K is a composite term referring to a group of fat-soluble vitamins that function as a cofactor for the enzyme γ-glutamyl carboxylase (GGCX), which activates a number of vitamin K-dependent proteins (VKDPs) involved in haemostasis and vascular and bone health. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients suffer from subclinical vitamin K deficiency, suggesting that this represents a population at risk for the biological consequences of poor vitamin K status. This deficiency might be caused by exhaustion of vitamin K due to its high requirements by vitamin K-dependent proteins to inhibit calcification.

scholarly journals Diversity of Gut Microbiota Affecting Serum Level of Undercarboxylated Osteocalcin in Patients with Crohn’s Disease

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1541 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kohei Wagatsuma ◽  
Satoshi Yamada ◽  
Misora Ao ◽  
Minoru Matsuura ◽  
Hidemi Tsuji ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Crohn’S Disease ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Vitamin K ◽  
Intestinal Bacteria ◽  
Undercarboxylated Osteocalcin ◽  
Vitamin K Deficiency ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
K Deficiency ◽  
Polymerase Chain

Several reports have indicated a possible link between decreasing plasma levels of vitamin K and bone mineral density. It has been suggested that intestinal bacteria contribute to maintenance of vitamin K. Several factors are involved in the reduction of vitamin K in patients with Crohn’s disease (CD). We aimed to assess the relationship between gut microbiota and alternative indicators of vitamin K deficiency in patients with CD. We collected the feces of 26 patients with clinically inactive CD. We extracted 16S rRNA from the intestinal bacteria in the feces and amplified it by polymerase chain reaction. The generated polymerase chain reaction product was analyzed using a 16S metagenomic approach by Illumina Miseq platform. Serum undercarboxylated osteocalcin concentration was used as an alternative indicator of vitamin K deficiency. There was a significant negative correlation between serum undercarboxylated osteocalcin and mean Chao1 index in cases of low activity. The diversity of the gut microbiota was significantly lower, and Ruminococcaceae and Lachnospiraceae were significantly decreased in the vitamin K-deficient group in comparison to the vitamin K-normal group. Taken together, these data suggested the significance of investigating the gut microbiota even in patients with clinically inactive CD for improving patients’ vitamin K status.

Placental Transfer of Vitamin K1 and Its Implications in Fetal Hemostasis

1988 ◽  
Vol 60 (01) ◽  
pp. 039-043 ◽  
Author(s):  
L Mandelbrot ◽  
M Guillaumont ◽  
M Leclercq ◽  
J J Lefrère ◽  
D Gozin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin K ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Ultrasound Guidance ◽  
Placental Transfer ◽  
Vitamin K1 ◽  
Vitamin K Deficiency ◽  
Prothrombin Activity ◽  
Oral Supplementation ◽  
K Deficiency ◽  
The Mean

SummaryVitamin K status was evaluated using coagulation studies and/ or vitamin IQ assays in a total of 53 normal fetuses and 47 neonates. Second trimester fetal blood samples were obtained for prenatal diagnosis under ultrasound guidance. Endogenous vitamin K1 concentrations (determined by high performance liquid chromatography) were substantially lower than maternal levels. The mean maternal-fetal gradient was 14-fold at mid trimester and 18-fold at birth. Despite low vitamin K levels, descarboxy prothrombin, detected by a staphylocoagulase assay, was elevated in only a single fetus and a single neonate.After maternal oral supplementation with vitamin K1, cord vitamin K1 levels were boosted 30-fold at mid trimester and 60 fold at term, demonstrating placental transfer. However, these levels were substantially lower than corresponding supplemented maternal levels. Despite elevated vitamin K1 concentrations, supplemented fetuses and neonates showed no increase in total or coagulant prothrombin activity. These results suggest that the low prothrombin levels found during intrauterine life are not due to vitamin K deficiency.

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