scholarly journals Virulence-Associated Genes and Antimicrobial Resistance of Aeromonas hydrophila Isolates from Animal, Food, and Human Sources in Brazil

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Emily Moraes Roges ◽  
Verônica Dias Gonçalves ◽  
Maira Duarte Cardoso ◽  
Marcia Lima Festivo ◽  
Salvatore Siciliano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Aeromonas Hydrophila ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Virulence Genes ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Aquatic Environments ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Human Source

Aeromonads are natural inhabitants of aquatic environments and may be associated with various human or animal diseases. Its pathogenicity is complex and multifactorial and is associated with many virulence factors. In this study, 110 selected Aeromonas hydrophila isolates isolated from food, animals, and human clinical material from 2010 to 2015 were analyzed. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by the disk diffusion method, and polymerase chain reaction was conducted to investigate the virulence genes hemolysin (hlyA), cytotoxic enterotoxin (act), heat-labile cytotonic enterotoxin (alt), aerolysin (aerA), and DNase-nuclease (exu). At least 92.7% of the isolates had one of the investigated virulence genes. Twenty different virulence profiles among the isolates were recognized, and the five investigated virulence genes were observed in four isolates. Human source isolates showed greater diversity than food and animal sources. Antimicrobial resistance was observed in 46.4% of the isolates, and multidrug resistance was detected in 3.6% of the isolates. Among the 120 isolates, 45% were resistant to cefoxitin; 23.5% to nalidixic acid; 16.6% to tetracycline; 13.7% to cefotaxime and imipenem; 11.8% to ceftazidime; 5.9% to amikacin, gentamicin, and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim; and 3.9% to ciprofloxacin and nitrofurantoin. Overall, the findings of our study indicated the presence of virulence genes and that antimicrobial resistance in A. hydrophila isolates in this study is compatible with potentially pathogenic bacteria. This information will allow us to recognize the potential risk through circulating isolates in animal health and public health and the spread through the food chain offering subsidies for appropriate sanitary actions.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles of Escherichia coli from Diarrheic Weaned Piglets after the Ban on Antibiotic Growth Promoters in Feed

Antibiotics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 755 ◽  
Author(s):  
Do Kyung-Hyo ◽  
Byun Jae-Won ◽  
Lee Wan-Kyu
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Growth Promoters ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Pathogenic Escherichia Coli ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Amoxicillin Clavulanic Acid ◽  
Antibiotic Growth Promoters ◽  
Polymerase Chain

This study aimed to survey the antimicrobial resistance profiles of 690 pathogenic Escherichia coli isolates obtained from Korean pigs with symptoms of enteric colibacillosis between 2007 and 2017, while assessing the change in antimicrobial resistance profiles before and after the ban on antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs). Following the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines, the antimicrobial resistance phenotype was analyzed through the disk diffusion method, and the genotype was analyzed by the polymerase chain reaction. After the ban on AGPs, resistance to gentamicin (from 68.8% to 39.0%), neomycin (from 84.9% to 57.8%), ciprofloxacin (from 49.5% to 39.6%), norfloxacin (from 46.8% to 37.3%), and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (from 40.8% to 23.5%) decreased compared to before the ban. However, resistance to cephalothin (from 51.4% to 66.5%), cefepime (from 0.0% to 2.4%), and colistin (from 7.3% to 11.0%) had increased. We confirmed a high percentage of multidrug resistance before (95.0%) and after (96.6%) the ban on AGPs. The AmpC gene was the most prevalent from 2007 to 2017 (60.0%), followed by the blaTEM gene (55.5%). The blaTEM was prevalent before (2007–2011, 69.3%) and after (2012–2017, 49.2%) the ban on AGPs. These results provide data that can be used for the prevention and treatment of enteric colibacillosis.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial Resistance and Virulence Determination of Enterococcus spp. Obtained from Hospital Environment in Iran

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saba Asgharzadeh Marghmalek ◽  
Reza Valadan ◽  
Mehrdad Gholami ◽  
Mohtaram Nasrolahei ◽  
Hamid Reza Goli
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽  
Hospital Environment ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Virulence Determinants ◽  
Environmental Isolates ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance Genes

Abstract Background: The role of the hospital environment as a source of pathogenic bacteria in recent studies has been poorly investigated. This study investigated the distribution of antimicrobial resistance genes and virulence determinants in Enterococcus species isolated from hospital environment in Sari, Iran. Method: Overall, 90 enterococci strains were obtained from high touch surfaces of four hospitals in Sari, Iran. These environmental samples were obtained from bathroom, beds, tables, doorknobs, room keys, wheelchair and walls in the patient and staff’s rooms. The resistance profile of the isolates was determined by disk diffusion method. Seven resistance genes and two virulence associated genes were evaluated molecularly by multiplex PCR. Results: According to the PCR, 42 (46.66%) of them were E. faecalis and 48 (53.33%) others were detected as E. faecium. Also, 28 (66.6%) E. faecalis and 18 (37.5%) E. faecium isolates were multidrug-resistant (MDR). Among all 90 environmental isolates 54 (60%), 54 (60%), 8 (8.8%), 8 (8.8%), 60 (66.6%), 26 (28.8%), and 24 (26.6%) isolates contained tetM, tetL, vanA, vanB, ermB, aac(6´)-Ie-aph(2´´)-Ia, and aph (3´)-IIIa, respectively. Moreover, all isolates were investigated for the presence of virulence genes and 88 (97.7%) of isolates had esp gene, and 16 (17.7%) had ace.Conclusions: This report showed that the environmental isolates of Enterococcus are the major sources of antibiotic resistance genes that can transfer them to the clinical isolates of bacteria in hospital settings. An effective following strategy should be organized to clearance and stop emergence of these pathogenic bacteria.

scholarly journals Frequency and Characterization of Antimicrobial Resistance and Virulence Genes of Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci from Wild Birds in Spain. Detection of tst-Carrying S. sciuri Isolates

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 1317
Author(s):  
Laura Ruiz-Ripa ◽  
Paula Gómez ◽  
Carla Andrea Alonso ◽  
María Cruz Camacho ◽  
Yolanda Ramiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Virulence Genes ◽  
Meca Gene ◽  
Virulence Gene ◽  
Wild Birds ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistance Phenotype ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance Genes

The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence and diversity of coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) species from wild birds in Spain, as well as to analyze the antimicrobial resistance phenotype/genotype and the virulence gene content. During 2015–2016, tracheal samples of 242 wild birds were collected in different regions of Spain for staphylococci recovery. The species identification was performed using MALDI-TOF. The antimicrobial resistance phenotype and genotype was investigated by the disk diffusion method and by PCR, respectively. The presence of the virulence genes lukF/S-PV, tst, eta, etb, etd and scn was investigated by PCR. Moreover, CoNS carrying the mecA gene were subjected to SCCmec typing. Of the tested animals, 60% were CoNS-carriers, and 173 CoNS isolates were recovered from the 146 positive animals, which belonged to 11 species, with predominance of S. sciuri (n = 118) and S. lentus (n = 25). A total of 34% of CoNS isolates showed a multidrug resistance phenotype, and 42 mecA-positive methicillin-resistant CoNS (MRCoNS) were detected. The isolates showed resistance to the following antimicrobials (percentage of resistant isolates/antimicrobial resistance genes detected): penicillin (49/ blaZ, mecA), cefoxitin (24/ mecA), erythromycin and/or clindamycin (92/ erm(B), erm(C), erm(43), msr(A), mph(C), lnu(A), lsa(B), vga(A) and sal(A)), gentamicin and/or tobramycin (5/ aac(6′)-Ie-aph(2″)-Ia, ant(4′)-Ia), streptomycin (12/str), tetracycline (17/ tet(K), tet(L), tet(M)), ciprofloxacin (4), chloramphenicol (1/ fexA), fusidic acid (86/ fusB, fusD) and trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole (1/ dfrK). None of the isolates harbored the lukF/S-PV, eta, etb, etd and scn genes, but two S. sciuri isolates (1%) carried the tst gene. Wild birds are frequently colonized by CoNS species, especially S. sciuri. We identified scavenging on intensively produced livestock and feeding on landfills as risk factors for CoNS carriage. High proportions of MRCoNS and multidrug resistant CoNS were detected, which coupled with the presence of important virulence genes is of concern.

scholarly journals Biofilm formation, antimicrobial susceptibility and virulence genes of Uropathogenic Escherichia coli isolated from clinical isolates in Uganda

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Katongole ◽  
Fatuma Nalubega ◽  
Najjuka Christine Florence ◽  
Benon Asiimwe ◽  
Irene Andia
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Virulence Genes ◽  
Clinical Isolates ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Tract Infections

Abstract Introduction: Uropathogenic E. coli is the leading cause of Urinary tract infections (UTIs), contributing to 80-90% of all community-acquired and 30-50% of all hospital-acquired UTIs. Biofilm forming Uropathogenic E. coli are associated with persistent and chronic inflammation leading to complicated and or recurrent UTIs. Biofilms provide an environment for poor antibiotic penetration and horizontal transfer of virulence genes which favors the development of Multidrug-resistant organisms (MDRO). Understanding biofilm formation and antimicrobial resistance determinants of Uropathogenic E. coli strains will provide insight into the development of treatment options for biofilm-associated UTIs. The aim of this study was to determine the biofilm forming capability, presence of virulence genes and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Uropathogenic E. coli isolates in Uganda. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study carried in the Clinical Microbiology and Molecular biology laboratories at the Department of Medical Microbiology, Makerere University College of Health Sciences. We randomly selected 200 Uropathogenic E. coli clinical isolates among the stored isolates collected between January 2018 and December 2018 that had significant bacteriuria (>105 CFU). All isolates were subjected to biofilm detection using the Congo Red Agar method and Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the Kirby disk diffusion method. The isolates were later subjected PCR for the detection of Urovirulence genes namely; Pap, Fim, Sfa, Afa, Hly and Cnf, using commercially designed primers.Results: In this study, 62.5% (125/200) were positive biofilm formers and 78% (156/200) of these were multi-drug resistant (MDR). The isolates were most resistant to Trimethoprim sulphamethoxazole and Amoxicillin (93%) followed by gentamycin (87%) and the least was imipenem (0.5%). Fim was the most prevalent Urovirulence gene (53.5%) followed by Pap (21%), Sfa (13%), Afa (8%), Cnf (5.5%) and Hyl (0%).Conclusions: We demonstrate a high prevalence of biofilm-forming Uropathogenic E. coli strains that are highly associated with the MDR phenotype. We recommend routine surveillance of antimicrobial resistance and biofilm formation to understand the antibiotics suitable in the management of biofilm-associated UTIs.

Virulence characterization of Klebsiella pneumoniae and its relation with ESBL and AmpC beta-lactamase associated resistance

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elghar Soltani ◽  
Alka Hasani ◽  
Mohammad Ahangarzadeh Rezaee ◽  
Tahereh Pirzadeh ◽  
Mahin Ahangar Oskouee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Klebsiella Pneumoniae ◽  
Virulence Genes ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Beta Lactamase ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase ◽  
Virulence Trait ◽  
Polymerase Chain

Background and Objectives: Trend analysis reveals that Klebsiella pneumoniae has witnessed a steep enhancement in the antibiotic resistance and virulence over the last few decades. The present investigation aimed at a comprehensive approach investigating antibiotic susceptibility including, extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) and AmpC β-lactamase (AmpC) resistance and the prevalence of virulence genes among the K. pneumoniae isolates. Materials and Methods: Sixty-one K. pneumoniae isolates were obtained from various clinical infections. Antimicrobial susceptibility was performed by disk diffusion method. The Mast® D68C test detected the presence of ESBLs and AmpCs phenotypically, and later presence of ESBL and AmpC genes was observed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Multi- plex-PCR was performed to investigate various virulence genes. CMY-2   Results: Amongst 61 K. pneumoniae isolates, 59% were observed as ESBL and 14.7% as AmpC producers. All ESBL   CTX-M-15   producers were positive for bla   CTX-M-15   , while bla   CTX-M-14   was observed in 54.1% isolates. The frequency of AmpC genes was   CMY-2   as follows: bla   CMY-2   (60.7%) and bla   DHA-1   (34.4%). The most frequent virulence genes were those encoding enterobactin and   DHA-1   lipopolysaccharide. Presence of mrkD was associated with bla   CMY-2   DHA-1   gene, while bla   significantly (p≤0.05) correlated   DHA-1   with the presence of iutA and rmpA virulence genes. bla   positive isolates had urine as a significant source, while bla   positive isolates were mainly collected from wound exudates (p≤0.05). Conclusion: Our results highlight that ESBL and AmpC production along with a plethora of virulence trait on K. pneumoni- ae should be adequately considered to assess its pathogenesis and antibiotic resistance.  

scholarly journals Biofilm formation, antimicrobial susceptibility and virulence genes of Uropathogenic Escherichia coli isolated from clinical isolates in Uganda

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Katongole ◽  
Fatuma Nalubega ◽  
Najjuka Christine Florence ◽  
Benon Asiimwe ◽  
Irene Andia
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Virulence Genes ◽  
Clinical Isolates ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Tract Infections

Abstract Introduction: Uropathogenic E. coli is the leading cause of Urinary tract infections (UTIs), contributing to 80-90% of all community-acquired and 30-50% of all hospital-acquired UTIs. Biofilm forming Uropathogenic E. coli are associated with persistent and chronic inflammation leading to complicated and or recurrent UTIs. Biofilms provide an environment for poor antibiotic penetration and horizontal transfer of virulence genes which favors the development of Multidrug-resistant organisms (MDRO). Understanding biofilm formation and antimicrobial resistance determinants of Uropathogenic E. coli strains will provide insight into the development of treatment options for biofilm-associated UTIs. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of biofilm formation among Uropathogenic E. coli clinical isolates, their relationship with antimicrobial susceptibility patterns, and Urovirulence genes. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study carried in the Clinical Microbiology and Molecular biology laboratories at the Department of Medical Microbiology, Makerere University College of Health Sciences. We randomly selected 200 Uropathogenic E. coli clinical isolates among the stored isolates collected between January 2018 and December 2018 that had significant bacteriuria (>105 CFU). All isolates were subjected to biofilm detection using the Congo Red Agar method and Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the Kirby disk diffusion method. The isolates were later subjected PCR for the detection of Urovirulence genes namely; Pap, Fim, Sfa, Afa, Hly and Cnf, using commercially designed primers.Results: In this study, 62.5% (125/200) were positive biofilm formers and 78% (156/200) of these were multi-drug resistant(MDR). The isolates were most resistant to Trimethoprim sulphamethoxazole and Amoxicillin (93%) followed by gentamycin (87%) and the least was imipenem (0.5%). Fim was the most prevalent Urovirulence gene (53.5%) followed by Pap (21%), Sfa (13%), Afa (8%), Cnf (5.5%) and Hyl (0%).Conclusions: We demonstrate a high prevalence of biofilm-forming Uropathogenic E. coli strains that are highly associated with the MDR phenotype. We recommend routine surveillance of antimicrobial resistance and biofilm formation to understand the antibiotics suitable in the management of biofilm-associated UTIs.

scholarly journals Molecular Epidemiology of Salmonella enterica in Poultry in South Africa Using the Farm-to-Fork Approach

2022 ◽  
Vol 2022 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Melissa A. Ramtahal ◽  
Anou M. Somboro ◽  
Daniel G. Amoako ◽  
Akebe L. K. Abia ◽  
Keith Perrett ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Virulence Genes ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
World Health ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Advisory Group ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Poultry Flock ◽  
Vitek 2 ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Susceptibility Profiles

The presence of the zoonotic pathogen Salmonella in the food supply chain poses a serious public health threat. This study describes the prevalence, susceptibility profiles, virulence patterns, and clonality of Salmonella from a poultry flock monitored over six weeks, using the farm-to-fork approach. Salmonella was isolated using selective media and confirmed to the genus and species level by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) of the invA and iroB genes, respectively. Antimicrobial susceptibility profiles were determined using Vitek-2 and the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method against a panel of 21 antibiotics recommended by the World Health Organisation Advisory Group on Integrated Surveillance of Antimicrobial Resistance (WHO-AGISAR). Selected virulence genes were identified by conventional PCR, and clonality was determined using enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus PCR (ERIC-PCR). Salmonella was present in 32.1% of the samples: on the farm (30.9%), at the abattoir (0.6%), and during house decontamination (0.6%). A total of 210 isolates contained the invA and iroB genes. Litter, faeces, and carcass rinsate isolates were classified as resistant to cefuroxime (45.2%), cefoxitin (1.9%), chloramphenicol (1.9%), nitrofurantoin (0.4%), pefloxacin (11.4%), and azithromycin (11%). Multidrug resistance (MDR) was observed among 3.8% of the isolates. All wastewater and 72.4% of carcass rinsate isolates were fully susceptible. All isolates harboured the misL, orfL, pipD, stn, spiC, hilA, and sopB virulence genes, while pefA, spvA, spvB, and spvC were absent. In addition, fliC was only present among the wastewater isolates. Various ERIC-PCR patterns were observed throughout the continuum with different subtypes, indicating the unrelated spread of Salmonella. This study concluded that poultry and the poultry environment serve as reservoirs for resistant and pathogenic Salmonella. However, there was no evidence of transmission along the farm-to-fork continuum.

scholarly journals Molecular characterization of antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes of Escherichia coli isolates from bovine mastitis

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 1588-1593
Author(s):  
Zuhair Bani Ismail ◽  
Sameeh M. Abutarbush
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Shiga Toxin ◽  
Virulence Genes ◽  
Bovine Mastitis ◽  
Virulence Gene ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Procaine Penicillin

Background and Aim: Mastitis is a common and economically important disease in dairy cattle. It remains one of the most common reasons for the extensive use of antimicrobials in dairy farms leading to the emergence of antimicrobial-resistant pathogens. The aim of this study was to determine the patterns of antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coli isolates from bovine mastitis and to identify prominent antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes among isolated strains. Materials and Methods: Antimicrobial susceptibility testing against six antibiotic groups, including tetracyclines, aminoglycosides, beta-lactams, macrolides, sulfonamides, and fluoroquinolones was performed using the disk diffusion method. PCR was performed on resistant isolates to detect resistance and virulence genes using commercially available primers. Results: Out of 216 milk samples cultured, 14 samples yielded E. coli isolates. All isolates (100%) were resistant to ampicillin, amoxicillin, procaine penicillin, streptomycin, oxytetracycline, and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim. Only one isolate (7%) was sensitive to gentamicin, and all isolates (100%) were sensitive to enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin. All isolates carried at least one resistance gene against one or more of the major antibiotic groups. All isolates carried the ereA, tetG, tetE, and tetB genes, followed by tetA (93%), ampC (86%), strA (86%), sul1 (78%), tetD (71%), tetC (57%), aadA (57%), and strB (36%). The lowest percentage of isolates carried bla1 (17%) and bla2 (12%) genes, and none of the isolates carried the qnrA gene. Most of the isolates (93%) carried the Shiga toxin 1 virulence gene, followed by complement resistance protein (79%), intimin (64%), Shiga toxin 2 (36%), cytotoxic necrotizing factor (35%), aerotaxis receptor (21%), and type 1 fimbriae (15%). Conclusion: Results of this study indicate that the high percentages of E. coli isolate from bovine mastitis are resistant to two or more of the major antibiotic groups, irrespective of the presence or absence of relevant resistance or virulence genes.

scholarly journals Prevalence, virulence factor and antimicrobial resistance analysis of Salmonella Enteritidis from poultry and egg samples in Iran

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hassan Bahramianfard ◽  
Abdollah Derakhshandeh ◽  
Zahra Naziri ◽  
Reza Khaltabadi Farahani
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Nalidixic Acid ◽  
Salmonella Enteritidis ◽  
Virulence Genes ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Poultry Meat ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Virulence Plasmid ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Zoonotic Risk

Abstract Background Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis) is one of the most common serovars, associated with human salmonellosis. The food-borne outbreak of this bacterium is mainly related to the consumption of contaminated poultry meat and poultry products, including eggs. Therefore, rapid and accurate detection, besides investigation of virulence characteristics and antimicrobial resistance profiles of S. Enteritidis in poultry and poultry egg samples is essential. A total of 3125 samples (2250 poultry and 875 poultry egg samples), sent to the administrative centers of veterinary microbiology laboratories in six provinces of Iran, were examined for Salmonella contamination, according to the ISO 6579 guideline. Next, duplex PCR was conducted on 250 presumptive Salmonella isolates to detect invA gene for identification of the genus Salmonella and sdf gene for identification of S. Enteritidis. Subsequently, the S. Enteritidis isolates were examined for detection of important virulence genes (pagC, cdtB, msgA, spaN, tolC, lpfC, and spvC) and determination of antibiotic resistance patterns against nalidixic acid, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, cephalothin, ceftazidime, colistin sulfate, and kanamycin by the disk diffusion method. Results Overall, 8.7 and 2.3% of poultry samples and 6.3 and 1.3% of eggs were contaminated with Salmonella species and S. Enteritidis, respectively. The invA and msgA genes (100%) and cdtB gene (6.3%) had the highest and the lowest prevalence rates in S. Enteritidis isolates. The spvC gene, which is mainly located on the Salmonella virulence plasmid, was detected in 50.8% of S. Enteritidis isolates. The S. Enteritidis isolates showed the highest and the lowest resistance to nalidixic acid (87.3%) and ceftazidime (11.1%), respectively. Unfortunately, 27.0% of S. Enteritidis isolates were multidrug-resistant (MDR). Conclusion The rate of contamination with Salmonella in the poultry and egg samples, besides the presence of antimicrobial resistant and MDR Salmonella isolates harboring the virulence genes in these samples, could significantly affect food safety and subsequently, human health. Therefore, continuous monitoring of animal-source foods, enhancement of poultry farm control measures, and limiting the use of antibiotics for prophylactic purposes in food producing animals, are essential for reducing the zoonotic risk of this foodborne pathogen for consumers and also choosing effective antibiotics for the treatment of salmonellosis.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial Resistance and Molecular Epidemiology of Uropathogenic Escherichia coli Isolated From Female Patients in Shanghai, China

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qian Zeng ◽  
Shuzhen Xiao ◽  
Feifei Gu ◽  
Weiping He ◽  
Qing Xie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Molecular Epidemiology ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Virulence Genes ◽  
Phylogenetic Group ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Female Patients ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance Genes

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most common bacterial infections and UTI is the most common extraintestinal infectious disease entity in women worldwide. Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) is the leading cause of UTI. While antimicrobial resistance has emerged as one of the principal problems of UTI, little is known about the epidemiology of UPEC isolated from female patients in Shanghai. This study aimed to describe the antimicrobial resistance and molecular epidemiology of UPEC isolated from female patients in Shanghai, China. UPEC isolates were collected from female patients from July 2019 to June 2020 in Shanghai and a total of 151 isolates were obtained randomly. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the disk diffusion method. Multilocus sequencing type, phylogenetic groups, antimicrobial resistance genes, and virulence genes were detected by polymerase chain reaction. In our study, no carbapenem-resistant isolates were found, but fluoroquinolone-resistant and multi-drug resistant UPEC accounted for 62.25% and 42.38%, respectively. The phylogenetic group B2 (58.94%) predominated, followed by phylogenetic group D (26.49%). The most prevalent sequence type was ST1193 (25.83%), which was first reported in Shanghai. The rate of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-positive isolates was 39.74% and the dominant ESBL genotype was blaCTX-M-14 (21/60), followed by blaCTX-M-55 (12/60). Mutations in gyrA were detected in the majority of fluoroquinolone-resistant isolates (90/94), followed by parC (85/94) and parE (71/94). The aac (3) -IIa was also found in 85% of aminoglycoside resistance isolates. Among 151 UPEC isolates, the common virulence genes were csgA (97.35%), fimH (92.72%), sitA (82.12%), and malX (65.56%). In conclusion, the high antimicrobial resistance of UPEC isolated from female patients, harboring a series of virulence genes, are troublesome for medical practitioners in Shanghai. At present, the prevalent ST1193 and emerging blaCTX-M-55 make UTI therapy more challenging.

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