scholarly journals Bacterial Contaminants and Antibiogram of Ghana Paper Currency Notes in Circulation and Their Associated Health Risks in Asante-Mampong, Ghana

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Denis Dekugmen Yar
Keyword(s):  
Plate Count ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Mannitol Salt Agar ◽  
Plate Count Agar ◽  
Bacterial Contaminants ◽  
Paper Currency ◽  
Commercial Drivers ◽  
Cross Sectional Design

Transmission of pathogens through currency notes has become very relevant in today’s world due to COVID-19 pandemic. This study profiled microbial flora and their antibiotic activities from Ghana paper currency (GH¢) notes in circulation in Mampong Municipal of Ashanti Region, Ghana. The study employed a cross-sectional design to assess bacterial contaminants and their antibiotic activities from January to May 2019. A total of 70 GH¢ notes consisting of 15 each of GH¢1, GH¢2, and GH¢5; 10 each of GH¢10 and GH¢20; and 5 of GH¢50 were randomly sampled from persons at different shops, canteens, and commercial drivers. The surfaces of each GH¢ note were gently swabbed, and tenfold serial dilutions made were inoculated on plate count agar (PCA), MacConkey agar, mannitol salt agar, and deoxycholate citrate agar. The study used appropriate laboratory and biochemical tests for bacterial identification. SPSS-IBM version 16.0 was used to analyze the data. Of the 70 GH¢ notes studied, 97.1% were contaminated with one or more bacterial isolates. Mean counts on PCA ranged between 3.2 cfu/ml × 105 and 4.7 cfu/ml × 105 on GH¢ notes. Of 124 bacteria isolated, 34 (27.4%), 30 (24.2%), 22 (17.7%), 17 (13.7%), 13 (10.5%), and 8 (6.5%) were from GH¢1, GH¢2, GH¢10, GH¢5, GH¢20, and GH¢50, respectively (p<0.05). Bacterial isolates were Escherichia coli (28.23%), Staphylococcus aureus (16.94%), coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (16.13%), Klebsiella species (11.29%), Salmonella species (9.68%), Shigella species (8.87%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (5.65%), and Proteus species (3.23%). GH¢ notes had 25.81%, 20.16%, 19.35%, 17.74%, and 16.94% from meat shops, commercial drivers, canteens, grocery shops, and vegetable shops, respectively. All bacteria were 100% resistant to erythromycin, 87.5% to tetracycline, chloramphenicol, and cotrimoxazole, 75% to vancomycin, while 87.50% sensitive to amikacin. The GH¢ notes were heavily colonized with potential pathogens, which are resistant to most commonly used antibiotics and could pose a health threat to users during commercial transactions.

scholarly journals Bacterial Contaminants and Antibiogram of Ghana paper currency notes in circulation and its associated Health risks in Asante-Mampong, Ghana

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Denis Dekugmen Yar
Keyword(s):  
Plate Count ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Mannitol Salt Agar ◽  
Plate Count Agar ◽  
Bacterial Contaminants ◽  
Paper Currency ◽  
Commercial Drivers ◽  
Cross Sectional Design

Abstract Transmission of pathogens through currency notes has become very relevant in today’s world due to Covid-19 pandemic. This study profiled microbial flora and their antibiotics activities from Ghana paper currency (GH¢) notes in circulation in Mampong Municipal of Ashanti Region, Ghana. The study employed a cross-sectional design to assess bacterial contaminants and their antibiotics activities from January to May 2019. A total of 70 GH¢ notes consisting of 15 each of GH₵1, GH₵2, and GH₵5; 10 each of GH₵10 and GH₵20 and 5 of GH₵50 were randomly sampled from persons at different shops, canteens and commercial drivers. The surfaces of each GH¢ note were gently swabbed and a ten-fold serial dilutions made inoculated on Plate Count Agar (PCA), MacConkey Agar, Mannitol Salt Agar and Desoxycholate Citrate Agar. The study used appropriate laboratory and biochemical tests for bacteria identification. SPSS-IBM version 16.0 was used to analyze the data. Of the 70 GH¢ notes studied, 97.1% were contaminated with one or more bacterial isolates. Mean counts on PCA ranged between 3.2 cfu/ml x 105 and 4.7 cfu/ml x 105 on GH¢ notes. Of 124 bacteria isolated; 34(27.4%), 30(24.2%), 22(17.7%), 17(13.7%), and 8(6.5%) were from GH¢1, GH¢2, GH¢10, GH¢5, GH¢20 and GH¢50 respectively [p<0.05]. Bacterial isolates were; Escherichia coli (28.23%), Staphylococcus auerus (16.94%), Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (16.13%), Klebsiella species (11.29%), Salmonella species (9.68%), Shigella species (8.87%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (5.65%), and Proteus species (3.23%). GH¢ notes had 25.81%, 20.16%, 19.35%, 17.74% and 16.94% from meat shops, commercial drivers, canteens, grocery shops, and vegetable shops in that order. All bacteria were 100% resistant to erythromycin, 87.5% to tetracycline, chloramphenicol, and cotrimoxazole; 75% to vancomycin while 87.50% sensitive to amikacin. The GH¢ notes were heavily colonized with potential pathogens which are resistant to most commonly used antibiotics and could pose health threat to users during commercial transactions.

Changing times and women on the wheels: a qualitative investigation of the experiences of female commercial drivers in Lagos State, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Temitope Owolabi ◽  
Tunde A. Alabi ◽  
Sofiat A. Busari-Akinbode
Keyword(s):  
Public Space ◽  
Work And Family ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Family Responsibilities ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Lagos State ◽  
Commercial Drivers ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Changing Times ◽  
Cross Sectional Design

Purpose This study aims to investigate female commercial drivers in the Lagos metropolis. The study sought to know the circumstances that motivated women to venture into commercial driving; the experiences they encounter whilst engaging with other stakeholders in the public space; the dimension of the conflict between work and family, and the coping strategies used and finally, the health concerns of female commercial drivers. Design/methodology/approach The study adopted a cross-sectional design and a qualitative method of data collection. An in-depth interview guide was used to elicit information from 18 female drivers drawn from three sectors of commercial transportation in Lagos State. Findings It was found that the major motivation for engaging in commercial driving is the need for survival and family support; although participants acknowledged that they cannot be in the profession for a long time. Married women had less time to engage in commercial driving due to other family responsibilities. Women drivers have experienced mixed reactions from other road users. Commercial driving is physically demanding and poses threat to the health of female commercial drivers. Originality/value The findings highlight the circumstances behind women participating in commercial driving. Despite the challenges encountered in this course of this activity, they are still bent on continuing because of the need to take care of their children, a majority of their spouses are not fully contributing to the maintenance of the home.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus on Paper Currency Notes

2021 ◽  
pp. 25-32
Author(s):  
Rikhi Ram Marasini ◽  
Pratikshya Shrestha ◽  
Prabhat Dhakal ◽  
Sukra Raj Shrestha ◽  
Sirjana Adhikari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Brain Heart Infusion ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Mannitol Salt Agar ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Total Prevalence ◽  
Paper Currency ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility Test ◽  
Hygiene Measures

The main objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in paper currency. The paper currencies in circulation in Pokhara Metropolitan City were inspected. Bills of various denominations (Rs 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 500 and 1000) were collected from five different locations; namely Food and Vegetable Shop, Bus conductor, Hospital Pharmacy, Butcher Shop and Grocery Shop. Collected sample were cultured and incubated for 24 hours at 37 oC in Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) Broth. The inoculums were further cultured on Mannitol Salt Agar (MSA) and Blood Agar (BA) media to obtain colonies, which were examined and evaluated for various parameters like gram staining and biochemical tests for identification. Then, antibiotic susceptibility test of the isolates was performed using standard procedures. A total of 35 sample of paper currency were processed, all of which showed positive growth. Out of 86 total isolates, 21 (24.42%) were Staphylococcus aureus followed by Coagulase Negative Staphylococci 19 (22.09%), Diptheroids 14 (16.3%), Bacillus spp 13 (15.11%), Micrococci 9 (10.46%), Streptococcus pneumonia 4 (4.65%), Viridans Streptococcus 4 (4.65%) and Streptococcus pyogenes 2 (2.32%). The total prevalence of MRSA in this study was 7 (33.33%). Paper currency contaminated with MRSA poses a high threat to those handling the bills as well as the community. Thus, this study suggests proper hygiene measures to be adopted after handling of paper currency to minimize the risk of contamination and emergence of diseases.

scholarly journals Antibiogram of the predominant bacterial contaminants of Nigerian currency notes in circulation in Ogun State, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 185-193
Author(s):  
MO Akpotu ◽  
AF Kehinde
Keyword(s):  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Mannitol Salt Agar ◽  
Bacteria Growth ◽  
Ogun State ◽  
Bacterial Contaminants ◽  
Peptone Water ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility Patterns ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
Susceptibility Profiles

Currency notes can act as a vehicle for the transmission of pathogenic organisms. This study was carried out to determine the antibiotic susceptibility patterns of the predominant bacterial contaminants of Nigerian currency notes in circulation in parts of Ogun State. A total of 240 naira notes of 8 different denominations were collected from various persons into sterile polythene bags, transferred into universal bottles containing 10 mL of sterile buffered peptone water. The notes were removed; the resulting solution incubated overnight and the overnight solution inoculated onto Blood agar, Mannitol salt agar, Eosin Methylene Blue agar and MacConkey agar plates and incubated at 370C for 24 hours. The isolates were then identified by Gram reactions and Biochemical tests and their susceptibility profiles against 8 commonly used antibiotics were determined. A total of 95 out of the 240 samples showed bacterial contamination and the prevalent isolates include: Escherichia coli 31 (32.6 %), Salmonella typhi 26 (27.4 %), Staphylococcus aureus 20 (21.1 %) and Bacillus subtilis 18 (18.9 %) respectively. There was no bacteria growth on the control samples. 52.3 % of the isolates were resistant strains. EC 1 isolate showed the highest susceptibility with an inhibitory zone diameter (IZD) of 25 mm against ciprofloxacin while on the whole, 26.6 % of the isolates were susceptible to all the antibiotics evaluated with 20.9 % showing intermediate susceptibility. This study showed that most of the circulating currency notes harbored one or more bacteria, especially the resistant strains which could pose a severe public health challenge

scholarly journals Bacteriological and Phytochemical Assessment of Ficus asperifolia Linn. Infusion

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Kolapo Ayoola Fasina ◽  
Titilayo O. Adesetan ◽  
Faithfulness Oseghale ◽  
Haneefat O. Egberongbe ◽  
O. O. Aghughu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heterotrophic Bacteria ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Microbiological Analysis ◽  
Determinative Bacteriology ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Plate Method ◽  
Plate Count Agar ◽  
Yoruba Language

Ficus asperifolia Linn. known as “Eepin” in Yoruba language, or sand paper tree, is a monoecious fig tree whose leaves, bark, seeds, and roots have been used locally in treating many infectious and noninfectious diseases. The study is aimed at investigating the bacteriological and phytochemical potential of Ficus asperifolia Linn. The roots of the plant were harvested and washed, and phytochemical analysis was carried out using standard analytical techniques. Infusion was aseptically prepared, and incubation for 24 hours and microbiological analysis were carried out using the pour plate method on Plate Count Agar (PCA) and Nutrient Agar (NA). Microorganisms were subcultured and identified using morphological and biochemical tests according to “Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology.” Phytochemical analysis of the fresh and dry roots revealed the presence of alkaloids, cardenolides, and saponins, while anthraquinones and tannins were absent. Total heterotrophic bacteria count on PCA was 5.6×105 CFU/ml, while on NA, it was 2.3×105 CFU/ml, and four classes of bacteria were isolated including Klebsiella sp., Escherichia coli, Proteus sp., and Bacillus sp. Although the presence of medicinal phytochemicals in F. asperifolia Linn. indicates strong potentials for its use in infusions, the presence of potential pathogens found in the infusions makes it unsafe for consumption.

Destruction de Microbacterium lacticum, Escherichia coli et Staphylococcus aureus au cours du séchage du lait par atomisation. I. Dénombrement sélectif des bactéries survivantes

1977 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 716-720
Author(s):  
A. Chopin ◽  
G. Mocquot ◽  
Y. Le Graet
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Spray Drying ◽  
Skim Milk ◽  
Resistant Mutant ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Mannitol Salt Agar ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Plate Count Agar ◽  
Plate Counts

In this paper a method which allows the measure of microbial death rate during spray-drying by means of a streptomycin-resistant mutant that can be grown on a streptomycin-containing agar is described. Plate counts of Microbacterium lacticum, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus recovered from skim milk powders were done on plate count agar in the presence and absence of streptomycin and on various selective media. The powders were produced from evaporated milk previously inoculated with those organisms.Our results showed that the proposed method allows the recovery of 78% of M. lacticum, 61% of E. coli, and 100% of S. aureus that survived spray-drying. Recoveries of surviving E. coli on violet bile agar and brilliant green bile 2% were 34% and 29% respectively. Baird-Parker and mannitol salt agar media allow the recovery of all surviving S. aureus, thus showing that S. aureus cells did not lose their ability to grow in media containing 7.5% NaCl. Our results show that physiological injury of the cells during spray-drying differs from injury due to heating only. [Traduit par le journal]

scholarly journals Methicillin-Resistant Coagulase Negative Staphylococci and Their Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern from Healthy Dogs and Their Owners from Kathmandu Valley

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 194
Author(s):  
Muna Khanal ◽  
Prabhu Raj Joshi ◽  
Saroj Paudel ◽  
Mahesh Acharya ◽  
Komal Raj Rijal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Sccmec Type ◽  
Meca Gene ◽  
Companion Animals ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Mannitol Salt Agar ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Dog Owners

This cross-sectional study was designed to identify information on the frequency, antimicrobial resistance and species diversity of methicillin-resistant coagulase negative staphylococci (MRCoNS) among pet dogs and humans within households. Fifty five nasal swabs each from dogs and their owners were collected. MRCoNS were identified based on gram staining, culture on mannitol salt agar, biochemical tests, and mecA gene amplification. The antibiotic susceptibility of the isolates was assessed by a disc diffusion test. Uniplex and multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were employed for the species identification of MRCoNS and SCCmec typing, respectively. Species were further confirmed by MALDI-TOF-MS. The prevalence of MRCoNS was 29% in dog owners and 23.6% in dogs. Four different species of MRCoNS, Staphylococci saprophyticus (48.3%), S. haemolyticus (24.1%), S. warneri (17.2%), and S. epidermidis (10.3%), were detected. Two isolates each from dog owners and dogs showed a constitutive resistance to macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B (cMLSB) resistance, eight isolates each from dogs and their owners showed a macrolide-streptogramin B (MSB) resistance, and only two isolates from dog owners revealed an inducible resistance to macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B (iMLSB) resistance. SCCmec types were SCCmec type IV (55.2%), SCCmec type V (24.1%), SCCmec III (10.3%), SCCmec II (3.4%); two isolates were non-typable. MRCoNS are prevalent and genetically diverse in companion animals and humans. Different species of MRCoNS were found in dogs and their owners.

scholarly journals Frequency of bacterial isolates and antibiotics resistance patterns in urine and pus samples.

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (11) ◽  
pp. 1571-1577
Author(s):  
Sajid Ali ◽  
Hina Khalid ◽  
Noor Muhammad ◽  
Syed Luqman Shuaib ◽  
Anees Muhammad
Keyword(s):  
Culture Media ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Urine Samples ◽  
Antibiotics Resistance ◽  
Klebsiella Pneumonia ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Profile

Objectives: The present study is aimed to determine frequency of bacteria in urine and pus sample along with the antibiotic resistance profile of isolated bacteria. Study Design: Cross-Sectional Study. Setting: Real-Time PCR Laboratory at Dabgari Garden, Peshawar with the Collaboration of Health Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan. Period: June 2018 to July 2019. Material & Methods: The urine and pus samples were collected from suspected patients and were cultured on appropriate culture media. The biochemical tests were also performed after growing on culture plates for identification and confirmation of bacterial isolates. The disc diffusion technique was used to evaluate the antibiotic pattern of retrieved isolates. Result: A total of 525 samples of pus and urine samples were collected from different regions of Peshawar. Out of the total, 237 (45.1%) samples were found positive for bacterial growth whereas the remaining (54.9%) were observed negative. Among total positive isolates, 220 (92.8%) were from urine samples, and 17 (7.2%) were from pus samples. The predominant isolate was Escherichia coli (E. coli) (90.3%) retrieved from positive samples, followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (7.2%), Klebsiella pneumonia (1.3%), and Staphylococcus aureus (1.3%). The most effective antibiotic was Fosfomycin against bacteria whereas Nalidixic acid, Nitrofurantoin, and Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid were found less effective against bacterial isolates. Conclusion: Most frequent bacteria isolated was E. coli and the most efficient drug was Fosmomycin and the least was Nitrofurantoin, and Amoxicillin.

Multitest System for Biochemical Identification of Salmonella, Escherichia coli, and Other Enterobacteriaceae Isolated from Foods: Collaborative Study

1988 ◽  
Vol 71 (5) ◽  
pp. 968-972
Author(s):  
Susan L Keelan ◽  
Russell S Flowers ◽  
Barbara J Robison
Keyword(s):  
Collaborative Study ◽  
Physiological Saline ◽  
Test System ◽  
The Other ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Plate Count Agar ◽  
Test Kit ◽  
Biochemical Identification

Abstract Nine laboratories evaluated the ability of the MICRO-ID test system to correctly identify members of the Enterobacteriaceae. A total of 78 isolates representing 11 genera of enterics that had been previously isolated from foods were used in the collaborative study. The collaborators streaked each isolate on plate count agar and incubated the plates overnight at 35°C to check purity of the isolates. Then they proceeded with the method in which an isolated colony is transferred to a plate count agar slant and is incubated 18-24 h at 35°C. Growth from the slant is emulsified in 3.5 mL physiological saline to a density comparable to a McFarland No. 2 tube and is then used to inoculate the test (MICRO-ID) strip. The strip is incubated 4 h at 35°C and the reactions are read and recorded. Isolates are identified by using an octal code and the test kit manual. The system correctly identified 98.8% of the Salmonella isolates, 97.7% of the E. coli isolates, and 84.6% of the other 9 enteric genera tested. The system has been approved interim official first action as an alternative to conventional biochemical tests (1) for presumptive generic identification of foodborne Salmonella and for screening and elimination of non-Salmonella isolates; (2) for identification of E. coli from foods; and (3) for presumptive generic identification of other Enterobacteriaceae isolated from foods.

scholarly journals The effect of Alcoholic plant (tribulus terrestris) extract on the bacteria isolated from genital tract of infertile cows in vitro

2013 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 172
Author(s):  
M.S. Qasem
Keyword(s):  
Genital Tract ◽  
Positive Culture ◽  
Tribulus Terrestris ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Bacterial Isolation ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Mannitol Salt Agar ◽  
Esherichia Coli ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility Test

Out of Two hundred swabs collected from genital tract of infertile cows during the period between7/1/2012 to 30/6-2012. Cultured on Blood agar, Nutrient agar, MacConkey agar and Mannitol salt agar. 195 swab represented (97.5%) give positive result and 5 swab (2.5%) give negative result. from the positive culture 78 isolated (39%) mixed bacterial infection. All bacteria isolates were identified by using different biochemical tests and API-20E, the single bacterial isolation in this study were Esherichia coli 41.8%, Staphylococcus aureus36.8%, Pseudomonas aeruginosa17%, Citrobacter braakii1.7%, Providencia rettergi1.7% and Shewanella putrefaciens 0.9%. In mixed bacterial isolation, the highest percentage was 53.8% Staphylococcus + Esherishia coli aureus and the lowest percentage was 1.3% Esherishia coli + Citrobacter braakii + Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antibiotic susceptibility test were carried out on bacterial isolates using 10 single antibiotic discs of commonly used drug, the test showed that most bacterial isolated resist for most antibiotics (Amikacin, Amoxicillin, Nalidix acid, (Amoxicillin and Clavulanic acid), Cefixime, Ceftriaxone, Tetracycline, Nitrofurantoin, Norfloxacin and Gentamycin) on the other hand observed sensitive for alcoholic plant tribulus terrestris extract (fruit) in different concentrations

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