scholarly journals Bacteriological and Phytochemical Assessment of Ficus asperifolia Linn. Infusion

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Kolapo Ayoola Fasina ◽  
Titilayo O. Adesetan ◽  
Faithfulness Oseghale ◽  
Haneefat O. Egberongbe ◽  
O. O. Aghughu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heterotrophic Bacteria ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Microbiological Analysis ◽  
Determinative Bacteriology ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Plate Method ◽  
Plate Count Agar ◽  
Yoruba Language

Ficus asperifolia Linn. known as “Eepin” in Yoruba language, or sand paper tree, is a monoecious fig tree whose leaves, bark, seeds, and roots have been used locally in treating many infectious and noninfectious diseases. The study is aimed at investigating the bacteriological and phytochemical potential of Ficus asperifolia Linn. The roots of the plant were harvested and washed, and phytochemical analysis was carried out using standard analytical techniques. Infusion was aseptically prepared, and incubation for 24 hours and microbiological analysis were carried out using the pour plate method on Plate Count Agar (PCA) and Nutrient Agar (NA). Microorganisms were subcultured and identified using morphological and biochemical tests according to “Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology.” Phytochemical analysis of the fresh and dry roots revealed the presence of alkaloids, cardenolides, and saponins, while anthraquinones and tannins were absent. Total heterotrophic bacteria count on PCA was 5.6×105 CFU/ml, while on NA, it was 2.3×105 CFU/ml, and four classes of bacteria were isolated including Klebsiella sp., Escherichia coli, Proteus sp., and Bacillus sp. Although the presence of medicinal phytochemicals in F. asperifolia Linn. indicates strong potentials for its use in infusions, the presence of potential pathogens found in the infusions makes it unsafe for consumption.

scholarly journals Degradation of Bacterial Water Quality in Drinking Water after Bottling

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 78-83
Author(s):  
Ali Shahryari ◽  
Charlotte D. Smith ◽  
Abolfazl Amini
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Heterotrophic Bacteria ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Bottled Water ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Storage Duration

Background: The consumption of bottled water globally, including Iran, has increased tremendously in recent years. This study was designed to assess the bacteriological quality of bottled water and its compliance with the drinking water regulations. In addition, we evaluated bottled waters for the presence of a variety of genera of bacteria and the effect of storage duration on the extent of bacterial contamination. Methods: Four hundred samples of bottled water belonging to ten different Iranian brands with various production dates were purchased from supermarkets in Gorgan, Iran, from 2017 to 2018. Bacterial quality of bottled water was assessed using heterotrophic plate count (HPC) followed by usual biochemical tests for identification of bacterial genera, and by the API system. Results: The average HPC of bottled water was 9974 colony-forming units per milliliter (CFU/ml). Twelve genera were isolated, among which Bacillus spp. and Escherichia coli were the most and least abundant, respectively. Statistical analysis showed that there was a positive association between water quality and storage duration so that the highest microbial load occurred within the first to third months after bottling. Furthermore, the highest rate of contamination was observed in May when ambient air temperatures commonly reached 40 °C. Conclusion: The bacterial quality of bottled water was not according to the standard of drinking water quality. This study demonstrated the variation in bacterial levels after bottling, which indicates the presence of waterborne heterotrophic bacteria, some of which can pose severe health risks to consumers.

scholarly journals Multiregional Evaluation of the SimPlate Heterotrophic Plate Count Method Compared to the Standard Plate Count Agar Pour Plate Method in Water

2000 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 453-454 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Wayne Jackson ◽  
Karen Osborne ◽  
Gary Barnes ◽  
Carol Jolliff ◽  
Dianna Zamani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Heterotrophic Plate Count ◽  
Plate Method ◽  
Standard Plate Count ◽  
Plate Count Agar ◽  
Count Method ◽  
Standard Plate ◽  
Plate Count Method

ABSTRACT A new SimPlate heterotrophic plate count (HPC) method (IDEXX Laboratories, Westbrook, Maine) was compared with the pour plate method at 35°C for 48 h. Six laboratories tested a total of 632 water samples. The SimPlate HPC method was found to be equivalent to the pour plate method by regression analysis (r = 0.95;y = 0.99X + 0.06).

Effect of Stored Pre-Poured Plates on Microbial Enumeration Using the Surface Plate Method1

1980 ◽  
Vol 43 (8) ◽  
pp. 592-594 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. KENNEDY ◽  
P. E. PHILLIPS ◽  
J. L. OBLINGER
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Storage Period ◽  
Regression Coefficients ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Plate Method ◽  
Plate Count Agar ◽  
Plastic Bags ◽  
Plate Counts ◽  
Microbial Enumeration ◽  
Surface Plate

The surface plate method, using freshly pre-poured agar plates and/or stored pre-poured plates and the pour plate method were compared for enumeration of microorganisms in fresh bologna, fresh ground beef, frozen turkey pot pie and bacterial suspensions of Pseudomonas fluorescens and Streptococcus faecalis. Stored pre-poured Plate Count Agar (PCA) plates were packaged in plastic bags and held at 5 C for up to 6 weeks before use. Aerobic plate counts were derived from plates incubated at 35 C for 48 h, 20 C for 5 days and 7 C for 10 days. Differences in counts between methods for a given sample, incubation and pre-poured plate storage period were less than 0.5 log cycle in 97% of the comparisons. Regression and correlation coefficients between methods were highly significant; correlation coefficients varied from 0.987 to 0.999, and regression coefficients from 0.977 to 1.068 between any pair of methods. Storage of pre-poured plates for up to 6 weeks appeared to have no significant effect on recovery of microorganisms, using the surface plate technique.

scholarly journals Bacterial Contaminants and Antibiogram of Ghana Paper Currency Notes in Circulation and Their Associated Health Risks in Asante-Mampong, Ghana

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Denis Dekugmen Yar
Keyword(s):  
Plate Count ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Mannitol Salt Agar ◽  
Plate Count Agar ◽  
Bacterial Contaminants ◽  
Paper Currency ◽  
Commercial Drivers ◽  
Cross Sectional Design

Transmission of pathogens through currency notes has become very relevant in today’s world due to COVID-19 pandemic. This study profiled microbial flora and their antibiotic activities from Ghana paper currency (GH¢) notes in circulation in Mampong Municipal of Ashanti Region, Ghana. The study employed a cross-sectional design to assess bacterial contaminants and their antibiotic activities from January to May 2019. A total of 70 GH¢ notes consisting of 15 each of GH¢1, GH¢2, and GH¢5; 10 each of GH¢10 and GH¢20; and 5 of GH¢50 were randomly sampled from persons at different shops, canteens, and commercial drivers. The surfaces of each GH¢ note were gently swabbed, and tenfold serial dilutions made were inoculated on plate count agar (PCA), MacConkey agar, mannitol salt agar, and deoxycholate citrate agar. The study used appropriate laboratory and biochemical tests for bacterial identification. SPSS-IBM version 16.0 was used to analyze the data. Of the 70 GH¢ notes studied, 97.1% were contaminated with one or more bacterial isolates. Mean counts on PCA ranged between 3.2 cfu/ml × 105 and 4.7 cfu/ml × 105 on GH¢ notes. Of 124 bacteria isolated, 34 (27.4%), 30 (24.2%), 22 (17.7%), 17 (13.7%), 13 (10.5%), and 8 (6.5%) were from GH¢1, GH¢2, GH¢10, GH¢5, GH¢20, and GH¢50, respectively (p<0.05). Bacterial isolates were Escherichia coli (28.23%), Staphylococcus aureus (16.94%), coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (16.13%), Klebsiella species (11.29%), Salmonella species (9.68%), Shigella species (8.87%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (5.65%), and Proteus species (3.23%). GH¢ notes had 25.81%, 20.16%, 19.35%, 17.74%, and 16.94% from meat shops, commercial drivers, canteens, grocery shops, and vegetable shops, respectively. All bacteria were 100% resistant to erythromycin, 87.5% to tetracycline, chloramphenicol, and cotrimoxazole, 75% to vancomycin, while 87.50% sensitive to amikacin. The GH¢ notes were heavily colonized with potential pathogens, which are resistant to most commonly used antibiotics and could pose a health threat to users during commercial transactions.

scholarly journals The Optimum Duration of Flushing Dental Unit Waterlines for Microbial Removal

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-23
Author(s):  
John Chong Keat Hon ◽  
Siti Noor Adnalizawati Adnan ◽  
Nur Aqilah Ismail
Keyword(s):  
Heterotrophic Bacteria ◽  
Dental Treatment ◽  
Oral Surgery ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Optimum Duration ◽  
Plate Count Agar ◽  
Dental Clinics ◽  
Number Of Microorganisms ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Dental Unit Waterlines

This study aims to evaluate the optimum duration of flushing dental unit waterlines (DUWLs) in Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia (USIM) dental polyclinics for removal of heterotrophic bacteria. Water samples were obtained from triple air syringes at each dental chair from oral surgery clinic, outpatient clinic and polyclinic 17 at Faculty of Dentistry, USIM after 16 and 64 hours of not operating the dental units as baseline samples. This is followed by sampling after continuous flushing at 30 seconds, 1 minute, 2 minutes and 3 minutes of flushing duration. The levels of heterotrophic plate count (HPC) for each flushing duration were determined by quantification of colony forming units (CFUs) after cultivation of samples on plate count agar (PCA), R2A agar and 5% sheep blood agar (SBA). Statistically, there was no significant reduction in CFUs of HPC for all flushing duration compared to baseline (P > 0.05) with the most notable HPC reducing level after 1 minute and 3 minutes of flushing DUWLs. However, HPC level at USIM dental clinics is still exceeding the recommendation by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) which should be less than 500 CFU/mL. The existing method of controlling DUWLs contamination in USIM dental clinics is only by flushing DUWLs 1 minute every morning prior to dental treatment as recommended by Malaysian Dental Council (MDC) without the use of chemical germicides. Thus, the flushing method alone is not reliable to reduce the number of microorganisms in the DUWLs.

Comparison of Methods for Determining Coliform and Escherichia coli Levels in Apple Cider†

1997 ◽  
Vol 60 (11) ◽  
pp. 1302-1305 ◽  
Author(s):  
TODD M. SILK ◽  
ELLIOT T. RYSER ◽  
CATHERINE W. DONNELLY
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Heterotrophic Bacteria ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Low Ph ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Apple Cider ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Plate Count Agar ◽  
Positive Results

The main objective of this research was to determine the easiest and most reliable media for enumerating coliform bacteria and Escherichia coli levels in apple cider. During the autumn of 1994 a total of 59 apple cider samples were collected directly from 12 cider producers and were assessed for bacterial levels and pH. Plate count agar was used to determine heterotrophic bacteria levels. Coliform levels were determined using three different media: violet red bile agar (VRBA), Petrifilm High Sensitivity Coliform Count Plates (PHSCCP), and Trypticase soy agar with a VRBA overlay (TSA/VRBA) for attempted recovery of coliforms injured by the low pH of the apple cider. Eosin methylene blue agar (EMBA) and Petrifilm E. coli Count Plates were used to screen cider samples for E. coli. Apple cider had an average pH of 3.34 ± 0.08. Heterotrophic bacterial levels ranged from 2.30 to 7.11 log CFU/ml. All cider samples contained coliform bacteria with levels varying greatly; on the different media, we found the following: on VRBA, &lt;1.00 to 4.37 log CFU/ml; on TSA/VRBA, 1.20 to 4.40 log CFU/ml; and on PHSCCP, &lt; 1.00 to 4.56 log CFU/ml. Coliform levels were most easily determined in apple cider by using PHSCCP. However TSA/VRBA proved to be more reliable; coliform detection was significantly (P &lt; 0.05) increased. EMBA was ineffective for screening apple cider for E. coli, with the low pH of the cider producing many false-positive results. E. coli was only recovered by using Petrifilm E. coli Count Plates with one of the 59 samples positive for E. coli (non-O157:H7) at a level of 10 CFU/ml.

Multitest System for Biochemical Identification of Salmonella, Escherichia coli, and Other Enterobacteriaceae Isolated from Foods: Collaborative Study

1988 ◽  
Vol 71 (5) ◽  
pp. 968-972
Author(s):  
Susan L Keelan ◽  
Russell S Flowers ◽  
Barbara J Robison
Keyword(s):  
Collaborative Study ◽  
Physiological Saline ◽  
Test System ◽  
The Other ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Plate Count Agar ◽  
Test Kit ◽  
Biochemical Identification

Abstract Nine laboratories evaluated the ability of the MICRO-ID test system to correctly identify members of the Enterobacteriaceae. A total of 78 isolates representing 11 genera of enterics that had been previously isolated from foods were used in the collaborative study. The collaborators streaked each isolate on plate count agar and incubated the plates overnight at 35°C to check purity of the isolates. Then they proceeded with the method in which an isolated colony is transferred to a plate count agar slant and is incubated 18-24 h at 35°C. Growth from the slant is emulsified in 3.5 mL physiological saline to a density comparable to a McFarland No. 2 tube and is then used to inoculate the test (MICRO-ID) strip. The strip is incubated 4 h at 35°C and the reactions are read and recorded. Isolates are identified by using an octal code and the test kit manual. The system correctly identified 98.8% of the Salmonella isolates, 97.7% of the E. coli isolates, and 84.6% of the other 9 enteric genera tested. The system has been approved interim official first action as an alternative to conventional biochemical tests (1) for presumptive generic identification of foodborne Salmonella and for screening and elimination of non-Salmonella isolates; (2) for identification of E. coli from foods; and (3) for presumptive generic identification of other Enterobacteriaceae isolated from foods.

Improved detection of acid mine water stressed coliform bacteria on media containing catalase and sodium pyruvate

1990 ◽  
Vol 36 (8) ◽  
pp. 544-550 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph P. Calabrese ◽  
Gary K. Bissonnette
Keyword(s):  
Mine Water ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Heterotrophic Bacteria ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Acid Mine Water ◽  
Sodium Pyruvate ◽  
Acid Mine ◽  
Plate Count Agar

Pure culture suspensions of two strains of exponential and stationary phase Escherichia coli exhibited significant reductions in catalase activity following exposure to acid mine water (AMW). The exogenous addition of catalase (500–2000 U) or sodium pyruvate (0.05–5%) to a nonselective recovery medium resulted in enhanced detection (12- to 465-fold) of AMW-stressed E. coli as compared with recovery on the medium lacking these supplements, whereas addition of 3,3′-thiodipropionic acid failed to improve recovery. Additional in vitro experiments utilizing selective M-FC, mT7, and M-Endo media containing 1000 U catalase or 1.0% pyruvate similarly resulted in improved detection of AMW-stressed cells, with the exception of M-Endo containing pyruvate. Appropriately modified media were then used to analyze an AMW-impacted stream by the membrane filtration technique. Addition of catalase, pyruvate, or a combination of both significantly improved recovery of fecal and total coliforms without promoting growth of noncoliforms. Supplementation of plate count agar with pyruvate and (or) catalase enhanced detection of total heterotrophs. These findings suggest that addition of catalase or pyruvate to standard recovery media may improve detection of coliform and total heterotrophic bacteria in AMW-impacted waters. Key words: acid mine water, coliforms, stress.

An estuarine agar medium for enumeration of aerobic heterotrophic bacteria associated with water, sediment, and shellfish

1980 ◽  
Vol 26 (11) ◽  
pp. 1366-1369 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald M. Weiner ◽  
David Hussong ◽  
Rita R. Colwell
Keyword(s):  
Yeast Extract ◽  
Heterotrophic Bacteria ◽  
Agar Medium ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Bacterial Populations ◽  
Standard Plate Count ◽  
Plate Count Agar ◽  
Standard Plate ◽  
Plate Counts ◽  
Yeast Extract Agar

A plate count agar was formulated for use in bacteriological analysis of estuarine samples and was tested together with standard plate count agar and an estuarine salts yeast extract agar for growth of aerobic, heterotrophic bacteria in water, sediment, and oysters. The estuarine agar was found to be efficient for enumerating aerobic, heterotrophic bacterial populations of water, sediment, and oysters, and is recommended for plate counts of estuarine samples.

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