scholarly journals An Unusual Case of Campylobacter jejuni Gastroenteritis Presenting with Acute Reversible Encephalopathy in an Immunocompetent Host

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Irma Huayanay ◽  
Leonardo Pozo ◽  
Salman Bangash ◽  
Denisse Ramirez ◽  
Luis Rosas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Campylobacter Jejuni ◽  
Unusual Case ◽  
Clinical Presentation ◽  
Neurological Complications ◽  
Immunocompetent Patient ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Acute Encephalopathy ◽  
Guillain Barré ◽  
Reversible Encephalopathy ◽  
The Brain

Campylobacter jejuni gastroenteritis is the most frequent organism associated with acute infectious diarrhea worldwide. The clinical presentation involves fever, diarrhea, rigors, and myalgias. Other extraintestinal symptoms that have been described involve delirium and other neurological complications, and the most well-known is Guillain-Barré, where there is cross-reactivity between the gastrointestinal tract and the brain. Despite previously described multiple neurological complications, there is a lack of clinical data on the association of Campylobacter-related gastroenteritis with acute encephalopathy in immunocompetent patients. The type of population, immunocompetent stage, and unfamiliarity with the clinical presentation makes this a challenging diagnosis for clinicians. We report a case of Campylobacter gastroenteritis associated with acute encephalopathy in an immunocompetent patient.

scholarly journals Brainstem abscess treated conservatively

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 205
Author(s):  
Camila Furtado Leao ◽  
Maira Piani Couto ◽  
Jose Antonio Santos de Lima ◽  
Eric Homero Albuquerque Paschoal ◽  
Jose Reginaldo Nascimento Brito
Keyword(s):  
Unusual Case ◽  
Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Rare Condition ◽  
Neurological Status ◽  
Positive Outcome ◽  
Lesion Size ◽  
Immunocompetent Patient ◽  
Upper Eyelid ◽  
Upper Eyelid Ptosis ◽  
The Brain

Background: Brainstem abscess is a rare condition with a variety of treatment approaches. In this paper, we report an unusual case of a brainstem abscess with a positive outcome in an immunocompetent patient who was treated with antibiotic therapy. Case Description: A 22-year-old female presented with bilateral tetraparesis that was worse on the left hemibody, appendicular tremor, and left upper eyelid ptosis. Brain magnetic resonance imaging showed an abscess in the pons and midbrain due to possible nocardiosis. She was treated with dexamethasone, phenytoin, vancomycin, and meropenem for 8 weeks and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for 6 weeks. The brain injury decreased, and the patient’s neurological status significantly improved. Conclusion: Brainstem abscess may be treated conservatively, leading to improvement of the clinical condition and decreased lesion size on imaging.

scholarly journals An unusual presentation of sphenoid Candida fungal ball: a case report

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Geng Ju Tuang ◽  
Farah Dayana Zahedi ◽  
Izzah Akashah ◽  
Jennifer Peak Hui Lee ◽  
Zainal Azmi Zainal Abidin
Keyword(s):  
Case Report ◽  
Unusual Case ◽  
Clinical Presentation ◽  
Immune Status ◽  
Immunocompetent Patient ◽  
Unusual Presentation ◽  
Orbital Apex ◽  
Orbital Apex Syndrome ◽  
Fungal Ball ◽  
Life Threatening

Abstract The clinical presentation of a sphenoid fungal ball (FB) is often non-specific and tends to be overlooked, particularly in hosts with an intact immune status. Rarely, potentially life-threatening complications may arise, owning its anatomical characteristics with contiguous structures. Herein, we present an unusual case of sphenoid FB complicated with orbital apex syndrome in an immunocompetent patient. The diagnosis dilemma and subsequent management are further discussed.

scholarly journals Peculiar Presentation of COVID-19: A Case Report of Concurrent Stroke and Guillain–Barré Syndrome

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Behnaz Ansari ◽  
Helia Hemasian
Keyword(s):  
Case Report ◽  
Respiratory Distress ◽  
Unusual Case ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Neurological Complications ◽  
Guillain Barre Syndrome ◽  
Nasopharyngeal Swab ◽  
Guillain Barré Syndrome ◽  
Guillain Barré ◽  
Chest Ct Scan

Background. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a newly recognized infectious disease that has turned into a pandemic. There are few studies reporting Guillain–Barré syndrome (GBS) and stroke separately associated with COVID-19. In this study, we report an unusual case of COVID-19 with stroke and GBS concurrently. Case Report. A 59-year-old woman presented with left-sided weakness of two weeks’ duration followed by right-sided weakness and foot paresthesia. She also complained of cough, myalgia, and respiratory distress of three weeks’ duration. On examination, the patient had respiratory distress. The limb examination revealed asymmetric weakness. All limb reflexes were absent. Pinprick sensation was impaired. The chest CT scan and PCR of nasopharyngeal swab confirmed the diagnosis of COVID-19. Further evaluation revealed acute cerebral infarction and GBS. Consequently, the patient was treated by plasmapheresis, and her symptoms partially improved. Conclusion. According to reports, 36.4% of COVID-19 cases display neurological complications. The neurological manifestations of the disease can involve both the central and peripheral nervous systems. Previously, a few cases of GBS and cerebrovascular disease have been reported in association with COVID-19 separately, while in the present case, CNS and PNS involvement occurred concurrently. It is hypothesized that this concurrence is related to the imbalance of the systemic inflammatory responses and blood vessel autonomous dysfunction.

scholarly journals Cerebrospinal fluid confirmed COVID-19-associated encephalitis treated successfully

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. e237378 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasmine Mohamed Kamal ◽  
Yasmin Abdelmajid ◽  
Abubaker Abdul Rahman Al Madani
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Respiratory Symptoms ◽  
Medical Literature ◽  
Clinical Presentation ◽  
Early Recognition ◽  
Neurological Complications ◽  
Red Flags ◽  
Cerebrospinal Fluid Analysis ◽  
Fluid Analysis ◽  
The Brain

The COVID-19 pandemic that attracted global attention in December 2019 is well known for its clinical picture that is consistent with respiratory symptoms. Currently, the available medical literature describing the neurological complications of COVID-19 is gradually emerging. We hereby describe a case of a 31-year-old COVID-19-positive patient who was admitted on emergency basis. His clinical presentation was primarily neurological, rather than the COVID-19’s classical respiratory manifestations. He presented with acute behavioural changes, severe confusion and drowsiness. The cerebrospinal fluid analysis was consistent with COVID-19 encephalitis, as well as the brain imaging. This experience confirms that neurological manifestations might be expected in COVID-19 infections, despite the absence of significant respiratory symptoms. Whenever certain red flags are raised, physicians who are involved in the management of COVID-19 should promptly consider the possibility of encephalitis. Early recognition of COVID-19 encephalitis and timely management may lead to a better outcome.

scholarly journals Reversible Encepahlopathy Induced by Ifosfamide with Brain Imaging

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 2333794X2110304
Author(s):  
Daoud Ali Mohamed ◽  
Arthur Semedo ◽  
Boris Adeyemi ◽  
Leila Hessissen ◽  
Maria El Kababri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Imaging ◽  
Brain Damage ◽  
Neurological Complications ◽  
Late Complications ◽  
Acute Encephalopathy ◽  
Peripheral Neurotoxicity ◽  
Reversible Encephalopathy

Chemotherapy may be responsible for central and/or peripheral neurotoxicity. These neurological complications are frequent but little known. Some molecules are more providers, responsible for acute or late complications, sometimes not reversible. Some manifestations such as acute encephalopathy and acute reversible encephalopathy are increasingly understood. We report here a case of acute ifosfamide-induced encephalopathy (EII) with brain damage resolved after discontinuation of this treatment in a 13-years-old child.

Neurological Complications in Patients with Heart Transplantation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amra Sakusic ◽  
Alejandro A. Rabinstein
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Heart Transplantation ◽  
Clinical Presentation ◽  
Early Recognition ◽  
Neurological Complications ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Cns Infections ◽  
Cerebrovascular Events ◽  
Immunosuppressive Medications ◽  
Reversible Encephalopathy

AbstractNeurological complications after heart transplantation are common and include cerebrovascular events (ischemic strokes, hemorrhagic strokes, and transient ischemic attacks), seizures, encephalopathy, central nervous system (CNS) infections, malignancies, and peripheral nervous system complications. Although most neurological complications are transient, strokes and CNS infections can result in high mortality and morbidity. Early recognition and timely management of these serious complications are crucial to improve survival and recovery. Diagnosing CNS infections can be challenging because their clinical presentation can be subtle in the setting of immunosuppression. Immunosuppressive medications themselves can cause a broad spectrum of neurological complications including seizures and posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome. This article provides a review of the diagnosis and management of neurological complications after cardiac transplantation.

Campylobacter coli bacteraemia: how common is it?

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. e236634
Author(s):  
Sindhura Pisipati ◽  
Adnan Zafar ◽  
Yousaf Zafar
Keyword(s):  
Liver Cirrhosis ◽  
Campylobacter Jejuni ◽  
Unusual Case ◽  
Campylobacter Coli ◽  
Decompensated Liver Cirrhosis ◽  
The Past

Campylobacter species are known to cause enteritis. However, over the past 40–50 years, there have been reports of varying presentations, such as cellulitis, spondylodiscitis and bacteraemia. Of the Campylobacter species, Campylobacter jejuni is the most common culprit for causing bacteraemia, however, Campylobacter coli bacteraemia is becoming more prevalent. Here, we discuss an unusual case of C. coli bacteraemia in a patient with decompensated liver cirrhosis.

scholarly journals Mechanisms of Neurodegeneration in Various Forms of Parkinsonism—Similarities and Differences

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 656
Author(s):  
Dariusz Koziorowski ◽  
Monika Figura ◽  
Łukasz M. Milanowski ◽  
Stanisław Szlufik ◽  
Piotr Alster ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Tau Protein ◽  
Protein Gene ◽  
Clinical Presentation ◽  
Neuronal Loss ◽  
Corticobasal Degeneration ◽  
Inflammatory Factors ◽  
Parkinsonian Disorders ◽  
Genetic Features ◽  
The Brain

Parkinson's disease (PD), dementia with Lewy body (DLB), progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), corticobasal degeneration (CBD) and multiple system atrophy (MSA) belong to a group of neurodegenerative diseases called parkinsonian syndromes. They share several clinical, neuropathological and genetic features. Neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by the progressive dysfunction of specific populations of neurons, determining clinical presentation. Neuronal loss is associated with extra- and intracellular accumulation of misfolded proteins. The parkinsonian diseases affect distinct areas of the brain. PD and MSA belong to a group of synucleinopathies that are characterized by the presence of fibrillary aggregates of α-synuclein protein in the cytoplasm of selected populations of neurons and glial cells. PSP is a tauopathy associated with the pathological aggregation of the microtubule associated tau protein. Although PD is common in the world's aging population and has been extensively studied, the exact mechanisms of the neurodegeneration are still not fully understood. Growing evidence indicates that parkinsonian disorders to some extent share a genetic background, with two key components identified so far: the microtubule associated tau protein gene (MAPT) and the α-synuclein gene (SNCA). The main pathways of parkinsonian neurodegeneration described in the literature are the protein and mitochondrial pathways. The factors that lead to neurodegeneration are primarily environmental toxins, inflammatory factors, oxidative stress and traumatic brain injury.

scholarly journals SARS-CoV-2: is there neuroinvasion?

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Conor McQuaid ◽  
Molly Brady ◽  
Rashid Deane
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Distress ◽  
Vascular Dysfunction ◽  
Multiorgan Failure ◽  
Neurological Complications ◽  
Wide Distribution ◽  
The Body ◽  
Health Conditions ◽  
Main Body ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Background SARS-CoV-2, a coronavirus (CoV), is known to cause acute respiratory distress syndrome, and a number of non-respiratory complications, particularly in older male patients with prior health conditions, such as obesity, diabetes and hypertension. These prior health conditions are associated with vascular dysfunction, and the CoV disease 2019 (COVID-19) complications include multiorgan failure and neurological problems. While the main route of entry into the body is inhalation, this virus has been found in many tissues, including the choroid plexus and meningeal vessels, and in neurons and CSF. Main body We reviewed SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19, ACE2 distribution and beneficial effects, the CNS vascular barriers, possible mechanisms by which the virus enters the brain, outlined prior health conditions (obesity, hypertension and diabetes), neurological COVID-19 manifestation and the aging cerebrovascualture. The overall aim is to provide the general reader with a breadth of information on this type of virus and the wide distribution of its main receptor so as to better understand the significance of neurological complications, uniqueness of the brain, and the pre-existing medical conditions that affect brain. The main issue is that there is no sound evidence for large flux of SARS-CoV-2 into brain, at present, compared to its invasion of the inhalation pathways. Conclusions While SARS-CoV-2 is detected in brains from severely infected patients, it is unclear on how it gets there. There is no sound evidence of SARS-CoV-2 flux into brain to significantly contribute to the overall outcomes once the respiratory system is invaded by the virus. The consensus, based on the normal route of infection and presence of SARS-CoV-2 in severely infected patients, is that the olfactory mucosa is a possible route into brain. Studies are needed to demonstrate flux of SARS-CoV-2 into brain, and its replication in the parenchyma to demonstrate neuroinvasion. It is possible that the neurological manifestations of COVID-19 are a consequence of mainly cardio-respiratory distress and multiorgan failure. Understanding potential SARS-CoV-2 neuroinvasion pathways could help to better define the non-respiratory neurological manifestation of COVID-19.

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