scholarly journals Aerobic Training Modulates the Increase in Plasma Concentrations of Cytokines in response to a Session of Exercise

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Tatiana Ramos Fonseca ◽  
Thiago Teixeira Mendes ◽  
Guilherme Passos Ramos ◽  
Christian Emmanuel Torres Cabido ◽  
Rodrigo Figueiredo Morandi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Function ◽  
Acute Exercise ◽  
Aerobic Training ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Absolute Intensity ◽  
Relative Exercise Intensity ◽  
Single Bout ◽  
Exercise Induced ◽  
Acute Physical Exercise

Acute physical exercise can modulate immune function. For example, acute exercise is known to increase the circulating concentration of cytokines. Exercise is also known to modulate immune function chronically. It is not known whether exercise training can result in training of the immune system. Here, we investigated the effects of six weeks of aerobic training on cytokine responses induced by acute exercise until fatigue. Twelve healthy men performed a fatiguing exercise at the anaerobic threshold (AT) intensity. After the training period, the participants performed another bout of acute exercise at the same duration and intensity of the pretraining situation. The analysis was made at the beginning, end, and at 10, 30, and 60 minutes during the recovery period. Training at AT induced a gain of 11.2% of exercise capacity. Before training, a single bout of acute exercise induced a significant increase in plasma levels of cytokines, including IL-6, TNF-α, sTNFR1, IL-10, CXCL10, BDNF, leptin, resistin, and adiponectin. After six weeks of aerobic training, levels of IL-6, sTNFR1, BDNF, and leptin increased to a lesser extent after an acute bout exercise at the same absolute intensity as the pretraining period. Responses to the same relative exercise intensity were similar to those observed before exercise. These results show that aerobic training is associated with training of acute immune responses to acute exercise until fatigue.

scholarly journals Resistance training reduces the acute exercise-induced increase in muscle protein turnover

1999 ◽  
Vol 276 (1) ◽  
pp. E118-E124 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. Phillips ◽  
K. D. Tipton ◽  
A. A. Ferrando ◽  
R. R. Wolfe
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Training ◽  
Resistance Exercise ◽  
Acute Exercise ◽  
Muscle Protein ◽  
Exercise Bout ◽  
Muscle Contractions ◽  
Breakdown Rates ◽  
Single Bout ◽  
Fractional Synthesis ◽  
Exercise Induced

We examined the effect of resistance training on the response of mixed muscle protein fractional synthesis (FSR) and breakdown rates (FBR) by use of primed constant infusions of [2H5]phenylalanine and [15N]phenylalanine, respectively, to an isolated bout of pleiometric resistance exercise. Trained subjects, who were performing regular resistance exercise (trained, T; n = 6), were compared with sedentary, untrained controls (untrained, UT; n = 6). The exercise test consisted of 10 sets (8 repetitions per set) of single-leg knee flexion (i.e., pleiometric muscle contraction during lowering) at 120% of the subjects’ predetermined single-leg 1 repetition maximum. Subjects exercised one leg while their contralateral leg acted as a nonexercised (resting) control. Exercise resulted in an increase, above resting, in mixed muscle FSR in both groups (UT: rest, 0.036 ± 0.002; exercise, 0.0802 ± 0.01; T: rest, 0.045 ± 0.004; exercise, 0.067 ± 0.01; all values in %/h; P< 0.01). In addition, exercise resulted in an increase in mixed muscle FBR of 37 ± 5% (rest, 0.076 ± 0.005; exercise, 0.105 ± 0.01; all values in %/h; P < 0.01) in the UT group but did not significantly affect FBR in the T group. The resulting muscle net balance (FSR − FBR) was negative throughout the protocol ( P < 0.05) but was increased in the exercised leg in both groups ( P < 0.05). We conclude that pleiometric muscle contractions induce an increase in mixed muscle protein synthetic rate within 4 h of completion of an exercise bout but that resistance training attenuates this increase. A single bout of pleiometric muscle contractions also increased the FBR of mixed muscle protein in UT but not in T subjects.

Effects of acute exercise on the gluconeogenic capacity of periportal and perivenous hepatocytes

2001 ◽  
Vol 91 (3) ◽  
pp. 1099-1104 ◽  
Author(s):  
François Désy ◽  
Yan Burelle ◽  
Patrice Bélanger ◽  
Marielle Gascon-Barré ◽  
Jean-Marc Lavoie
Keyword(s):  
Incubation Medium ◽  
Acute Exercise ◽  
Metabolic Response ◽  
Liver Perfusion ◽  
Glucose Production ◽  
Selective Destruction ◽  
Single Bout ◽  
Lactate And Pyruvate ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Exercise Induced

The present study was conducted to examine the effect of a single bout of exercise (rodent treadmill, 60 min at 26 m/min, 0% grade) on the gluconeogenic activity of periportal hepatocytes (PP-H) and perivenous hepatocytes (PV-H) in fasted (18 h) rats. Isolated PP-H and PV-H, obtained by selective destruction following liver perfusion with digitonin and collagenase, were incubated with saturating concentrations of alanine (Ala; 20 mM) or a mixture of lactate and pyruvate (Lac+Pyr; 20:2 mM) to determine the glucose production flux ( J glucose) in the incubation medium. Results show that, in the resting conditions, J glucose from all exogenous substrates was significantly higher ( P < 0.01) in PP-H than in PV-H. Exercise, compared with rest, resulted in a higher J glucose ( P < 0.01) from Lac+Pyr substrate in the PV-H but not in the PP-H, resulting in the disappearance of the difference in J glucosebetween PP-H and PV-H. Exercise, compared with rest, led to a higher J glucose ( P < 0.01) from Ala substrate in both PP-H and PV-H. However, the exercise-induced increase in J glucose (gluconeogenic activity) from Ala substrate was higher in PV-H than in PP-H, resulting, as from Lac+Pyr substrate, in the disappearance ( P > 0.05) of the difference of J glucose between PP-H and PV-H. It is concluded that exercise differentially stimulates the gluconeogenic activity of PV-H to a larger extent than PP-H, indicative of a heterogenous metabolic response of hepatocytes to exercise.

Rat skeletal muscle hexokinase II mRNA and activity are increased by a single bout of acute exercise

1994 ◽  
Vol 266 (2) ◽  
pp. E171-E178 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. O'Doherty ◽  
D. P. Bracy ◽  
H. Osawa ◽  
D. H. Wasserman ◽  
D. K. Granner
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Acute Exercise ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Exhaustive Exercise ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Hexokinase Ii ◽  
Glut 4 ◽  
Heat Stable ◽  
Single Bout

This study addresses the potential role of skeletal muscle hexokinase (HK) II in the regulation of glucose uptake and metabolism in vivo. Male rats undertook a single bout of treadmill exercise and were then killed immediately or after a predetermined recovery period. Three muscles [soleus (Sol), gastrocnemius/plantaris (Gc), and white vastus] were excised, and HK II mRNA, GLUT-4 mRNA, total HK (HK I and HK II) and heat-stable HK (predominantly HK I) activities were assessed. Three hours after the cessation of a single bout of exhaustive exercise, HK II mRNA was significantly increased in all three muscles. Ninety or thirty minutes of exercise, with a 3-h recovery, increased Gc HK II mRNA to the same extent as exhaustive exercise, but 15 min of exercise had no effect. Gc HK II mRNA continued to increase up to 8 h after the cessation of 90 min of exercise but returned to basal by 24 h postexercise. In contrast to HK II mRNA, Gc GLUT-4 mRNA was unchanged at 0, 3, 8, and 24 h after the cessation of 90 min of exercise. Total HK activity was significantly increased in Sol and Gc, 8 and 24 h after the cessation of 90 min of exercise. Heat-stable HK activity was unchanged in all three muscles. The increase in total HK activity, inferred to be an increase of HK II, may be important in the persistence of the postexercise increase in insulin action.

Physical Activity, Exercise, and the Immune System: Three Lines of Research That Have Driven the Field

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 118-125
Author(s):  
Jeffrey A. Woods ◽  
Brandt D. Pence
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Function ◽  
Acute Exercise ◽  
Prolonged Exercise ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Moderate Intensity Exercise ◽  
Exercise Immunology ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Exercise Induced

Exercise immunology is a relatively new discipline in the exercise sciences that seeks to understand how exercise affects the immune system and susceptibility to infectious and chronic diseases. This brief review will focus on three major observations that have driven the field to date including: (1) acute exercise-induced leukocytosis, (2) the observation that intense, prolonged exercise results in upper respiratory tract symptoms, and (3) the paradoxical effect of acute and chronic exercise on inflammation. This framework will be used to examine the mechanisms and implications behind these seminal observations. Data generally support the conclusion that moderate intensity exercise enhances immune function, whereas prolonged, intense exercise diminishes immune function.

scholarly journals Acute exercise impacts AhR and PD-1 levels of CD8+ T-cells—Exploratory results from a randomized cross-over trial comparing endurance versus resistance exercise

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Schenk ◽  
Niklas Joisten ◽  
David Walzik ◽  
Christina Koliamitra ◽  
Daria Schoser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Resistance Exercise ◽  
Acute Exercise ◽  
Cell Populations ◽  
Aryl Hydrocarbon ◽  
Promising Target ◽  
Single Bout ◽  
Acute Physical Exercise ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Purpose The programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) has become a promising target in cancer immunotherapy. PD-1 expression of CD8+ T-cells may be increased via the exploitation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) signaling with kynurenine (KYN) as a ligand. Since exercise affects KYN metabolism, we exploratory investigated the influence of acute exercise bouts on AhR and PD-1 levels of CD8+ T-cells. Method In this study, 24 healthy males (age: 24.6 ± 3.9 years; weight 83.9 ± 10.5 kg; height: 182.4 ± 6.2 cm) completed a single bout of endurance (EE) and resistance exercise (RE) in a randomly assigned order on separate days. Blood samples were drawn before (t0), after (t1), and 1 h after (t2) both conditions. T-cell populations, the level of cytoplasmic AhR, and surface PD-1 were assessed by flow cytometry. Results T-cell populations changed over time, indicated by an increase in the absolute numbers of CD3+ lymphocytes after EE (p < .001) and RE (p = .036) and in PD-1+ CD8+ T-cells after EE (p = .021). Proportions of T-cell populations changed only after EE (t0–t2: p = .029; t1-t2: p = .006). The level of cytoplasmic AhR decreased immediately after exercise in both exercise conditions (EE: p = .009; RE: p = .036). The level of surface PD-1 decreased 1 h after EE (p = .005). Conclusion We analyzed the level of surface PD-1 and cytoplasmic AhR following acute physical exercise for the first time. Especially EE was observed to impact both AhR and PD-1 levels, undermining its role as the AhR-PD-1 axis modulator. These results provide new insights into the impact of exercise on AhR-signaling, which could potentially be relevant for various chronic diseases.

scholarly journals Comparison of GFAP and HSP27 concentrations in acute moderate-intensity aerobic exercise of different duration

2016 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 112-7
Author(s):  
Robert Stefanus ◽  
Sophie Yolanda ◽  
Radiana D. Antarianto
Keyword(s):  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Sports Medicine ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
The Body ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Synapse Plasticity ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Single Bout ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Exercise Induced

Background: Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and heat shock protein -27 (HSP27) plasma can be used as the parameters of exercise-induced astrocyte reactivity. The American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) recommends an exercise of 30 minutes or 10 minutes duration (each performing bout accumulated toward 30 minutes). The aim of this study was to compare GFAP and HSP27 plasma concentrations in young adults undergoing acute moderate-intensity aerobic exercise of different durations (10 minutes vs 30 minutes).Methods: An experimental study with pre-post design was conducted on 22 participants assigned to either 10 minutes or 30 minutes duration of single bout exercise. Blood sampling was performed before and after the exercise. GFAP and HSP27 plasma levels were measured with ELISA methods. Plasma GFAP and HSP27 levels before and after exercise were analyzed using paired t -test, while GFAP and HSP27 levels after exercise between the two groups were processed using unpaired t-test.Results: Plasma GFAP concentration decreased significantly (0,45 ng/mL) after 30 minutes of aerobic exercise (p<0.05). Plasma HSP27 concentration decreased significantly (1,71 ng/mL) after 10 minutes of aerobic exercise (p<0.05). No significant difference in plasma GFAP and HSP27 concentrations between 10 minutes (GFAP=0.49 ng/mL; HSP27=2.09 ng/mL) and 30 minutes duration of exercise (GFAP=0.45 ng/mL; HSP27=1,71 ng/mL).Conclusion: Acute moderate-intensity aerobic exercise with 10- and 30-minutes duration reduces the reactivity of astrocytes indication the increase of the synapse plasticity. The decrease in GFAP concentration occurred after 30 minutes of exercise and the decrease in HSP27 occurred after 10 minutes of exercise. These results showed that the body responds differently to different treatment duration in order to obtain the same effect on the body.

scholarly journals Single Bout Exercise in Children with Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis: Impact on Inflammatory Markers

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rochette Emmanuelle ◽  
Duché Pascale ◽  
Hourdé Christophe ◽  
Evrard Bertrand ◽  
Pereira Bruno ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis ◽  
Inflammatory Markers ◽  
Acute Exercise ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Exercise Bout ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Leg Pain ◽  
Single Bout ◽  
The Impact

Objective. In a context of inflammatory disease such as juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), we do not know what impact physical activity may have on a deregulated immune system. The objective is to measure the impact of a single bout of exercise on plasma inflammatory markers such as calprotectin, IL-6, sIL-6R, sgp130, and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Methods. Twelve children with JIA performed a nonexercise control day and a consecutive day that included a 20 min exercise bout at 70% of max-HR at 08:30 am. Venous blood samples were taken at 08:30, 08:50, 09:30, 10:30 am, and 12:00 pm to measure plasma concentrations of calprotectin, IL-6, sIL-6R, sgp130, cortisol, and ACTH. Pain was evaluated at 08:30, 08:50 am, and 06:00 pm. Results. There was a transient twofold increase in postexercise self-evaluated pain (p=0.03) that disappeared in the evening. A single bout of exercise resulted in a 1.7-fold increase in plasma calprotectin (p<0.001) but not IL-6 and its soluble receptors. Calprotectin levels returned to baseline within 3 hours after cessation of exercise. Conclusion. Acute exercise in children with JIA induced slightly musculoskeletal leg pain and transient increased plasma calprotectin levels but not IL-6 levels. Trial registration in ClinicalTrials.gov, reference number NCT 02502539, registered on 29 May 2015.

Transcription of the rat skeletal muscle hexokinase II gene is increased by acute exercise

1996 ◽  
Vol 81 (2) ◽  
pp. 789-793 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. O'Doherty ◽  
D. P. Bracy ◽  
D. K. Granner ◽  
D. H. Wasserman
Keyword(s):  
Gene Transcription ◽  
Acute Exercise ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Fiber Types ◽  
Hexokinase Ii ◽  
Alpha Tubulin ◽  
Tubulin Genes ◽  
Beta Actin ◽  
Single Bout

A single bout of acute exercise increases hexokinase (HK) II mRNA and enzyme activity [R. M. O'Doherty, D. P. Bracy, H. Osawa, D. H. Wasserman, and D. K. Granner. Am. J. Physiol. 266 (Endocrinol. Metab. 29): E171-E178, 1994]. The present study addresses the mechanism of the increase in HK II mRNA. Male rats undertook a single bout of treadmill exercise and were then killed immediately or after a predetermined recovery period. The gastrocnemius/plantaris muscle complex, composed of mixed fiber types, was excised; the nuclei were isolated; and HK I, HK II, beta-actin, and alpha-tubulin gene transcription rates were measured. Genomic DNA and plasmid DNA were used as positive and negative controls, respectively. Immediately after the cessation of 30, 45, or 90 min of exercise, HK II gene transcription rates were 1.3 +/- 0.3-,2.9 +/- 0.3-, and 4.0 +/- 0.6-fold, respectively, above those of sedentary controls. The increases after 45 and 90 min of exercise were statistically significant (P < 0.01). One hour after the cessation of 30 min of exercise, HK II gene transcription was significantly increased (1.40 +/- 0.03-fold; P < 0.05). At all time points, transcription of the HK I, beta-actin, and alpha-tubulin genes was unchanged. We conclude that the exercise-induced increase in HK II gene transcription appears to play a major role in the increase of HK II mRNA and activity.

scholarly journals A systematic upregulation of nuclear and mitochondrial genes is not present in the initial postexercise recovery period in human skeletal muscle

2017 ◽  
Vol 42 (6) ◽  
pp. 571-578 ◽  
Author(s):  
Trisha D. Scribbans ◽  
Brittany A. Edgett ◽  
Jacob T. Bonafiglia ◽  
Brittany L. Baechler ◽  
Joe Quadrilatero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Messenger Rna ◽  
Acute Exercise ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Exercise Bout ◽  
Peak Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator ◽  
Glycogen Depletion ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor ◽  
Exercise Induced

The purpose of the current investigation was to determine if an exercise-mediated upregulation of nuclear and mitochondrial-encoded genes targeted by the transcriptional co-activator peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor gamma co-activator-1 alpha (PGC-1α) occurs in a systematic manner following different exercise intensities in humans. Ten recreationally active males (age: 23 ± 3 years; peak oxygen uptake: 41.8 ± 6.6 mL·kg−1·min−1) completed 2 acute bouts of work-matched interval exercise at ∼73% (low; LO) and ∼100% (high; HI) of work rate at peak oxygen uptake in a randomized crossover design. Muscle biopsies were taken before, immediately after, and 3 h into recovery following each exercise bout. A main effect of time (p < 0.05) was observed for glycogen depletion. PGC-1α messenger RNA (mRNA) increased following both conditions and was significantly (p < 0.05) higher following HI compared with LO (PGC-1α, LO: +442% vs. HI: +845%). PDK4 mRNA increased following LO whereas PPARα, NRF1, and CS increased following HI. However, a systematic upregulation of nuclear and mitochondrial-encoded genes was not present as TFAM, COXIV, COXI, COXII, ND1, and ND4 mRNA were unchanged. However, changes in COXI, COXII, ND1 and ND4 mRNA were positively correlated following LO and COXI, ND1, and ND4 were positively correlated following HI, which suggests mitochondrial-encoded gene expression was coordinated. PGC-1α and ND4 mRNA, as well as PGC-1α mRNA and the change in muscle glycogen, were positively correlated in response to LO. The lack of observed systematic upregulation of nuclear- and mitochondrial-encoded genes suggests that exercise-induced upregulation of PGC-1α targets are differentially regulated during the initial hours following acute exercise in humans.

Sex differences in steroidogenesis in skeletal muscle following a single bout of exercise in rats

2008 ◽  
Vol 104 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katsuji Aizawa ◽  
Motoyuki Iemitsu ◽  
Takeshi Otsuki ◽  
Seiji Maeda ◽  
Takashi Miyauchi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Steroid Hormones ◽  
Acute Exercise ◽  
Sex Steroid Hormones ◽  
Treadmill Running ◽  
Sex Steroid ◽  
Testosterone Levels ◽  
Single Bout ◽  
Exercise Induced

Sex steroid hormones, such as testosterone and estradiol, play important roles in developing both strength and mass of skeletal muscle. Recently, we demonstrated that skeletal muscle can synthesize sex steroid hormones. Whether there are sex differences in basal steroidogenesis or acute exercise-induced alterations of steroidogenesis in the skeletal muscle is unknown. We examined sex differences in the levels of testosterone, estradiol, and steroidogenesis-related enzymes, such as 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD), 3β-HSD, and aromatase cytochrome P-450 (P450arom), in the skeletal muscle at rest and after exercise. We studied the gastrocnemius muscles of resting rats (10 wk old) and exercised rats (10 wk old, treadmill running, 30 m/min, 30 min). Basal muscular testosterone levels were higher in males than females, whereas estradiol did not differ between sexes. Additionally, 17β-HSD, 3β-HSD, and P450arom transcript and protein expression were greater in females. After acute exercise, testosterone levels and 17β-HSD expression increased in muscle in both sexes. By comparison, muscular estradiol levels increased in males following exercise but were unchanged in females. Expression of P450arom, which regulates estrogen synthesis, increased after acute exercise in males but decreased after exercise in females. Thus a single bout of exercise can influence the steroidogenic system in skeletal muscle, and these alterations differ between sexes. The acute exercise-induced alteration of steroidogenic enzymes may enhance the local steroidogenesis in the skeletal muscle in both sexes.

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