scholarly journals Enhancing the Therapeutic Potential of Mesenchymal Stem Cells with Light-Emitting Diode: Implications and Molecular Mechanisms

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Barbara Sampaio Dias Martins Mansano ◽  
Vitor Pocani da Rocha ◽  
Ednei Luiz Antonio ◽  
Daniele Fernanda Peron ◽  
Rafael do Nascimento de Lima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽  
Protein Kinase ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Light Emitting Diode ◽  
Janus Kinase ◽  
Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase ◽  
Light Emitting ◽  
Report Quality

This study evaluated the effects of light-emitting diode (LED) on mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). An electronic search was conducted in PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science database for articles published from 1980 to February 2020. Ten articles met the search criteria and were included in this review. The risk of bias was evaluated to report quality, safety, and environmental standards. MSCs were derived from adipose tissue, bone marrow, dental pulp, gingiva, and umbilical cord. Protocols for cellular irradiation used red and blue light spectrum with variations of the parameters. The LED has been shown to induce greater cellular viability, proliferation, differentiation, and secretion of growth factors. The set of information available leads to proposing a complex signaling cascade for the action of photobiomodulation, including angiogenic factors, singlet oxygen, mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase, Janus kinase/signal transducer, and reactive oxygen species. In conclusion, although our results suggest that LED can boost MSCs, a nonuniformity in the experimental protocol, bias, and the limited number of studies reduces the power of systematic review. Further research is essential to find the optimal LED irradiation parameters to boost MSCs function and evaluate its impact in the clinical setting.

scholarly journals Molecular Mechanisms Involved in Neural Substructure Development during Phosphodiesterase Inhibitor Treatment of Mesenchymal Stem Cells

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (14) ◽  
pp. 4867
Author(s):  
Jerome Fajardo ◽  
Bruce K. Milthorpe ◽  
Jerran Santos
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽  
Protein Kinase ◽  
Neural Differentiation ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Phosphodiesterase Inhibitor ◽  
Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Strong Basis ◽  
Cord Injury

Stem cells are highly important in biology due to their unique innate ability to self-renew and differentiate into other specialised cells. In a neurological context, treating major injuries such as traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury and stroke is a strong basis for research in this area. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are a strong candidate because of their accessibility, compatibility if autologous, high yield and multipotency with a potential to generate neural cells. With the use of small-molecule chemicals, the neural induction of stem cells may occur within minutes or hours. Isobutylmethyl xanthine (IBMX) has been widely used in cocktails to induce neural differentiation. However, the key molecular mechanisms it instigates in the process are largely unknown. In this study we showed that IBMX-treated mesenchymal stem cells induced differentiation within 24 h with the unique expression of several key proteins such as Adapter protein crk, hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase, DNA topoisomerase 2-beta and Cell division protein kinase 5 (CDK5), vital in linking signalling pathways. Furthermore, the increased expression of basic fibroblast growth factor in treated cells promotes phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades and GTPase–Hras interactions. Bioinformatic and pathway analyses revealed upregulation in expression and an increase in the number of proteins with biological ontologies related to neural development and substructure formation. These findings enhance the understanding of the utility of IBMX in MSC neural differentiation and its involvement in neurite substructure development.

scholarly journals Photobiomodulation of mineralisation in mesenchymal stem cells

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sherif A. Mohamad ◽  
Michael R. Milward ◽  
Mohammed A. Hadis ◽  
Sarah A. Kuehne ◽  
Paul R. Cooper
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽  
Respiratory Chain ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Light Delivery ◽  
Mineralisation Potential ◽  
Respiratory Chain Activity

AbstractMesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and photobiomodulation (PBM) both offer significant therapeutic potential in regenerative medicine. MSCs have the ability to self-renew and differentiate; giving rise to multiple cellular and tissue lineages that are utilised in repair and regeneration of damaged tissues. PBM utilises light energy delivered at a range of wavelengths to promote wound healing. The positive effects of light on MSC proliferation are well documented; and recently, several studies have determined the outcomes of PBM on mineralised tissue differentiation in MSC populations. As PBM effects are biphasic, it is important to understand the underlying cellular regulatory mechanisms, as well as, provide accurate details of the irradiation conditions, to optimise and standardise outcomes. This review article focuses on the use of red, near-infra-red (R/NIR) and blue wavelengths to promote the mineralisation potential of MSCs; and also reports on the possible molecular mechanisms which underpin transduction of these effects. A variety of potential photon absorbers have been identified which are reported to mediate the signalling mechanisms, including respiratory chain enzymes, flavins, and cryptochromes. Studies report that R/NIR and blue light stimulate MSC differentiation by enhancing respiratory chain activity and increasing reactive oxygen species levels; however, currently, there are considerable variations between irradiation parameters reported. We conclude that due to its non-invasive properties, PBM may, following optimisation, provide an efficient therapeutic approach to clinically support MSC-mediated hard tissue repair. However, to optimise application, further studies are required to identify appropriate light delivery parameters, as well as elucidate the photo-signalling mechanisms involved.

scholarly journals Extracellular Microvesicles (MV’s) Isolated from 5-Azacytidine-and-Resveratrol-Treated Cells Improve Viability and Ameliorate Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Metabolic Syndrome Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 1343-1355
Author(s):  
C Weiss ◽  
K Kornicka-Grabowska ◽  
M Mularczyk ◽  
N Siwinska ◽  
K Marycz
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Stem Cells ◽  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Proper Functions

AbstractExtracellular vesicles (EVs), a spherical membrane fragments including exosomes, are released from several cell types, including mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), constitutively or under stimulation. As MVs cargo include DNA, RNA, miRNA, lipids and proteins their have gain special attention in the field of regenerative medicine. Depending on the type of transferred molecules, MVs may exert wide range of biological effects in recipient cells including pro-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic action. In presented paper, we isolated MVs form adipose derived mesenchymal stem cells (ASC) which underwent stimulation with 5-azacytydine and resveratrol (AZA/RES) in order to improve their therapeutic potential. Then, isolated MVs were applied to ASC with impaired cytophysiological properties, isolated from equine metabolic syndrome diagnosed animals. Using RT-PCR, immunofluorescence, ELISA, confocal microscopy and western blot, we have evaluated the effects of MVs on recipient cells. We have found, that MVs derived from AZA/RES treated ASC ameliorates apoptosis, senescence and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in deteriorated cells, restoring their proper functions. The work indicates, that cells treated with AZA/RES through their paracrine action can rejuvenate recipient cells. However, further research needs to be performed in order to fully understand the molecular mechanisms of these bioactive factors action.

scholarly journals Therapeutic Potential of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in a Pre-Clinical Model of Diabetic Kidney Disease and Obesity

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 1546
Author(s):  
Christian Sávio-Silva ◽  
Poliana E. Soinski-Sousa ◽  
Antônio Simplício-Filho ◽  
Rosana M. C. Bastos ◽  
Stephany Beyerstedt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Diabetic Kidney Disease ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Glomerular Mesangial Cells ◽  
Diabetic Kidney ◽  
Ros Accumulation

Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a worldwide microvascular complication of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). From several pathological mechanisms involved in T2DM-DKD, we focused on mitochondria damage induced by hyperglycemia-driven reactive species oxygen (ROS) accumulation and verified whether mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) anti-oxidative, anti-apoptotic, autophagy modulation, and pro-mitochondria homeostasis therapeutic potential curtailed T2DM-DKD progression. For that purpose, we grew immortalized glomerular mesangial cells (GMCs) in hyper glucose media containing hydrogen peroxide. MSCs prevented these cells from apoptosis-induced cell death, ROS accumulation, and mitochondria membrane potential impairment. Additionally, MSCs recovered GMCs’ biogenesis and mitophagy-related gene expression that were downregulated by stress media. In BTBRob/ob mice, a robust model of T2DM-DKD and obesity, MSC therapy (1 × 106 cells, two doses 4-weeks apart, intra-peritoneal route) led to functional and structural kidney improvement in a time-dependent manner. Therefore, MSC-treated animals exhibited lower levels of urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio, less mesangial expansion, higher number of podocytes, up-regulation of mitochondria-related survival genes, a decrease in autophagy hyper-activation, and a potential decrease in cleaved-caspase 3 expression. Collectively, these novel findings have important implications for the advancement of cell therapy and provide insights into cellular and molecular mechanisms of MSC-based therapy in T2DM-DKD setting.

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