scholarly journals Macrofilaricidal Activity, Acute and Biochemical Effects of Three Lichen Species Found on Mount Cameroon

2022 ◽  
Vol 2022 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Thierry Roland Kang ◽  
Jerome Nyhalah Dinga ◽  
Ayuk Elizabeth Orock ◽  
Elvis Monya ◽  
Moses Njutain Ngemenya
Keyword(s):  
Liver Enzymes ◽  
Parasitic Infection ◽  
Anthelmintic Activity ◽  
Small Population ◽  
Bioactive Constituents ◽  
Mount Cameroon ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
Organic Extracts ◽  
Onchocerca Ochengi ◽  
Parmotrema Tinctorum

Onchocerciasis is a parasitic infection affecting a relatively small population globally but has very devastating pathological outcomes. Ivermectin and recently moxidectin are the only drugs approved for clinical management of the disease, both of which have several limitations. In particular, they are efficacious against microfilariae (microfilaricidal) with no activity against adult worms (nonmacrofilaricidal). Promising anthelmintic activity has been reported in some lichens. This study investigated three lichens, Usnea articulata, Parmotrema tinctorum, and Heterodermia obscurata, found on Mount Cameroon, for potential macrofilaricidal activity. Organic extracts were screened for anti-Onchocerca activity against Onchocerca ochengi isolated from cattle skin using worm motility and MTT formazan assays. Toxicity of highly active extracts was investigated on monkey kidney epithelial (LLCMK2) cells and in BALB/c mice (2000 mg/kg body weight) including effects on liver enzymes. The methanol extract of P. tinctorum (Pammet) was the most active against adult male worms ( I C 50 = 8.1  μg/mL) with the highest selectivity index ( SI = 21.3 ). U. articulata was the most active against the adult female ( I C 50 = 36.3  μg/mL) but had a low SI value (3.4). No mortality and no adverse effects were recorded in the acute toxicity test. These two most active extracts had no significant effect on liver enzymes, alanine aminotransferase, and aspartate ( P values < 0.05), but a high AST : ALT ratio (2.59) for Pammet indicates likely reversible adverse hepatic toxicity. The high macrofilaricidal activity and selectivity of P. tinctorum suggest it is a potential source of new macrofilaricides which should be further investigated to identify its bioactive constituents.

scholarly journals EFFECT OF ANTIRETROVIRAL TREATMENT REGIMENS ON LIVER ENZYMES IN HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS PATIENTS

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 95
Author(s):  
Adiga Sachidananda Mn ◽  
Adiga Usha S
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Liver Enzymes ◽  
Cd4 Count ◽  
Treatment Regimens ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Slight Elevation ◽  
The Difference

Objective: Treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) with highly active antiretroviral therapy is complicated due to its effect on liver enzymes along with associated risk of opportunistic infection and its treatment. The objective of the study was to compare the effect of two zidovudine and lamivudine-based regimens on liver enzymes and to correlate them with age and CD4 count in HIV patients.Methods: In this retrospective study, patients who have received zidovudine+lamivudine+nevirapine (ZLN) or zidovudine+lamivudine+efavirenz (ZLE) at least for 1 year were included. Baseline, 6-month, and 1-year values of aspartate amino transferase (AST), alanine amino transferase (ALT), and CD4 count were collected. One-way analysis of variance and unpaired t-test were used to compare the difference in AST, ALT, and CD4 count value within basal, 6 months, and 1 year of two group and between the groups, respectively. Pearson’s correlation was used for correlation study.Results: Elevation of AST levels in patients who had received ZLN regimen at different interval was significant statistically. There was a statistically significant elevation of ALT level at 6 months. There was no significant change in AST and ALT values in patients who had received ZLE regimen. Between the two regimens, there was statistically significant difference in AST and ALT values at 6 months and 1 year. There was no correlation between age and CD4 count with liver enzymes.Conclusion: We conclude from the study that nevirapine containing zidovudine regimen showed a slight elevation in AST. The efavirenz regimen did not show a change in AST and ALT.

scholarly journals Unusual Signs and Symptoms in HIV-Positive Patients Coinfected with Leishmania spp: The Importance of Neglected Tropical Disease in Differential Diagnosis

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 843-847 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuela Ceccarelli ◽  
Emmanuele Venanzi Rullo ◽  
Fabrizio Condorelli ◽  
Fabrizio Vitale ◽  
Vincenzo Di Marco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Injection Drug Users ◽  
Drug Users ◽  
Parasitic Infection ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Tropical Disease ◽  
Neglected Tropical Disease ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
Leishmania Spp ◽  
Living With Hiv

Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease affecting both animals and humans, acquired with the bite of sand flies or, in Injection Drug Users (IDUs), with contaminated needles, still hypoendemic in Sicily and the Mediterranean basin. Even though it is responsible for 20,000 to 40,000 deaths per year, this parasitic infection is still considered a neglected tropical disease. People Living with HIV (PLWH) are considered at high-risk of developing Leishmaniasis and, despite the introduction of Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy (HAART), mortality rate and relapses prevalence are still high in coinfected people.We present a case of HIV-Leishmania coinfection, posing the attention on the atypical signs and symptoms and the importance of thinking about other causes than the HIV infection progression when the patient presents with a worsening of his immune status during HAART.

scholarly journals Building the embryo of developmental biology in Uruguay

2020 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Flavio R. Zolessi ◽  
Nibia Berois ◽  
M. Mónica Brauer ◽  
Estela Castillo
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Biology ◽  
Scientific Community ◽  
Postgraduate Training ◽  
Small Population ◽  
Research Groups ◽  
The Past ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
Postgraduate Training Program ◽  
Favorable Conditions ◽  
Local Research

In Uruguay, a country with a small population, and hence a small scientific community, there were no classical embryologists as such in the past. From the decade of 1950, however, a cumulus of favorable conditions gave rise to highly active and modern research groups in the fields of cytology and physiology, that eventually contributed to developmental biology. The advent of a long dictatorship between de 1970’s and 1980’s caused two things: a strong lag in local research and the migration of young investigators who learned abroad new disciplines and technologies. The coming back to democracy allowed for the return of some, now as solid researchers, and together with those who stayed, built a previously inexistent postgraduate training program and a globally-integrated academy that fostered diversity of research disciplines, including developmental biology. In the present work we highlight the key contribution of pioneer researchers and the significant role played by academic and funding national institutions in the growth and consolidation of developmental biology in our country.

Viral-Associated Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura

Hematology ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 2008 (1) ◽  
pp. 212-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Howard A. Liebman
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura ◽  
Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Chronic Infection ◽  
Liver Enzymes ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Thrombocytopenic Purpura ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

Abstract Chronic immune thrombocytopenic purpura (CITP) is a diagnosis of exclusion that occurs either de novo or secondary to other underlying disorders. Chronic infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) are now well-characterized causes of CITP. Between 6% and 15% of patients infected with HIV may develop thrombocytopenia. Patients with CITP with risk factors for HIV infection should be screened for the virus. Treatment of HIV-related CITP should be directed toward antiviral therapy with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) regimens. Hepatitis C viral infection can also be associated with chronic thrombocytopenia, even in the absence of overt liver disease. While HCV-related thrombocytopenia is typically less severe than primary CITP, affected patients are at greater risk of major bleeding. Sustained suppression of HCV virus with interferon-ribavirin therapy can improve platelet counts. Screening for HCV infection should be considered in patients with ITP with risk factors for infection, from regions with high rates of infection or in patients with unexplained mild elevations of liver enzymes.

Anthelmintic activity of phenolic acids from the axlewood tree Anogeissus leiocarpus on the filarial nematode Onchocerca ochengi and drug-resistant strains of the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans

2013 ◽  
Vol 88 (4) ◽  
pp. 481-488 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Ndjonka ◽  
E.D. Abladam ◽  
B. Djafsia ◽  
I. Ajonina-Ekoti ◽  
M.D. Achukwi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Caenorhabditis Elegans ◽  
Ellagic Acid ◽  
Anthelmintic Activity ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Gentisic Acid ◽  
C Elegans ◽  
Onchocerca Ochengi ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
Drug Resistant Strains ◽  
Anogeissus Leiocarpus

AbstractThe effect of three phenols (ellagic, gentisic and gallic acids) from the axlewood tree Anogeissus leiocarpus on Onchocerca ochengi and drug-resistant strains of Caenorhabditis elegans, a model organism for research on nematode parasites, is investigated. Worms were incubated in different concentrations of phenols and their survival was monitored after 48 h. Among the three acids, ellagic acid strongly affected the survival of O. ochengi microfilariae, O. ochengi adults, a wild-type C. elegans and anthelmintic-resistant strains of C. elegans, namely albendazole (CB3474), levamisole (CB211, ZZ16) and ivermectin (VC722, DA1316), with LC50 values ranging from 0.03 mm to 0.96 mm. These results indicate that the binding of ellagic acid in the worm differs from that of resistant strains of C. elegans. The efficacy of both gallic and gentisic acids was not significantly changed in resistant strains of C. elegans treated with levamisole (ZZ16, LC50= 9.98 mm, with gallic acid), albendazole (CB3474, LC50= 7.81 mm, with gentisic acid) and ivermectin (DA1316, LC50= 10.62 mm, with gentisic acid). The efficacy of these three pure compounds is in accordance with the use of A. leiocarpus from its locality of origin. The in vivo toxicity data reveal that the thresholds are up to 200 times higher than the determined LC50 values. Thus, ellagic acid could be a potential option for the treatment of nematode infections, even in cases of drug resistance towards established anthelmintic drugs.

scholarly journals Changes of Lipid Profile and Other Biological Parameters in People Living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus on Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy in the General Referral Provincial Hospital of Bukavu, Eastern of the Democratic Republic of Congo

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kishabongo AS ◽  
Shabani CU ◽  
Bisangamo CK ◽  
Shindano TA ◽  
Takaisi-Kikuni NB
Keyword(s):  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Democratic Republic ◽  
Liver Enzymes ◽  
Liver Toxicity ◽  
Democratic Republic Of Congo ◽  
Metabolic Disturbances ◽  
Republic Of Congo ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

Objective: Metabolic disturbances such as dyslipidemia and liver enzymes changes may be associated with the risk for developing cardiac disorder as well as liver toxicity in PLWH having HAART. This study investigated the biological pattern of PLWH on effective antiretroviral therapy in the Democratic Republic of Congo.

The anthelmintic activity of a novel organic arsenical, R7/45, upon Brugia pahangi in Meriones unguiculatus

1990 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 100-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. Denham ◽  
I. T. C. Midwinter ◽  
E. A. H. Friedheim
Keyword(s):  
Single Dose ◽  
Peritoneal Cavity ◽  
Anthelmintic Activity ◽  
Meriones Unguiculatus ◽  
Fourth Stage ◽  
Brugia Pahangi ◽  
Highly Active

ABSTRACTThe new organic arsenical R7/45 is a rapidly acting and very potent anthelmintic against adult Brugia pahangi in jirds. Against adult worms implanted into the peritoneal cavity 5 subcutaneous (SC) injections at 2·5 mg/kg of R7/45 killed 100% of adult worms. A single dose SC of 20 mg/kg was 100% effective and 10 mg/kg 76% effective against adult worms. When jirds were autopsied at different times after treatment at 20 mg/kg SC 89% of worms were dead within three days. R7/45 was not active when given by stomach intubation. Pretreatment of jirds with R7/45 had no effect on adult worms subsequently implanted into jirds. R7/45 was highly active against third and fourth stage larvae of B. pahangi in jirds.

In vitro activity of Cameroonian and Ghanaian medicinal plants on parasitic (Onchocerca ochengi) and free-living (Caenorhabditis elegans) nematodes

2010 ◽  
Vol 85 (3) ◽  
pp. 304-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Ndjonka ◽  
C. Agyare ◽  
K. Lüersen ◽  
B. Djafsia ◽  
D. Achukwi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Caenorhabditis Elegans ◽  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Model Organism ◽  
Anthelmintic Activity ◽  
Aqueous Extracts ◽  
Free Living ◽  
C Elegans ◽  
Nematode Parasites ◽  
Onchocerca Ochengi

AbstractEthanolic and aqueous extracts of selected medicinal plants from Cameroon and Ghana were assessed for their in vitro anthelmintic activity by using the bovine filarial parasite Onchocerca ochengi and the free living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, a model organism for research on nematode parasites. Worms were incubated in the presence of different concentrations of extracts and inhibitory effects were monitored at different time points. Among the extracts used in this study, ethanolic extracts of Anogeissus leiocarpus, Khaya senegalensis, Euphorbia hirta and aqueous extracts from Annona senegalensis and Parquetina nigrescens affected the growth and survival of C. elegans and O. ochengi significantly. The mortality was concentration dependent with an LC50 ranging between 0.38 and 4.00 mg/ml for C. elegans (after 72 h) and between 0.08 and 0.55 mg/ml for O. ochengi after a 24 h incubation time. Preliminary phytochemical screenings on these extracts revealed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, carbohydrates and tannins in the extracts. Accordingly, application of A. leiocarpus, K. senegalensis, E. hirta and A. senegalensis extracts could provide alternatives in the control of helminthic infections.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document