scholarly journals Nasal hyperreactivity and inflammation in allergic rhinitis

1996 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 79-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. M. Garrelds ◽  
C. de Graaf-in't Veld ◽  
R. Gerth van Wijk ◽  
F. J. Zijlstra
Keyword(s):  
Allergic Rhinitis ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Allergic Inflammation ◽  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
Hay Fever ◽  
Effector Cells ◽  
Plasma Exudation ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Antigen Presenting

The history of allergic disease goes back to 1819, when Bostock described his own ‘periodical affection of the eyes and chest’, which he called ‘summer catarrh’. Since they thought it was produced by the effluvium of new hay, this condition was also called hay fever. Later, in 1873, Blackley established that pollen played an important role in the causation of hay fever. Nowadays, the definition of allergy is ‘An untoward physiologic event mediated by a variety of different immunologic reactions’. In this review, the term allergy will be restricted to the IgE-dependent reactions. The most important clinical manifestations of IgE-dependent reactions are allergic conjunctivitis, allergic rhinitis, allergic asthma and atopic dermatitis. However, this review will be restricted to allergic rhinitis. The histopathological features of allergic inflammation involve an increase in blood flow and vascular permeability, leading to plasma exudation and the formation of oedema. In addition, a cascade of events occurs which involves a variety of inflammatory cells. These inflammatory cells migrate under the influence of chemotactic agents to the site of injury and induce the process of repair. Several types of inflammatory cells have been implicated in the pathogenesis of allergic rhinitis. After specific or nonspecific stimuli, inflammatory mediators are generated from cells normally found in the nose, such as mast cells, antigen-presenting cells and epithelial cells (primary effector cells) and from cells recruited into the nose, such as basophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes, platelets and neutrophils (secondary effector cells). This review describes the identification of each of the inflammatory cells and their mediators which play a role in the perennial allergic processes in the nose of rhinitis patients.

Local Corticosteroid Treatment: The Effect on Cells and Cytokines in Nasal Allergic Inflammation

1998 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wytske J Fokkens ◽  
Tom Godthelp ◽  
Adriaan F. Holm ◽  
Alex Klein-Jan
Keyword(s):  
Allergic Rhinitis ◽  
Allergic Inflammation ◽  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
Corticosteroid Treatment ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Potent Effect ◽  
Cell Numbers ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
Prophylactic Use ◽  
Antigen Presenting

Regular and prophylactic use of topical corticosteroids is a well tolerated and effective treatment for allergic rhinitis. The symptomatology of allergic rhinitis is considered to be the result of the accumulation and activation of infiltrating inflammatory cells, releasing mediators, and cytokines. Corticosteroids can suppress many stages of the allergic inflammatory process. This may explain their potent effect on allergic symptomatology. The reduction in cell numbers and probably also cytokines by local corticosteroid therapy differs from cell to cell. Some cells, such as antigen presenting (Langerhans) cells and eosinophils, are highly sensitive to corticosteroid treatment. Others, like T cells, are only significantly reduced in exaggerated situations, for instance after provocation with a high allergen dose or after treatment with a high dose of corticosteroids. Some cells, like macrophages, are not influenced at all.

scholarly journals Effects of Hyeonggaeyeongyo-Tang in Ovalbumin-Induced Allergic Rhinitis Model

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Se Hyang Hong ◽  
Soon Re Kim ◽  
Han-Seok Choi ◽  
Jin Mo Ku ◽  
Hye Sook Seo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Allergic Rhinitis ◽  
Cell Viability ◽  
Allergic Inflammation ◽  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Blood Analysis ◽  
Cell Viability Assay ◽  
Nasal Airways ◽  
Viability Assay

Allergic rhinitis (AR) is an allergic inflammation of the nasal airways. The prevalence of AR is increasing worldwide. We investigated whether Hyeonggaeyeongyo-tang (HYT) is effective to suppress the progression of AR induced by ovalbumin (OVA). Male BALB/c mice were used for this study. Allergic rhinitis was induced by OVA. Treatment with HYT was assessed to study the effect of HYT on allergic rhinitis in mice. Histological analysis, immunohistochemistry, multiplex cytokine assay, blood analysis, and cell viability assay were performed to verify inhibitory effect of HYT on allergic rhinitis. HYT did not show any toxicity maintaining body weight. Food intake was steady without variation in mice. HYT reduced infiltration of inflammatory cells and mast cells into nasal cavity. HYT reduced the levels of cytokines and leukocytes in the blood. HYT decreased the splenocyte cell viability. Antihistamines and steroids are the most common medications used to treat allergic rhinitis. However, long-term use of drug generates resistance or side effects requiring the development of new drug. Our present study clearly demonstrates that HYT suppresses the progression of allergic rhinitis induced by OVA. This suggests that HYT might be a useful drug for the treatment of allergic rhinitis.

scholarly journals Eosinophil microRNAs Play a Regulatory Role in Allergic Diseases Included in the Atopic March

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (23) ◽  
pp. 9011
Author(s):  
Émile Bélanger ◽  
Anne-Marie Madore ◽  
Anne-Marie Boucher-Lafleur ◽  
Marie-Michelle Simon ◽  
Tony Kwan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Allergic Rhinitis ◽  
Atopic Dermatitis ◽  
Immunoglobulin E ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Skin Barrier ◽  
Allergic Diseases ◽  
Forced Expiratory Volume ◽  
Inflammatory Reactions ◽  
Atopic March ◽  
History Of

(1) Background: The atopic march is defined by the increased prevalence of allergic diseases after atopic dermatitis onset. In fact, atopic dermatitis is believed to play an important role in allergen sensitization via the damaged skin barrier, leading to allergic diseases such as allergic asthma and allergic rhinitis. The eosinophil, a pro-inflammatory cell that contributes to epithelial damage, is one of the various cells recruited in the inflammatory reactions characterizing these diseases. Few studies were conducted on the transcriptome of this cell type and even less on their specific microRNA (miRNA) profile, which could modulate pathogenesis of allergic diseases and clinical manifestations post-transcriptionally. Actually, their implication in allergic diseases is not fully understood, but they are believed to play a role in inflammation-related patterns and epithelial cell proliferation. (2) Methods: Next-generation sequencing was performed on RNA samples from eosinophils of individuals with atopic dermatitis, atopy, allergic rhinitis and asthma to obtain differential counts of primary miRNA (pri-miRNA); these were also analyzed for asthma-related phenotypes such as forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), immunoglobulin E (IgE) and provocative concentration of methacholine inducing a 20% fall in forced expiratory volume in 1 s (PC20) levels, as well as FEV1 to forced vital capacity (FEV1/FVC) ratio. (3) Results: Eighteen miRNAs from eosinophils were identified to be significantly different between affected individuals and unaffected ones. Based on counts from these miRNAs, individuals were then clustered into groups using Ward’s method on Euclidian distances. Groups were found to be explained by asthma diagnosis, familial history of respiratory diseases and allergic rhinitis as well as neutrophil counts. (4) Conclusions: The 18 differential miRNA counts for the studying phenotypes allow a better understanding of the epigenetic mechanisms underlying the development of the allergic diseases included in the atopic march.

scholarly journals Nasal Eosinophilia as a Marker for Allergic Rhinitis: A Controlled study of 50 Patients

2012 ◽  
Vol 91 (3) ◽  
pp. 122-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akefeh Ahmadiafshar ◽  
Daryoosh Taghiloo ◽  
Abdolreza Esmailzadeh ◽  
Behnaz Falakaflaki
Keyword(s):  
Allergic Rhinitis ◽  
Predictive Value ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Allergic Inflammation ◽  
Epidemiologic Studies ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Effector Cells ◽  
Nasal Secretions ◽  
Sensitivity Specificity ◽  
Inexpensive Procedure

Eosinophils are the principal effector cells involved in the pathogenesis of allergic inflammation. We conducted a study to investigate the validity of the nasal smear examination for detecting eosinophilia in patients with allergic rhinitis. Our study group was made up of 50 patients with allergic rhinitis and 50 age- and sex-matched controls without allergic rhinitis. Smears were obtained from nasal secretions in both groups and then fixed, stained, and studied under light microscopy. Statistical analysis revealed that the odds ratio for eosinophilia positivity in nasal smears in the rhinitis group was 25.61 with a 95% confidence interval of 8 to 78. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of this test were 74, 90, 88, and 77%, respectively. We conclude that the nasal eosinophilia test is highly specific and moderately sensitive in diagnosing allergic rhinitis, and that it therefore can be used as an easy, noninvasive, and inexpensive procedure for screening patients and for conducting epidemiologic studies of this disorder.

scholarly journals Anti-Interleukin-1 Beta/Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha IgY Antibodies Reduce Pathological Allergic Responses in Guinea Pigs with Allergic Rhinitis

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hu Wei-xu ◽  
Zhou Wen-yun ◽  
Zhu Xi-ling ◽  
Wen Zhu ◽  
Wu Li-hua ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Allergic Rhinitis ◽  
Treatment Group ◽  
Nasal Mucosa ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Interleukin 1 ◽  
Allergic Inflammation ◽  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
Lavage Fluid ◽  
Ar Model ◽  
Necrosis Factor Alpha

This study aims to determine whether the combined blockade of IL-1βand TNF-αcan alleviate the pathological allergic inflammatory reaction in the nasal mucosa and lung tissues in allergic rhinitis (AR) guinea pigs. Healthy guinea pigs treated with saline were used as the healthy controls. The AR guinea pigs were randomly divided into (1) the AR model group treated with intranasal saline; (2) the 0.1% nonspecific IgY treatment group; (3) the 0.1% anti-TNF-αIgY treatment group; (4) the 0.1% anti-IL-1βIgY treatment group; (5) the 0.1% combined anti-IL-1βand TNF-αIgY treatment group; and (6) the fluticasone propionate treatment group. The inflammatory cells were evaluated using Wright’s staining. Histopathology was examined using hematoxylin-eosin staining. The results showed that the number of eosinophils was significantly decreased in the peripheral blood, nasal lavage fluid, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (P<0.05), and eosinophil, neutrophil, and lymphocyte infiltration and edema were significantly reduced or absent in the nasal mucosa and lung tissues (P<0.05) in the combined 0.1% anti-IL-1β- and TNF-αIgY-treated guinea pigs. The data suggest that topical blockade of IL-1βand TNF-αcould reduce pathological allergic inflammation in the nasal mucosa and lung tissues in AR guinea pigs.

scholarly journals Modern possibilities of pathogenetic therapy of patients with allergic rhinitis

2020 ◽  
pp. 101-106
Author(s):  
V. M. Svistushkin ◽  
G. N. Nikiforova ◽  
P. S. Artamonova ◽  
E. A. Shevchik
Keyword(s):  
Allergic Rhinitis ◽  
Nasal Cavity ◽  
Nasal Congestion ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Allergic Inflammation ◽  
Good Alternative ◽  
Nasal Breathing ◽  
Oral Medications ◽  
Pathogenetic Therapy ◽  
Modern Classification

The incidence of allergic rhinitis has been increasing rapidly worldwide in recent years. About 40% of the world’s population suffer from allergic inflammation of the nasal mucous membrane. Clinical manifestations of allergic rhinitis are absence or difficulty of nasal breathing, itching, sneezing, nasal congestion and rhinorrhoea, as well as swelling of the face, the presence of dermatitis in the region of the nasal wings, general malaise, smell disturbance. Manifestations of allergies by ENT organs in most cases do not pose a threat to life, but they can cause the development of other pathological processes, bad sleep, irritability, decreased efficiency, mood swings, which, in turn, adversely affects human health and reduces the quality of life. The pathogenesis of allergic rhinitis is based on an immediate hypersensitivity. According to the modern classification, depending on the nature of the course of the disease it is common to identify intermittent and persistent forms.At present, the drugs of choice in the treatment of patients with allergic rhinitis are intranasal glucocorticosteroids. However, the presence of a concomitant pathology of the nasal cavity in the patient, such as deviated septum, not only significantly impairs the course of nasal inflammatory process, but also creates obstacles to adequate delivery of topical drugs to all parts of the nasal cavity, which, in turn, reduces their effectiveness.For patients suffering from allergic rhinitis in combination with other pathology of the nasal cavity, combined oral medications may be a good alternative to intranasal sprays. Certain interest for doctors is caused by the appearance of a combined antihistamine drug on the Russian market, which includes a blocker of leukotrienes and H1-histamine receptors of the second generation – montelukast and levocetirizine. The drug can be used both in adults and children from 15 years old for treatment of intermittent and persistent forms of allergic rhinitis.Timely and properly performed therapy of allergic rhinitis allows to eliminate symptoms of the disease and prevent the development of complications.

scholarly journals Clinical manifestations of allergic rhinitis in children at Denpasar Hospital

2001 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 160
Author(s):  
Gary Adhianto ◽  
Hendra S
Keyword(s):  
Allergic Rhinitis ◽  
Atopic Dermatitis ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Allergic Diseases ◽  
Prick Test ◽  
Pediatric Allergy ◽  
The Family ◽  
History Of ◽  
Reported Data

This is a retrospective study by collecting data from the medical record of children diagnosed as allergic rhinitis at the Pediatric Allergy & Immunology out patient clinic at Denpasar Hospital between January 1996 and December 2000. Reported data including identifying patient, signs and symptoms, atopic history of the family, skin prick test (SPT) result and the environmental factors. Fifty-five from 297 children (18.5%) attending the Pediatric Allergy & Immunology out patient clinic were diagnosed as allergic rhinitis. Thirty nine were male and 16 female. The age ranged from 6 months to 15 years old. The majority of signs and symptom were sneezing and rhinorrhea (26%), itchy nose (23%), blocked nose (14%) and itchy eyes(12%).. Four children had history of atopic dermatitis, 1 food allergy, 10 asthma, 3 urticaria, 2 drug allaaaergy, 4 h-ad history of both atopic dermatitis and urticaria, 13 both asthma and urticaria, 2 both asthma and drug allergy and 6 children had no history of allergic diseases. Thirty three (60%) one of the parents and 12 (21.8%) both parents ever had allergic diseases. According to SPT, 27 (55.1%) of this children had positive reaction to inhalant allergen, 13 (26.5%) to food allergen and 13 (26.5%) had negative reaction.

Nasal Obstruction is the Key Symptom in Hay Fever Patients

2005 ◽  
Vol 133 (3) ◽  
pp. 429-435 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giorgio Ciprandi ◽  
Cirillo Cirillo ◽  
Catherine Klersy ◽  
Gian Luigi Marseglia ◽  
Davide Caimmi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Allergic Rhinitis ◽  
Symptom Score ◽  
Nasal Obstruction ◽  
Pollen Season ◽  
Allergic Inflammation ◽  
Hay Fever ◽  
Nasal Airflow ◽  
Bronchial Challenge ◽  
Severe Grade

BACKGROUND: Allergic rhinitis is characterized by a Th2-dependent inflammation. Nasal obstruction largely depends on allergic inflammation. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible role of the symptom nasal obstruction in assessing patients with hay fever. METHODS: Fifty patients (mean age, 23.7 ± 4.9 years) with hay fever were evaluated both during and outside pollen season. All of them had moderate-severe grade of nasal obstruction. Total symptom score (TSS), rhinomanometry, nasal lavage, nasal scraping, spirometry, and methacholine bronchial challenge were performed in all subjects. RESULTS: During the pollen season, patients with severe nasal obstruction showed significantly higher values of TSS, IL-4, IL-5, IL-8, nasal eosinophils and neutrophils, and significantly lower values of nasal airflow, IFNγ, FEV1, FVC, and FEF 25-75 in comparison with patients with moderate nasal obstruction. Twenty (83%) patients with severe nasal obstruction showed bronchial hyperreactivity (BHR), whereas only 6 (25%) patients with moderate nasal obstruction had BHR. Outside the pollen season overlapping results were observed. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides evidence about the key role played by nasal obstruction in assessing patients with allergic rhinitis.

scholarly journals Modern approaches to pharmacotherapy of chronic gastritis

2021 ◽  
pp. 40-47
Author(s):  
V. V. Skvortsov ◽  
L. V. Zaklyakova ◽  
B. N. Levitan ◽  
M. Yu. Bolgova ◽  
I. K. Zaklyakov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Mucosa ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Acid Reflux ◽  
Histological Features ◽  
Acute Gastritis ◽  
Modern Classification ◽  
History Of ◽  
Mycobacterium Avium Intracellulare ◽  
H Pylori ◽  
Definition Of

The definition of gastritis is based on the histological features of the gastric mucosa. This is not the erythema observed during gastroscopy, and there are no specific clinical manifestations or symptoms that determine it. The modern classification of gastritis is based on time (acute and chronic), histological features, anatomical distribution and the main pathological mechanisms. Acute gastritis will develop into chronic if left untreated. Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is the most common cause of gastritis worldwide. However, from 60 to 70% H. pylori-negative subjects with functional dyspepsia or non-erosive gastroesophageal reflux were also found to have gastritis. H. pylori-negative gastritis is considered when a person meets all four of these criteria: negative triple staining of biopsies of the gastric mucosa, no history of treatment of H. pylori. In these patients, the cause of gastritis may be associated with tobacco smoking, alcohol consumption and / or the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or steroids. Other causes of gastritis include autoimmune gastritis associated with antibodies of serum anti-parietal and anti-internal factor; organisms other than H. pylori, such as Mycobacterium avium intracellulare, Herpes simplex and Cytomegalovirus; gastritis caused by acid reflux; Rare causes of gastritis include collagen gastritis, sarcoidosis, eosinophilic gastritis and lymphocytic gastritis. The clinical picture, laboratory studies, gastroscopy, as well as histological and microbiological examination of tissue biopsies are important for the diagnosis of gastritis and its causes. Treatment of gastritis caused by H. pylori leads to the rapid disappearance of polymorphic-nuclear infiltration and a decrease in chronic inflammatory infiltrate with gradual normalization of the mucous membrane. Other types of gastritis should be treated based on their etiology.

scholarly journals The Challenge and Importance of Defining Critical Limb Ischemia

1997 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 126-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan A Carter
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Critical Limb Ischemia ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Total Mortality ◽  
Limb Ischemia ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Critical Ischemia ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Very High

Patients with critical limb ischemia are at risk of limb loss and have very high cardiovascular and total mortality rates, which are greater than can be accounted for by the usual risk factors for atherosclerosis. A definition of critical ischemia is necessary to determine the natural history of the disease and to assess and compare the efficacy of various forms of therapy. The definition needs to be based on hemodynamic criteria because clinical manifestations and outcomes are not reliable. The reasons for the difficulties in arriving at a generally acceptable definition are explored. Building on the previous work of others, modified hemodynamic definitions for critical and subcritical ischemia, which include measurements of pressures and of indices of microcirculation, are proposed.

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