Comparable Evaluation of Orally Active Beta-Lactam Compounds in Ampicillin-Resistant Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Rods: Role of Beta-Lactamases on Resistance

Fifty-three years after their discovery the penicillins still present a challenge to laboratory workers and clinicians. They are members of the broader beta-lactam group and are susceptible to inactivation by beta-lactamases from Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Countering these enzymes is achieved by producing more stable penicillin molecules or by using enzyme-blocking agents like clavulanic acid to protect the antibiotics. The field is confusing and to assist in defining the present-day role of the group, the concept of a microbiological profile is considered. The modes and sites of action of the penicillins and the beta-lactamases are presented and both are classified. The place of penicillins in the treatment of life-threatening and lesser infections, and in prophylaxis, is discussed.

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PREVALENCE OF CEPHALOSPORIN-RESISTANT GRAM-NEGATIVE BACILLI FROM CLINICAL SAMPLES

Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research ◽

10.22159/ajpcr.2016.v9s2.13456 ◽

2016 ◽

pp. 176

Author(s):

Kavi Aniis ◽

Rajamanikandan Kcp ◽

Arvind Prasanth D

Keyword(s):

Clinical Samples ◽

Beta Lactamase ◽

Bacterial Isolates ◽

Beta Lactam ◽

Gram Negative ◽

Beta Lactamases ◽

Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase ◽

E Coli ◽

Lactam Ring ◽

Esbl Producers

ABSTRACT Objective: Beta-lactams are the group of antibiotics that contain a ring called as “beta-lactam ring,” which is responsible for the antibacterial activity. The presence of resistance among Gram-negative organisms is due to the production of beta-lactamases enzymes that hydrolysis the beta-lactam ring thereby conferring resistance to the organism. This study is undertaken to determine the prevalence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing Gram-negative organism from clinical samples. Methods: A total of 112 clinical samples were taken for this study. The combined disc synergistic test (CDST) was used for the phenotypic detection of ESBL producers from the clinical samples. The genotypic identification of ESBL producers was carried out by alkaline lysis method by isolation of plasmid DNA. Result: A total of 87 bacterial isolates were isolated and identified. Among them, Klebsiella (41%) was the predominant organism followed by Escherichia coli (33%), Proteus (10%), Pseudomonas (10%), and Serratia (6%). Among the various bacterial isolates, Klebsiella showed a higher percentage of resistance. The CDST showed that 8 isolates of Klebsiella, 3 isolates of E. coli, and 1 isolate of Pseudomonas were found to be ESBL producers. The genotypic confirmation showed that the two bacterial isolates, namely, Klebsiella and E. coli were found to possess temoniera (TEM) gene which was the 400-500 bp conferring resistance to the antibiotics. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that early detection of ESBL producing Gram-negative organism is a very important step in planning the therapy of patient in Hospitals. CDST continues to be a good indicator in the detection of ESBL producers. Keywords: Beta-lactamases, Gram-negative bacilli, Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase, Resistance, Combined disc synergistic test.

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Role of lipopolysaccharides and lipoteichoic acids on C-Chrysophsin-1 interactions with model Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial membranes

Biointerphases ◽

10.1116/1.5130774 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 15 (3) ◽

pp. 031007

Author(s):

Todd E. Alexander ◽

Ian M. Smith ◽

Zachary W. Lipsky ◽

Lindsay D. Lozeau ◽

Terri A. Camesano

Keyword(s):

Gram Positive ◽

Gram Negative ◽

Bacterial Membranes ◽

Lipoteichoic Acids

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The Recombination Genes addAB Are Not Restricted to Gram-Positive Bacteria: Genetic Analysis of the Recombination Initiation Enzymes RecF and AddAB in Rhizobium etli

Journal of Bacteriology ◽

10.1128/jb.186.23.7905-7913.2004 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 186 (23) ◽

pp. 7905-7913 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Jacobo Zuñiga-Castillo ◽

David Romero ◽

Jaime M. Martínez-Salazar

Keyword(s):

Recombination Frequency ◽

Double Strand Breaks ◽

Additive Effect ◽

Gram Negative Bacteria ◽

Rhizobium Etli ◽

Gram Positive ◽

Gram Negative ◽

Strand Breaks ◽

Gram Positive Bacteria

ABSTRACT Single-strand gaps (SSGs) and double-strand breaks (DSBs) are the major initiation sites for recombination. In bacteria, the SSGs are repaired by RecFOR, while the DSBs are processed by RecBCD in gram-negative bacteria and AddAB in gram-positive bacteria. Unexpectedly, instead of recBCD genes, the addAB genes were found in members of the α-proteobacteria group (gram negative). Taking Rhizobium etli as a model, the role of recF and addAB genes in homologous recombination and repair of damaged DNA was evaluated. Inactivation of either recF or addA provoked strong sensitivity to UV radiation and mitomycin C, while an additive effect was observed in the recF-addA mutant. The DSBs generated by nalidixic acid caused low viability only in the addA mutant. The recombination frequency of large and small plasmids was reduced in the recF mutant (24- and 36-fold, respectively), whereas a slight decrease (threefold) in the addA mutant was observed. Moreover, an additive effect (47- and 90-fold, respectively) was observed in the double mutant, but it was not as dramatic as that in a recA mutant. Interestingly, the frequency of deletion and Campbell-type recombination was slightly affected in either single or double mutants. These results suggest that another pathway exists that allows plasmid and Campbell-type recombination in the absence of recF and addA genes.

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Role of Interleukin 1 Receptor Like 1 (ST2) in Gram-Negative and Gram-Positive Sepsis in Mice

Shock ◽

10.1097/shk.0b013e3182a35f02 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 40 (4) ◽

pp. 290-296 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Dana C. Blok ◽

Alex F. de Vos ◽

Sandrine Florquin ◽

Tom van der Poll

Keyword(s):

Interleukin 1 ◽

Gram Positive ◽

Gram Negative

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Role of protonated and neutral forms of macrolides in binding to ribosomes from gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy ◽

10.1128/aac.34.3.426 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 34 (3) ◽

pp. 426-431 ◽

Cited By ~ 43

Author(s):

R C Goldman ◽

S W Fesik ◽

C C Doran

Keyword(s):

Gram Negative Bacteria ◽

Gram Positive ◽

Gram Negative

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Study of the Comparative Activity of Piperacillin/Tazobactam with Currently Available Antibiotics against 8206 Aerobic Isolates

Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1155/1997/632673 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 8 (3) ◽

pp. 147-153 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Kevin R Forward ◽

Donald E Low ◽

Michel Laverdiere ◽

Robert Rennie ◽

Andrew E Simor ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Clinical Laboratory ◽

National Committee ◽

Community Hospitals ◽

Gram Positive ◽

Gram Negative ◽

Beta Lactamases ◽

Extended Spectrum ◽

Disk Diffusion Testing ◽

Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamases ◽

Gram Positive Cocci

OBJECTIVES: To compare the activity of piperacillin-tazobactam with piperacillin and other parenterally administered antibiotics against aerobic Gram-negative bacilli and Gram-positive cocci isolated from across Canada, and to determine the prevalence of resistance mediated by extended-spectrum cephalosporinases.METHODS: Sixty-one laboratories participated. Disk diffusion testing was performed in accordance with methods outlined by the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. Susceptibilities were performed on 8206 strains.Escherichia coliandKlebsiella pneumoniaewith reduced susceptibilities to third-generation cephalosporins were screened for extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs).RESULTS: Piperacillin-tazobactam was active against 92% of the strains, piperacillin against 81% and ticarcillin-clavulanic acid against 88%. Few differences were observed in the relative susceptibility of strains from teaching or community hospitals, from different anatomic sites or from different regions of the country. Aerobic Gram-negative bacilli tested tended to be more susceptible to all the agents than was recently reported in a similar American study. Only 43% ofEnterococcus faeciumwere susceptible to ampicillin and 42% to piperacillin piperacillin with and without tazobactam. Only two enterococcal strains were resistant to vancomycin, and 19 had intermediate zone sizes. Of the 10 strains ofE coliand eight strains ofK pneumoniaewith reduced susceptibility to extended spectrum cephalosporins, only one demonstrated typical ESBL activity.CONCLUSIONS: Canadian aerobic Gram-positive cocci and Gram-negative bacilli remain highly susceptible to many currently available antibiotics. The findings confirm a broad spectrum of activity of piperacillin-tazobactam and indicate that the pattern of susceptibility is quite uniform from different body sites, in both teaching and community hospitals, and across the country.

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The antimicrobial potentialities of (Nk-lysin peptides of chicken, bovine, and human) against bacteria and rotavirus

10.21203/rs.3.rs-409635/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Maged. M Mahmoud ◽

Ahmed M. Al-Hejin ◽

Turki S Abujaml ◽

S Abd-Elmaksoud ◽

Salem M. El-Hamidy ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antiviral Activity ◽

Klebsiella Oxytoca ◽

Bacterial Strains ◽

Gram Positive ◽

Gram Negative ◽

Beta Lactamases ◽

Gram Positive Bacteria ◽

The Past ◽

Antiviral Activities ◽

First Time

Abstract For the first time, this study was carried out to investigate and evaluate the relative antibacterial activity of three different Nk-lysin peptides from human, chicken, and bovine activity compared to Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria as well as antiviral activity against rotavirus (strain SA-11) and finally mechanisms of action optionality. This report is the first of its kind that investigates the increased antimicrobial ability of (Nk-lysin + AgNPs) and (Nk-lysin + human IL-2) combinations against S. typhi activity by carrying out direct comparison under similar experimental settings. Our results showed that gram-negative and gram-positive microorganisms, including Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus mutans, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella oxytoca, Shigella sonnei, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Salmonella typhimurium, are susceptible to NK-lysin treatment. It was shown in our findings that there was equal potentiality in mixture (Nk-lysin + AgNPs) and (Nk-lysin + human IL-2) for preventing the growth of S. typhi, however, when added together, there was minor increase in the level of action. In our study, the TOHO-1 gene was absent in treated bacteria. Following treatment with Nk-lysin peptides, the beta-lactamases genes (CTX-M-1, M-8, and M-9) were not found in any bacterial strains. The examination did not find any of the plasmid mediated quinolone resistance genes in the bacterial strains as a response to NK-lysin treatment. Nonetheless, no study has been carried out in the past that characterized the antiviral activity of bovine, human and chicken Nk-lysin peptides. Hence, this is the foremost study on the enhanced antimicrobial activity of human, bovine and chicken Nk-lysin peptides against Rotavirus (strain SA-11). The findings of the study demonstrated that the powerful antiviral activities were exhibited by Nk-lysin peptides against Rotavirus (strain SA-11). Based on the comparison between these peptides, it can be concluded that there is an evident potent antiviral activity of bovine Nk-lysin against Rotavirus (strain SA-11) as it restrains infection by up to 90%. However, growth was restricted by 80% by chicken Nk-lysin and by 50% by the human peptide.

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Cedecea lapagei An Extremely Rare Uropathogen: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

10.21203/rs.3.rs-181472/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Abdikarim Hussein Mohamed ◽

Hussein Ali Mohamud

Keyword(s):

Renal Failure ◽

Case Report ◽

Urinary Tract ◽

Urinary Tract Infections ◽

Beta Lactam ◽

Gram Negative ◽

Beta Lactamases ◽

Extended Spectrum ◽

Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamases ◽

Tract Infections

Abstract Background: Gram-negative enterobacteria are the most common cause of urinary tract infections. Cedecea is a new separate genus in the family enterobacteriaceae, and it is a very rare pathogen that was primarily found in the respiratory tract. Cedecea lapagei is a very rare pathogen of urinary tract infections. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case report in the world reported in English literature. Case presentation: A 55 years old man with chronic renal failure, poorly controlled diabetes mellitus, and hypertension presented with acute exacerbations of renal failure and irritative voiding symptoms. After stabilization and empirical antibiotic therapy with Ceftriaxone, the patient’s condition was not improved and deteriorated progressively. After the request of urine culture, the culture was isolated, an extremely rare uropathogen recently recognized by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC); the Cedecea lapagei. Cedecea lapagei identification had been done using Eosin methylene blue agar (EMB). Gram-negative lipase positive bacteria with bacillus in shape, motile in nature that is non-spore-forming, and non-encapsulated enterobacteria with the final result of >100,000 colony-forming units per ml of Cedecea lapagei were isolated. Mueller-Hinton agar had been used to perform antimicrobial sensitivity and resistance. The pathogen was extensively resistant to the extended-spectrum beta-lactamases antibiotics and extended-spectrum beta-lactam inhibitors while carbapenems, fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides, and Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole showed a higher sensitivity rate. Conclusion: The treatment of Cedecea lapagei infections represents a challenging issue due to its multi-drug resistant and extensive drug resistance patterns to a variety of antimicrobial classes, such as extended-spectrum beta-lactamases, cephalosporins, and beta-lactam inhibitors. Antimicrobial treatment should be aligned with the culture findings once available.

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Characterization of eight beta-lactamases of Gram-negative bacteria

Journal of Bacteriology ◽

10.1128/jb.152.2.567-571.1982 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 152 (2) ◽

pp. 567-571

Author(s):

T Sawai ◽

M Kanno ◽

K Tsukamoto

Keyword(s):

Assay Method ◽

Gram Negative Bacteria ◽

Beta Lactam ◽

Ph Optimum ◽

Gram Negative ◽

Beta Lactamases ◽

Beta Lactam Antibiotics ◽

R Plasmids ◽

Ph Stat ◽

Species Specific

Eight kinds of beta-lactamases produced by gram-negative bacteria were characterized by the following properties: molecular weight, isoelectric point, pH optimum, molecular activity, immunochemical reactivity, and kinetic parameters with respect to twelve kinds of common beta-lactam antibiotics. These beta-lactamases included two types of penicillinases mediated by R plasmids and six kinds of species-specific cephalosporinases. To determine a reliable value of the kinetic parameter, Km, we introduced a continuous and acidimetric assay method of beta-lactamase activity with a pH stat.

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