scholarly journals Roles of Toll-like Receptor 7 and 8 in Prevention of Intrauterine Transmission of Hepatitis B Virus

2015 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 445-453 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ting Tian ◽  
Dandan Sun ◽  
Peng Wang ◽  
Hanzhi Wang ◽  
Xiaoxia Bai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis B Virus ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Infected Group ◽  
Intrauterine Transmission ◽  
Trophoblastic Cells ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
B Virus ◽  
The Difference ◽  
And Control ◽  
Hbv Transmission

Background: Approximately 5% of newborns were infected by hepatitis B virus (HBV) via intrauterine transmission, but most of the infants born to HBV-positive mothers are protected from infection. However, the mechanisms by which intrauterine transmission is avoided remain elusive, and the roles of toll-like receptors (TLRs) have been proposed. The aims of this study were to clarify if TLR 7 and 8 are involved in the prevention of intrauterine transmission of HBV. Methods: Real time polymerase-chain reaction (PCR) was used to determine the expression of TLRs and cytokines in placenta and trophoblasts. The expression of MyD88 was interfered with small interfering RNA (siRNA) in trophoblasts. An in intro model mimicking trophoblast barrier was established to evaluate the effect of MyD88 siRNA on HBV transmission across trophoblast barrier. Results: There were significant differences in placental expression of TLR7 (F=3.263, P=0.048) and TLR8 (F=3.257, P=0.048) among control (HBV-negative women), non-infected group (HBV-positive women whose infants were not infected) and infected group (HBV-positive women whose infants were infected). The expression of TLR7 was significantly higher in non-infected group than infected group (P=0.039) and control (P=0.043). There was a significant difference in TLR8 expression between non-infected group and control (P=0.014), and the difference was close to but not significant (P=0.074) between non-infected and infected groups. Exposure of trophoblast to HBV significantly induced the expression of TLR7 (P<0.001), TLR8 (P=0.005), MyD88 (P=0.004), interferon (IFN)-α (P=0.004), IFN-β (P<0.001) and interleukin (IL)-8 (P=0.001). When MyD88 was interfered by siRNA, the expression of IFN-α (P<0.001), IFN-β (P=0.01) and IL-8 (P<0.001) was significantly decreased while the amount of HBV transcytosed across trophoblastic barrier significantly increased (P=0.03). Conclusions: TLR7 and TLR8 on trophoblastic cells play an important role in the prevention of intrauterine HBV transmission by inhibiting HBV translocation across trophoblast.

scholarly journals Current Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practice of Medical Students Regarding the Risk of Hepatitis B Virus Infection and Control Measures at Qassim University

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 435-439
Author(s):  
Osama Al Wutayd ◽  
Abdullah AlRehaili ◽  
Khaled AlSafrani AlSafrani ◽  
Abdulrahman Abalkhail ◽  
Sulaiman Mohammed AlEidi
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis B Virus ◽  
Medical Students ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Infection Control ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Hbv Infection ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
B Virus ◽  
And Control

BACKGROUND: Medical students are exposed to occupational health hazards in hospitals during their studies and lack sufficient education about infection control measures. Injury to medical students is a substantial problem and students have an increased risk of hepatitis B virus (HBV). To understand how medical students think about infection control, it is important to identify the strengths and weaknesses of their education. AIM: To assess current knowledge, attitudes, and practice of medical students regarding HBV infection and control measures at Qassim University, Saudi Arabia. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted at a medical college. Participants completed a 39-item self-administered questionnaire assessing demographics, knowledge, attitudes, and practice. Item response frequencies were calculated. Responses were recorded into yes (strongly agree and agree) and no (neutral, disagree, and strongly disagree) answers. Correct responses were totalled and categorised as good or poor performance. A scale cut-off of less than 75% correct responses was considered poor, and 75% or more correct responses was considered good. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated, and the chi-square test was used for analysis. RESULTS: A total of 21%, 41%, and 8% of students expressed good knowledge, attitudes, and practice, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference between males and females on knowledge (p = 0.089), attitudes (p = 0.829), and practice (p = 0.248). There was a statistically significant difference between academic years on knowledge (p = 0.0001), attitudes (p = 0.0001), and practice (p = 0.0001). CONCLUSION: Most medical students have poor knowledge, attitudes, and practice regarding the risk of HBV infection. It is recommended that a policy is implemented for training on infection prevention for all medical students before they start clinical practice. Prevention programs about HBV infection should be instituted, and existing programs must be strengthened.

scholarly journals Effect of a Community-Based Hepatitis B Virus Infection Detection Combined with Vaccination Program in China

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 19
Author(s):  
Xinyao Liu ◽  
Wuqi Qiu ◽  
Yan Liang ◽  
Wei Zhang ◽  
Qian Qiu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis B Virus ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Vaccination Rate ◽  
Hepatitis B Vaccine ◽  
Hepatitis B Vaccination ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Community Based ◽  
B Virus ◽  
Series Completion ◽  
And Control

Evidence on the effectiveness of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection screening and vaccination programs remains rare in China. We used a quasi-experimental method, propensity score matching, to evaluate the effects of a community-based HBV infection detection combined with vaccination (HBVIDV) program in a pilot. Data were retrieved from the HBVIDV program implemented between July 2019 and June 2020. Outcomes were the difference between the treatment and control groups in hepatitis B vaccination (≥1 dose), hepatitis B vaccine series completion (≥3 doses), and serologic evidence of vaccine-mediated immunity. Altogether, 26,180 individuals were included, where 6160 (23.5%) individuals were assigned to the treatment group, and 20,020 (76.5%) individuals were assigned to the control group. After propensity score matching, 5793 individuals were matched. The rates of hepatitis B vaccination, hepatitis B vaccine series completion, and prevalence of vaccine-mediated immunity in the treatment and control groups were 29.0% vs. 17.8%, 22.1% vs. 13.1%, and 38.2% vs. 27.6%, respectively. The HBVIDV program was significantly associated with increased hepatitis B vaccination rate (OR, 1.884, 95% CI 1.725–2.057), hepatitis B vaccine series completion rate (OR, 1.872, 95% CI 1.696–2.065), and prevalence of vaccine-mediated immunity (OR, 1.623, 95% CI 1.501–1.755). The greater magnitude of association between HBVIDV program and outcomes was observed among adults aged 35–54 years and adults who live in rural areas. The HBVIDV program was effective in increasing the hepatitis B vaccination rate, hepatitis B vaccine series completion rate, and prevalence of vaccine-mediated immunity among adults in the pilot. Further focusing the program on special populations and regions may produce more effective results.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Hepatitis B among Food Vendors in Wurukum Market, Makurdi Benue State

2018 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
V. U. Obisike ◽  
C. M. Uke ◽  
E. U. Amuta
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Liver Disease ◽  
Hepatitis B Virus ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Hbv Infection ◽  
Test Strips ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
B Virus ◽  
Life Threatening

Hepatitis B is a life threatening infectious liver disease caused by hepatitis B virus (HBV). The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of HBV among food vendors in Wurukum, a highly commercial section of metropolitan Makurdi in Benue State. The test was carried out with the use of an immunochromatographic  micropoint HBsAg test strips and a HBsAg  buffer screen for the virus. Out of the 250 non-vaccinated food vendors sampled, 27(10.8%) had HBV infection, with more in males (21.7%) than in females (6.6%). No significant difference (p>0.05) was found among age groups in spite of the observed highest prevalence of 14.3% among the 20-29 year olds. Therefore, the need for routine screening cannot be overemphasized in spite of known risk factors among food vendors.

scholarly journals Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Vaccinated Children and Adolescents with HBsAg-positive Parents: Is Routine Vaccination Sufficient?

Health Scope ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol In Press (In Press) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alireza Bakhshipour ◽  
Manijeh Khalili ◽  
Raheleh Rafaiee
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis B Virus ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Hepatitis B Surface Antigen ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Exposed Group ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Childhood Vaccination ◽  
Intradermal Vaccination ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
B Virus

Background: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a severe public health problem in Iran. This study was conducted to investigate the intrafamilial transmission of HBV in vaccinated children whose one or both parents were positive for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). Methods: In a study with retrospective cohort design, 110 exposed cases with HBsAg-positive parent(s) were compared with 110 unexposed controls of the same sex and age groups. The participants were directly asked about demographic characteristics, medical history, and vaccinations. Blood samples were collected and analyzed for HBV infection markers using the ELIZA method. Results: Overall, 1.8% HBsAg (P = 0.15) and 13.6% hepatitis B core antibody (HBcAb) (P < 0.0001) positivity rates were detected in the exposed group. The hepatitis B surface antibody titer (HBsAb) showed that 34.5% of cases and 56.3% of controls had HBsAb levels > 10 IU/L. There was a significant difference in the protective HBsAb level between the two groups (P < 0.0001). There were significant associations between HBsAb level and gender in the exposed group and decreased HBsAb levels and age. Conclusions: The high rate of positive HBcAb and HBsAg and decreasing HBsAb levels with age in this study indicate that routine childhood vaccination programs are inadequate in preventing HBV transmission and vaccine routes changing or further booster vaccination is essential. Effective case finding in vaccinated children with HBsAg-positive parents, intradermal vaccination, and hepatitis B immunoglobulin in newborns with HBsAg-positive fathers are suggested.

scholarly journals Age-wise and Gender-wise Prevalence of Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) Infection in Lahore, Pakistan

2019 ◽  
Vol 01 (04) ◽  
pp. 20-28
Author(s):  
Aqib Nazeer ◽  
Shahid Ali ◽  
Imran Tipu
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis B Virus ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Hepatitis B Surface Antigen ◽  
Hbv Infection ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Pakistani Population ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
B Virus ◽  
And Gender

Background The prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) in the Pakistani population has been reported previously, however, studies with a city-oriented approach and focus on age and gender distribution are very limited. Therefore, the current study was designed to unravel the age-wise and gender wise prevalence of HBV in Lahore, Pakistan. Methods A total of 350 blood samples of both male and female patients who visited National Genetic Laboratory, Lahore between February 2019 and July 2019 and who were suspected of HBV infection were screened. Sandwich based ELISA was used to detect rapid hepatitis B surface antigen (HbsAg) according to the manufacturer’s instruction. Real time PCR was used to detect HBV using HBV Rotor Gene PCR kit. Results Out of 350 blood samples screened for HBV infection (n= 350), 180 (51.43%) were of males and 170 (48.57%) were of females. Mean age (years) with SD (standard deviation) of the screened population was 37.22 ± 12.16 years. Overall, 224 samples (64%) were found to be positive for HBV infection. In our study, the number of females with this infection (52.24%) was slightly higher than males (47.76%). However, we observed no statistically significant difference (p = 0.225) between them. Conclusion Our study concludes that HBV is highly prevalent in Lahore, Pakistan. Females are slightly more susceptible to HBV infection as compared to males. This study also reports that HBV is more prevalent in the 20-40 age group.

The possible role of S gene mutations of hepatitis B virus in intrauterine transmission

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiaxin Wu ◽  
Yongliang Feng ◽  
Zhiqing Yang ◽  
Ruijun Zhang ◽  
Dandan Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis B Virus ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Hepatitis B Surface Antigen ◽  
Gene Mutations ◽  
Hbv Dna ◽  
Mutation Rates ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Intrauterine Transmission ◽  
S Gene ◽  
B Virus

Abstract Background: Many hepatitis B virus (HBV) substances could inevitably enter fetuses and occurred neonatal intrauterine transmission. HBV often occurs mutation, especially S gene, and may lead to different outcomes on intrauterine transmission. We explored the associations between HBV S gene mutations of hepatitis B surface antigen positive (HBsAg-positive) mothers and intrauterine transmission. Methods: A total of 399 HBsAg-positive mothers and neonates were recruited and their general demographic information was collected between June 2011 and July 2013. The mothers with HBV DNA levels ≥ 106 IU/ml were selected, 22 mothers whose neonates occurred HBV intrauterine transmission were in the HBV intrauterine transmission group (GT) and 22 mothers were randomly selected from the remaining controls were in the control group (GC). Maternal whole-genome HBV DNA was extracted, amplified, cloned, and sequenced. Obtained sequences were adjusted, genotyped, and analyzed for mutation rates. A case-control study was designed to analyze the relationship between mutations in the S gene of HBV and intrauterine transmission. Results: Fifty-five neonates were found to have experienced intrauterine transmission (13.78%). Genotype B (4.55%), genotype C (88.64%) and inter-genotype B/C (6.81%) were found in the 44 HBsAg-positive mothers. The mutation rates of the S gene, in both genotypes B (0.58% vs 1.41%, P = 0.040) and C (7.56% vs 14.71%, P＜0.001), were lower in group T than in group C. Missense substitutions such as L84I, P47S, K10Q, A41P, M133L, A60V, and I42T only existed in group C. The mutation rates of G73S, I126T, and I126S in group C were higher (P < 0.001, P < 0.001, P = 0.010). Deletions occurred in the S gene. The occurrence of intrauterine transmission with maternal mutation A90V was higher (P < 0.001). This may have increased the risk of neonatal HBsAg expression (P = 0.022). Conclusions: The HBV S gene mutations of HBsAg-positive mothers may reduce the occurrence of HBV intrauterine transmission. It is possible for HBsAg-positive mothers infected with A90V to develop HBV chronic infection and transmit it to the fetus during pregnancy, resulting in neonatal HBV infection.

scholarly journals Occult Hepatitis B virus infection among HIV negative and positive isolated anti-HBc individuals in eastern Ethiopia

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Desalegn Admassu Ayana ◽  
A. Mulu ◽  
A. Mihret ◽  
B. Seyoum ◽  
A. Aseffa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis B Virus ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Hbv Infection ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Eastern Ethiopia ◽  
Occult Hepatitis ◽  
B Virus ◽  
Occult Hepatitis B ◽  
Hbv Transmission ◽  
Hiv Negative

AbstractThe absence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and the presence of antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc) in the blood of apparently healthy individuals may not indicate the absence of circulating hepatitis B virus (HBV) and might be infectious. Despite the risk of HBV transmission, there has been no report from Ethiopia examining this issue; therefore, this study determined occult HBV infection (OBI) among isolated anti-HBc (IAHBc) HIV negative and HIV positive individuals on ART in eastern Ethiopia. A total of 306 IAHBc individuals were included in this study. DNA was extracted, amplified, and detected from plasma using a commercially available RealTime PCR platform (Abbott m2000rt) following the manufacturer’s instructions. Data were entered into EPI Data version 3.1, cleaned, and analyzed using Stata version 13. Descriptive analysis was used to calculate prevalence, summarize sociodemographic data and other factors. From the 306 IAHBc individuals (184 HIV positive and 122 HIV negative) included in the study, 183 (59.8%) were female of which 142 (77.6%) were within the reproductive age group. DNA extraction, amplified and detection was conducted in 224 individuals. The overall OBI prevalence was 5.8% (5.6% in HIV negative and 6% in HIV positive) among the IAHBc individuals. The HBV DNA concentration among the occult hepatitis B individuals was < 200 IU/mL, indicating a true occult. This study reported the burden of OBI, which pauses a significant public health problem due to the high burden of HBV infection in the country. OBI may cause substantial risk of HBV transmission from blood transfusion, organ transplantation as well as vertical transmission as screening is solely dependent on HBsAg testing.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document