scholarly journals Breastfeeding, Childhood Asthma, and Allergic Disease

2017 ◽  
Vol 70 (Suppl. 2) ◽  
pp. 26-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wendy H. Oddy
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Allergic Disease ◽  
Childhood Asthma ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor Β ◽  
Human Infant ◽  
Human Breast Milk ◽  
Gut Colonization ◽  
Increased Risk

The worldwide prevalence of childhood asthma has been increasing considerably, and the protection afforded by breastfeeding in its development has been the subject of controversy for more than 80 years. Previous systematic reviews have generally found a protective effect of breastfeeding on allergic outcomes, although many studies have methodological limitations. Although breastfeeding is protective against lower respiratory tract infection during infancy, such protection has not been demonstrated for asthma in all studies. Breastfeeding has health benefits for the mother and child. Exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months of an infant's life, with continued breastfeeding for up to 2 years or longer, is recognized as the “gold” standard for infant feeding because human milk is uniquely suited to the human infant, and its nutritional content and bioactivity promote a healthy development. There is increasing concern that the practice of delaying complementary foods until 6 months may exacerbate the risk of allergic disease. Breast milk contains immunological components that protect against infections and allergic disease in infancy. The composition of human breast milk is complex, containing factors that interact with the infant immune system and intestinal milieu including allergens, cytokines, immunoglobulins, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and chemokines. Transforming growth factor β is a cytokine in human milk involved in maintaining intestinal homeostasis, inflammation regulation, and oral tolerance development. Modern day society, with increased standards of hygiene, has changed the gut flora of Western infants, potentially impacting the risk of developing immune-mediated diseases including allergic disease and asthma. Microbial diversity is intrinsic to healthy immune maturation and function. Compared to breastfed infants, formula-fed infants had lower bacterial diversity and an altered intestinal microbiota in the first few weeks of life associated with an increased risk of eczema and asthma. Favorable gut colonization through continued breastfeeding may promote tolerance as well as protection when complementary feeding is initiated.

Summary-The Early Feeds: Human Milk Versus Formula and Bovine Milk

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 157-159
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Whey Proteins ◽  
Bovine Milk ◽  
Milk Proteins ◽  
Human Infant ◽  
Postnatal Life ◽  
Human Breast Milk ◽  
Nonprotein Nitrogen ◽  
Casein Protein

Adaptations of the gastrointestinal tract and the immune system that take place during the first year of postnatal life are of great importance, initially facilitating the transition between gestation and lactation, ultimately supporting independent postnatal life. When considering feeding options during the early periods, the roles of human milk, commercially prepared formula, and bovine milk must be evaluated in light of recent knowledge of these adaptations. Since infant feeding practices and the biologic capabilities of infants themselves vary significantly, the question arises as to what is "acceptable" v what is "optimal." NUTRITIONAL PROTEINS At present, evaluations of the amount of protein required for infant growth are based on clinical studies of largē populations and include a "margin of safety" to meet the needs of the individual infant. Based on the assumption that the milk of a given species is best adapted to the nutrient requirements of the young of that species, human infant protein requirements are determined by the protein contribution of human breast milk. Breast-milk proteins are defined broadly as either whey or casein protein with an approximate ratio of 70:30, respectively. The casein portion is divided into three subgroups: α,β and κ casein. Whey proteins are divided into six major subgroups: α-lactalbumin, β-lactoglobulin; lactoferrin; serum-albumin; lysozyme, and immunoglobulins A, G, and M. Numerous nonprotein nitrogen substances including taurine exist as well. Protein Availability Protein concentration of breast milk is approximately 1.2 g/dL when measured as total nitrogen. Nearly 25% of this is nonprotein nitrogen, much of which may not be used for nutritional purposes.

scholarly journals Short- and Long-Term Implications of Human Milk Microbiota on Maternal and Child Health

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (21) ◽  
pp. 11866
Author(s):  
María García-Ricobaraza ◽  
José Antonio García-Santos ◽  
Mireia Escudero-Marín ◽  
Estefanía Diéguez ◽  
Tomás Cerdó ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Nutritional Composition ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Human Breast Milk ◽  
Gut Colonization ◽  
Short And Long Term

Human milk (HM) is considered the most complete food for infants as its nutritional composition is specifically designed to meet infant nutritional requirements during early life. HM also provides numerous biologically active components, such as polyunsaturated fatty acids, milk fat globules, IgA, gangliosides or polyamines, among others; in addition, HM has a “bifidogenic effect”, a prebiotic effect, as a result of the low concentration of proteins and phosphates, as well as the presence of lactoferrin, lactose, nucleotides and oligosaccharides. Recently, has been a growing interest in HM as a potential source of probiotics and commensal bacteria to the infant gut, which might, in turn, influence both the gut colonization and maturation of infant immune system. Our review aims to address practical approaches to the detection of microbial communities in human breast milk samples, delving into their origin, composition and functions. Furthermore, we will summarize the current knowledge of how HM microbiota dysbiosis acts as a short- and long-term predictor of maternal and infant health. Finally, we also provide a critical view of the role of breast milk-related bacteria as a novel probiotic strategy in the prevention and treatment of maternal and offspring diseases.

Human Breast Milk Contains Bovine lgG. Relationship to Infant Colic?

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 87 (4) ◽  
pp. 439-444
Author(s):  
Patrick S. Clyne ◽  
Anthony Kulczycki
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Human Breast Milk ◽  
Human Breast ◽  
Cow's Milk ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Infant Colic ◽  
Β Lactoglobulin

Previous studies have suggested that an unidentified cow's milk protein, other than β-lactoglobulin and casein, might play a pathogenetic role in infant colic. Therefore, a radioimmunoassay was used to analyze human breast milk and infant formula samples for the presence of bovine IgG. Milk samples from 88 of the 97 mothers tested contained greater than 0.1 µg/mL of bovine IgG. In a study group of 59 mothers with infants in the colic-prone 2- to 17-week age group, the 29 mothers of colicky infants had higher levels of bovine IgG in their breast milk (median 0.42 µg/mL) than the 30 mothers of noncolicky infants (median 0.32 µg/mL) (P < .02). The highest concentrations of bovine IgG observed in human milk were 8.5 and 8.2 µg/mL. Most cow's milk-based infant formulas contained 0.6 to 6.4 µg/mL of bovine IgG, a concentration comparable with levels found in many human milk samples. The results suggest that appreciable quantities of bovine IgG are commonly present in human milk, that significantly higher levels are present in milk from mothers of colicky infants, and that bovine IgG may possibly be involved in the pathogenesis of infant colic.

scholarly journals New strategies for profiling and characterization of human milk oligosaccharides

Glycobiology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (10) ◽  
pp. 774-786 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Porfirio ◽  
Stephanie Archer-Hartmann ◽  
G Brett Moreau ◽  
Girija Ramakrishnan ◽  
Rashidul Haque ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Human Breast Milk ◽  
Human Milk Oligosaccharides ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Milk Oligosaccharides ◽  
Vast Number ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Human breast milk is an incredibly rich and complex biofluid composed of proteins, lipids and complex carbohydrates, including a diverse repertoire of free human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs). Strikingly, HMOs are not digested by the infant but function as prebiotics for bacterial strains associated with numerous benefits. Considering the broad variety of beneficial effects of HMOs, and the vast number of factors that affect breast milk composition, the analysis of HMO diversity and complexity is of utmost relevance. Using human milk samples from a cohort of Bangladeshi mothers participating in a study on malnutrition and stunting in children, we have characterized breast milk oligosaccharide composition by means of permethylation followed by liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis. This approach identified over 100 different glycoforms and showed a wide diversity of milk composition, with a predominance of fucosylated and sialylated HMOs over nonmodified HMOs. We observed that these samples contain on average 80 HMOs, with the highest permethylated masses detected being >5000 mass units. Here we report an easily implemented method developed for the separation, characterization and relative quantitation of large arrays of HMOs, including higher molecular weight sialylated HMOs. Our ultimate goal is to create a simple, high-throughput method, which can be used for full characterization of sialylated and/or fucosylated HMOs. These results demonstrate how current analytical techniques can be applied to characterize human milk composition, providing new tools to help the scientific community shed new light on the impact of HMOs during infant development.

scholarly journals Breast Milk, a Source of Beneficial Microbes and Associated Benefits for Infant Health

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 1039 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katríona E. Lyons ◽  
C. Anthony Ryan ◽  
Eugene M. Dempsey ◽  
R. Paul Ross ◽  
Catherine Stanton
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Infant Health ◽  
Gastrointestinal Disease ◽  
Newborn Infants ◽  
Human Breast Milk ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Beneficial Microbes ◽  
Health And Nutrition

Human breast milk is considered the optimum feeding regime for newborn infants due to its ability to provide complete nutrition and many bioactive health factors. Breast feeding is associated with improved infant health and immune development, less incidences of gastrointestinal disease and lower mortality rates than formula fed infants. As well as providing fundamental nutrients to the growing infant, breast milk is a source of commensal bacteria which further enhance infant health by preventing pathogen adhesion and promoting gut colonisation of beneficial microbes. While breast milk was initially considered a sterile fluid and microbes isolated were considered contaminants, it is now widely accepted that breast milk is home to its own unique microbiome. The origins of bacteria in breast milk have been subject to much debate, however, the possibility of an entero-mammary pathway allowing for transfer of microbes from maternal gut to the mammary gland is one potential pathway. Human milk derived strains can be regarded as potential probiotics; therefore, many studies have focused on isolating strains from milk for subsequent use in infant health and nutrition markets. This review aims to discuss mammary gland development in preparation for lactation as well as explore the microbial composition and origins of the human milk microbiota with a focus on probiotic development.

scholarly journals Human Milk Oligosaccharide, Phospholipid, and Ganglioside Concentrations in Breast Milk from United Arab Emirates Mothers: Results from the MISC Cohort

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 2400 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul McJarrow ◽  
Hadia Radwan ◽  
Lin Ma ◽  
Alastair K.H. MacGibbon ◽  
Mona Hashim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
United Arab Emirates ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Human Breast Milk ◽  
Mature Milk ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Individual

Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), phospholipids (PLs), and gangliosides (GAs) are components of human breast milk that play important roles in the development of the rapidly growing infant. The differences in these components in human milk from the United Arab Emirates (UAE) were studied in a cross-sectional trial. High-performance liquid chromatography‒mass spectrometry was used to determine HMO, PL, and GA concentrations in transitional (5–15 days) and mature (at 6 months post-partum) breast milk of mothers of the United Arab Emirates (UAE). The results showed that the average HMO (12 species), PL (7 species), and GA (2 species) concentrations quantified in the UAE mothers’ transitional milk samples were (in mg/L) 8204 ± 2389, 269 ± 89, and 21.18 ± 11.46, respectively, while in mature milk, the respective concentrations were (in mg/L) 3905 ± 1466, 220 ± 85, and 20.18 ± 9.75. The individual HMO concentrations measured in this study were all significantly higher in transitional milk than in mature milk, except for 3 fucosyllactose, which was higher in mature milk. In this study, secretor and non-secretor phenotype mothers showed no significant difference in the total HMO concentration. For the PL and GA components, changes in the individual PL and GA species distribution was observed between transitional milk and mature milk. However, the changes were within the ranges found in human milk from other regions.

scholarly journals Detectable Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in Human Breast Milk of a Mildly Symptomatic Patient With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick C K Tam ◽  
Kathleen M Ly ◽  
Max L Kernich ◽  
Nicola Spurrier ◽  
Diana Lawrence ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Case Report ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Symptomatic Patient ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Human Breast Milk ◽  
Causative Pathogen ◽  
Human Breast ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

Abstract SARS-CoV-2 is a novel coronavirus and causative pathogen to the pandemic illness COVID-19. Although RNA has been detected in various clinical samples, no reports to date have documented SARS-CoV-2 in human milk. This case report describes an actively breastfeeding patient with COVID-19 infection with detectable viral RNA in human milk.

scholarly journals Inhibitors of Complement Activity in Human Breast-Milk: A Proposed Hypothesis of Their Physiological Significance

1999 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 69-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Oladipo Ogundele
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Complement Activation ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Physiological Significance ◽  
Human Breast Milk ◽  
Human Breast ◽  
Complement Activity ◽  
Milk Fat Globule ◽  
Fat Globule

Several natural components abundant in the fluid phase of human breast-milk have been shown to be inhibitors of complement activationin vitro, particularly the classical pathway. These include lysozyme, lactoferrin, lactalbumin alpha and other ligand chelators, complement regulator proteins and other specific soluble inhibitors of complement activation. Their physiological significance probably resides in their ability to restrictin vivocomplement activation to specialized (compartmentalized) sites on the cellular membrane structures in human milk, represented by the abundant surface area of the milk fat globule membranes. This would serve to prevent inflammatory-induced tissue damage of the delicate immature gastrointestinal tract of the newborn as well as the mammary gland itself. A number of recognized and potential inhibitors of complement activity in human milk and other biological fluids are hereby reviewed, with a proposal of their physiological significance.Abbreviations: HBM, human breast-milk; APC, alternative complement activation pathway; MAC, membrane attack complex (C5b-9); MFGM, milk fat globule membrane

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