Postural Control in Subjects with Incomplete Partition Inner Ear Malformations: A Comparison of Incomplete Partition Types

ORL ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Gorkem Ertugrul ◽  
Gonca Sennaroglu ◽  
Levent Sennaroglu
Keyword(s):  
Postural Control ◽  
Inner Ear ◽  
Healthy Control Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Balance Test ◽  
Vestibular Loss ◽  
Scale Scores ◽  
Ear Malformations ◽  
Healthy Control ◽  
Incomplete Partition

<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> Children with inner ear malformation (IEM) are at risk of vestibular loss as well as hearing loss. Incomplete partition (IP) anomalies constitute about 41% of all IEMs. This study aimed to investigate the postural control in subjects with the same type of IP on both sides and to compare their results with cochlear implant (CI) users without IEM and healthy peers. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> The study group consists of 17 subjects with the same IP types on both sides and using auditory implants on at least one side, with the following 3 groups: 6 IP-I subjects (mean age 12.28 ± 6.25), 6 IP-II subjects (mean age 12.90 ± 3.23), and 5 IP-III subjects (mean age 6.98 ± 3.10). Six unilateral CI users (mean age 11.38 ± 3.57) with normal inner ear structures were included in the CI control group, and 6 healthy peers (10.20 ± 4.79) were included in the healthy control group. The postural control was measured using the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency Second Edition (BOT-2) balance subtest. All devices were turned off during the balance test. <b><i>Results:</i></b> The BOT-2 balance scale scores were observed to be significantly different between the IP-I and healthy control group (medians of balance scores being 3.00 and 16.00, respectively, <i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.001) and the IP-III and healthy control group (medians of balance scores being 6.60 and 16.00, respectively, <i>p</i> = 0.04). The IP-II group had better balance scores (median = 8.00) than those of the other IP groups, although there were no significant differences between the IP-II and other groups (<i>p</i> &#x3e; 0.05). <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> This study demonstrated that subjects with the same IP type on both sides and with early implantation may differ in terms of their postural control abilities depending on their IP type. Subjects with IP should be regularly followed up by the vestibular assessment and supported by their postural control ability by vestibular rehabilitation.

scholarly journals The Relationship Between Coronavirus Anxiety Level and Emotional Eating in Individuals with Metabolic Syndrome: A Comparative Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Duygu Mataracı Değirmenci ◽  
Yasemin Kalkan Uğurlu ◽  
Dilek Küçük Alemdar
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Emotional Eating ◽  
Anxiety Scale ◽  
Healthy Control Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Scale Scores ◽  
Healthy Control ◽  
Anxiety Levels

Abstract BackgroundThe aim was to determine the coronavirus anxiety levels and emotional eating status of cases with diagnosis of MetS according to diagnostic criteria published by the International Diabetic Federation (IDF) in 2005 and healthy individuals with similar BMI to MetS subjects. MethodsThis study was completed with the descriptive, cross-sectional, case-controlled and relational screening model. The full sampling method was used in the study. The study was completed with 105 individuals with metabolic syndrome attending the diet clinic and 109 healthy individuals without MetS diagnosis also attending the diet clinic. Collection of data used anthropometric measurements and biochemical findings, blood pressure and a survey form, the Coronavirus Anxiety Scale (CAS) and Emotional Eating Scale (EES). ResultsCoronavirus anxiety scale scores of individuals with metabolic syndrome were found to be statistically significantly higher than the scores of the healthy control group (p <0.05). The difference between the metabolic syndrome group and the healthy control group for emotional eating scale scores was not significant (p <0.05)When groups are compared, apart from HDL, blood pressure and all other biochemical parameters were higher in metabolic syndrome subjects (p<0.05). However, when the correlation between coronavirus anxiety scale and emotional eating scale points is investigated in metabolic syndrome and healthy individuals, there was no correlation between the two scales (p>0.05).ConclusionIndividuals with metabolic syndrome had higher coronavirus anxiety levels than healthy individuals; however, there was no difference between metabolic syndrome and healthy subjects in terms of emotional eating behavior.Level of evidenceIII, case–control analytic study.

scholarly journals Cochlear Implantation in Inner Ear Malformations: Considerations Related to Surgical Complications and Communication Skills

ORL ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Recep Karamert ◽  
Hakan Tutar ◽  
Şenay Altinyay ◽  
Mehmet Düzlü ◽  
Merve Yildiz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inner Ear ◽  
Communication Skills ◽  
Surgical Complications ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Study Group ◽  
Verbal Skills ◽  
Ear Malformations ◽  
Incomplete Partition ◽  
The Impact

<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> There are particular challenges in the implantation of malformed cochleae, such as in cases of facial nerve anomalies, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks, erroneous electrode insertion, or facial stimulation, and the outcomes may differ depending on the severity of the malformation. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of inner ear malformations (IEMs) on surgical complications and outcomes of cochlear implantation. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> In order to assess the impact of IEMs on cochlear implant (CI) outcomes, 2 groups of patients with similar epidemiological parameters were selected from among 863 patients. Both the study group (patients with an IEM) and control group (patients with a normal inner ear) included 25 patients who received a CI and completed at least 1 year of follow-up. Auditory performance, receptive and expressive language skills, and production and use of speech were evaluated preoperatively and at least 1 year after implantation. Types of surgical complications and rates of revision surgeries were determined in each group. <b><i>Results:</i></b> In the study group, the most common malformation was an isolated enlarged vestibular aqueduct (EVA) (44.8%). Overall, the patients with IEMs showed significant improvement in auditory-verbal skills. In general, the patients who had normal cochleae scored significantly better compared to patients with IEMs (<i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.05). The complication rate was significantly lower in the control group compared to the study group (<i>p</i> = 0.001), but the rate of revision surgeries did not differ significantly (<i>p</i> = 0.637). <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> It is possible to improve communication skills with CIs in patients with IEMs despite the variations in postoperative performances. Patients with EVA, incomplete partition type 2, and cochlear hypoplasia type 2 were the best performers in terms of auditory-verbal skills. Patients with IEMs scored poorly compared to patients with normal cochleae. CSF leak (gusher or oozing) was the most common complication during surgery, which is highly likely in cases of incomplete partition type 3.

Vitamin D Treatment in Patients with Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis may Decrease the Development of Hypothyroidism

2016 ◽  
Vol 86 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 9-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bekir Ucan ◽  
Mustafa Sahin ◽  
Muyesser Sayki Arslan ◽  
Nujen Colak Bozkurt ◽  
Muhammed Kizilgul ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Vitamin D Deficiency ◽  
Hashimoto’S Thyroiditis ◽  
Healthy Control Group ◽  
Hashimoto's Thyroiditis ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Endocrine Society ◽  
Thyroid Autoantibody ◽  
Healthy Control ◽  
The Mean

Abstract.The relationship between Hashimoto’s thyroiditis and vitamin D has been demonstrated in several studies. The aim of the present study was to evaluate vitamin D concentrations in patients with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, the effect of vitamin D therapy on the course of disease, and to determine changes in thyroid autoantibody status and cardiovascular risk after vitamin D therapy. We included 75 patients with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis and 43 healthy individuals. Vitamin D deficiency is defined as a 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25(OH)D3) concentration less than 20ng/mL. Vitamin D deficient patients were given 50.000 units of 25(OH)D3 weekly for eight weeks in accordance with the Endocrine Society guidelines. All evaluations were repeated after 2 months of treatment. Patients with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis had significantly lower vitamin D concentrations compared with the controls (9.37±0.69 ng/mL vs 11.95±1.01 ng/mL, p < 0.05, respectively). Thyroid autoantibodies were significantly decreased by vitamin D replacement treatment in patients with euthyroid Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Also, HDL cholesterol concentrations improved in the euthyroid Hashimoto group after treatment. The mean free thyroxine (fT4) concentrations were 0.89±0.02 ng/dL in patients with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis and 1.07±0.03 ng/dL in the healthy control group (p < 0.001). The mean thyroid volumes were 7.71±0.44 mL in patients with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis and 5.46±0.63 mL in the healthy control group (p < 0.01). Vitamin D deficiency is frequent in Hashimoto’s thyroiditis and treatment of patients with this condition with Vitamin D may slow down the course of development of hypothyroidism and also decrease cardiovascular risks in these patients. Vitamin D measurement and replacement may be critical in these patients.

Plasma-Free Amino Acid Profiling of Nasal Polyposis Patients

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (9) ◽  
pp. 657-662 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mustafa Celik ◽  
Alper Şen ◽  
İsmail Koyuncu ◽  
Ataman Gönel
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Free Amino Acid ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Nasal Polyposis ◽  
Amino Acid Profile ◽  
Healthy Control Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Healthy Control ◽  
History Of

Aim and Objective:: To determine the mechanisms present in the etiopathogenesis of nasal polyposis. It is not clear whether amino acids contribute in a causal way to the development of the disease. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the plasma-free amino acid profile in patients with nasal polyposis and to compare the results with a healthy control group. Materials and Methods:: This was a prospective controlled study that took place in the Otolaryngology Department at the Harran University Faculty of Medicine between April 2017 and April 2018. Plasmafree amino acid profile levels were studied in serum samples taken from a patient group and a healthy control group. Patients who were diagnosed with bilateral diffuse nasal polyposis and were scheduled for surgical interventions were included in this study. Individuals whose age, gender, and body mass index values were compatible with that of the patient group and who did not have any health problems were included in the control group. All the participants whose levels of plasma-free amino acid were thought to be affected by one or more of the following factors were excluded from the study: smoking and alcohol use, allergic rhinitis presence, the presence of acute or chronic sinusitis, a history of endoscopic sinus surgery, unilateral nasal masses, a history of chronic drug use, systemic or topical steroid use in the last three months for any reason, and liver, kidney, hematological, cardiovascular, metabolic, neurological, or psychiatric disorders or malignancies. Results: In patients with nasal polyposis, 3-methyl histidine (3-MHIS: nasal polyposis group (ng) = 3.22 (1.92 – 6.07); control group (cg) = 1.21 (0.77 – 1.68); p = 0.001); arginine (arg: ng = 98.95 (70.81 – 117.75); cg = 75.10 (54.49 – 79.88); p = 0.005); asparagine (asn: ng = 79.84 (57.50 – 101.44); cg = 60.66 (46.39 – 74.62); p = 0.021); citrulline (cit: ng = 51.83 (43.81 – 59.78); cg = 38.33 (27.81 – 53.73); p = 0.038); cystine (cys: ng = 4.29 (2.43 – 6.66); cg = 2.41 (1.51 – 4.16); p = 0.019); glutamic acid (glu: ng = 234.86 (128.75 – 286.66); cg = 152.37 (122.51 – 188.34); p = 0.045); histidine (his: ng = 94.19 (79.34 – 113.99); cg = 74.80 (62.76 – 98.91); p = 0.018); lysine (lys: ng = 297.22 (206.55 – 371.25); cg = 179.50 (151.58 – 238.02); p = 0.001); ornithine (ng = 160.62 (128.36 – 189.32); cg = 115.91 (97.03 – 159.91); p = 0.019); serine (ser: ng = 195.15 (151.58 – 253.07); cg = 83.07 (67.44 – 92.44); p = 0.001); taurine (tau: ng = 74.69 (47.00 – 112.13); cg = 53.14 (33.57 – 67.31); p = 0.006); tryptophan (trp: ng = 52.31 (33.81 – 80.11); cg = 34.44 (25.94 – 43.07); p = 0.005), homocitrulline (ng = 1.75 (1.27 – 2.59); cg = 0.00 (0.00 – 0.53); p = 0.001); norvaline (ng = 6.90 (5.61 – 9.18); cg = 4.93 (3.74 – 7.13); p = 0.021); argininosuccinic acid (ng = 14.33 (10.06 – 25.65); cg = 12.22 (5.77 – 16.87) p = 0.046); and plasma concentrations were significantly higher than in the healthy control group (p <0.05). However, the gamma-aminobutyric acid (gaba: ng = 0.16 (0.10 – 0.24); cg = 0.21 (0.19 – 0.29); p = 0.010) plasma concentration was significantly lower in the nasal polyposis group than in the healthy control group. Conclusion: In this study, plasma levels of 15 free amino acids were significantly higher in the nasal polyposis group than in the healthy control group. A plasma level of 1 free amino acid was found to be significantly lower in the nasal polyposis group compared to the healthy control group. Therefore, it is important to determine the possibility of using the information obtained to prevent the recurrence of the condition and to develop effective treatment strategies. This study may be a milestone for studies of this subject. However, this study needs to be confirmed by further studies conducted in a larger series.

scholarly journals Correlation analysis of epicardial adipose tissue thickness, C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, visfatin, juxtaposed with another zinc finger protein 1, and type 2 diabetic macroangiopathy

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuan-Yuan Gong ◽  
Hai-Ying Peng
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Analysis ◽  
Zinc Finger Protein ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Healthy Control Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Diabetes Group ◽  
Reactive Protein ◽  
Healthy Control

Abstract Background To investigate the correlation between the thickness of epicardial adipose tissue (EAT), C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin (IL) -6, visfatin, juxtaposed with another zinc finger protein 1 (JAZF1) and type 2 diabetic mellitus (T2DM) macroangiopathy. Methods The study enrolled 82 patients with T2DM with macroangiopathy (the Complication Group), and 85 patients with T2DM (the Diabetes Group) who were admitted to Shandong Provincial Third Hospital from February 2018 to February 2020. In addition, 90 healthy people who underwent physical examination at the same hospital during the same period were enrolled (the Healthy Control Group). Age, gender, height, weight, waist circumference (WC), hip circumference (HC), diabetic course and therapeutic drugs, waist hip ratio (WHR), and body mass index (BMI) were recorded and calculated. Results The baseline characteristics of the three groups were comparable, and the diabetic course of the Complication Group and the Diabetes Group was not significantly different (P > 0.05). The WHR of the Complication Group was higher than that of the Diabetes Group and the Healthy Control Group, with statistical significance (P < 0.05). The FPG, 2hPG, HbA1C, CRP, IL-6, Visfatin, JAZF1, HOMA-IR, EAT thickness, and baPWV of the Complication Group were all higher than those of the Diabetes Group and the Healthy Control Group (P < 0.05, respectively). The JAZF1 and FIns of the Complication Group and Diabetes Group were lower than those of the Healthy Control Group, and JAZF1 of the Complication Group was lower than the Diabetes Group with statistical significance (P<0.05, respectively). Pearson correlation analysis showed that the EAT thickness was positively correlated with CRP, IL-6, visfatin, and JAZF1 (r = 0.387, 0.451, 0.283, 0.301, respectively, all P<0.001). Pearson correlation analysis showed that baPWV was positively correlated with EAT thickness, CRP, IL-6, visfatin, and JAZF1 (r = 0.293, 0.382, 0.473, 0.286, respectively, all P < 0.001). Multivariate stepwise regression analysis showed that FPG, 2hPG, HbA1C, CRP, IL-6, visfatin, JAZF1, and EAT thickness were independent risk factors that affected T2DM macroangiopathy. Conclusions Clinical monitoring and treatment of T2DM macroangiopathy can use CRP, IL-6, Visfatin, JAZF1, and EAT thickness as new targets to delay the progression of the disease. Further research on the relationship between the above factors and the pathogenesis of T2DM macroangiopathy may be helpful provide new treatment strategies.

scholarly journals How cognitive loads modulate the postural control of older women with low back pain?

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Le Ge ◽  
Qiuhua Yu ◽  
Chuhuai Wang ◽  
Huanjie Huang ◽  
Xin Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Back Pain ◽  
Postural Control ◽  
Older Women ◽  
Cognitive Task ◽  
Difficulty Level ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Low Back ◽  
Dual Tasks ◽  
Balance Test ◽  
Arithmetic Task

Abstract Background The capacity of postural control is a key factor related to falling in older people, particularly in older women with low back pain (LBP). Cognitive involvement in postural control increases with age. However, most scholars have not considered different difficulty levels of cognitive loads when exploring the effects of cognition on postural control in older patients with LBP. The present study is to investigate how different levels of cognitive loads modulate postural control in older women with LBP. Methods This was a cross-sectional study. Twenty older women with LBP were recruited into the LBP group, and 20 healthy older women without the history of LBP were recruited into the healthy control group. Balance parameters were computed to quantify postural control. All participants underwent the balance test, which required the participant to maintain stability during standing on a force platform with or without a concurrent cognitive task. The balance test included three levels of difficulties of posture tasks (eyes-open vs. eyes-closed vs. one-leg stance) and three cognitive tasks (without cognitive task vs. auditory arithmetic task vs. serial-7 s arithmetic task). Results A repeated-measure analysis of variance (3 postural tasks × 3 congnitive tasks× 2 groups) testing the effects of the different congnitive task levels on the performance in different postural conditions. Older women with LBP had worse postural control (as reflected by larger center of pressure (COP) parameters) than control group regardless of postural or cognitive difficulties. Compared with the single task, the COP parameters of participants with LBP were larger during dual tasks, even though the difficulty level of the cognitive task was low. Larger COP parameters were shown only if the difficulty level of the cognitive task was high in control group. Correlations between sway area/sway length and the number of falls were significant in dual tasks. Conclusion Our findings shed light on how cognitive loads modulate postural control for older women with LBP. Compared with control group, cognitive loads showed more disturbing effects on postural control in older women with LBP, which was associated with falling.

scholarly journals HMGB1, anti-HMGB1 antibodies, and ratio of HMGB1/anti-HMGB1 antibodies as diagnosis indicator in fever of unknown origin

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mingkun Chen ◽  
Li Zhu ◽  
Miao Xue ◽  
Rongrong Zhu ◽  
Liling Jing ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Autoimmune Disease ◽  
Serum Concentration ◽  
Malignant Tumor ◽  
Fever Of Unknown Origin ◽  
Unknown Origin ◽  
Healthy Control Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Elisa Kit ◽  
Healthy Control

AbstractTo evaluate the feasibility of serum HMGB1, anti-HMGB1 antibodies, and HMGB1/anti-HMGB1 ratio as a diagnosis indicator of initial clinical classification in patients with fever of unknown origin (FUO). Ninety-four patients with classical FUO and ninety healthy controls were enrolled in this study. The subjects’ clinical data and serum were collected. The serum concentration of HMGB1 was detected by a commercial HMGB1 ELISA kit, while the serum concentration of anti-HMGB1 antibodies were detected by an in-house built anti-HMGB1 antibodies ELISA kit and further confirmed by immunoblotting. According to the hospital diagnosis on discharge, ninety-four FUO patients were divided into four groups, Infectious disease subgroup, autoimmune disease subgroup, malignant tumor subgroup, and undetermined subgroup. The concentrations of HMGB1 in the infectious disease subgroup and autoimmune disease subgroup were higher than those in the malignant tumor subgroup, undetermined subgroup, and healthy control group. The concentration of anti-HMGB1 antibodies in autoimmune disease subtype group was higher than those in other subgroups as well as healthy control group. According to the distribution of HMGB1 and anti-HMGB1 in scatter plots of the patients with FUO, we found that the ratio of serum HMGB1/anti-HMGB1 is an ideal clinical indicator for differential diagnosis of different subtypes of FUO. The best cut-off was 0.75, and the sensitivity, specificity, and AUC were 66.67%, 87.32%, and 0.8, respectively. Correlation analysis showed that serum concentration of HMGB1 was moderately correlated with CRP in infectious diseases subgroup, and the serum concentration of anti-HMGB1 antibodies was strongly correlated with erythrocyte sedimentation rate in autoimmune disease subgroup. Our study had showed that serum HMGB1/anti-HMGB1 antibodies ratio can help clinicians identify FUO subtypes, thereby avoiding many unnecessary examinations and tests, and improving the effectiveness of clinical diagnosis and treatment of FUO.

Peripheral levels of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase in youths in ultra-high risk for psychosis: a pilot study

CNS Spectrums ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (03) ◽  
pp. 333-337 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maiara Zeni-Graiff ◽  
Adiel C. Rios ◽  
Pawan K. Maurya ◽  
Lucas B. Rizzo ◽  
Sumit Sethi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
At Risk ◽  
Superoxide Dismutase ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Glutathione Peroxidase ◽  
Healthy Control Group ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Ultra High Risk ◽  
Healthy Control

IntroductionOxidative stress has been documented in chronic schizophrenia and in the first episode of psychosis, but there are very little data on oxidative stress prior to the disease onset.ObjectiveThis work aimed to compare serum levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in young individuals at ultra-high risk (UHR) of developing psychosis with a comparison healthy control group (HC).MethodsThirteen UHR subjects and 29 age- and sex-matched healthy controls (HC) were enrolled in this study. Clinical assessment included the Comprehensive Assessment of At-Risk Mental States (CAARMS), the Semi-Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis-I (SCID-I) or the Kiddie-SADS-Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL), and the Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) scale. Activities of SOD and GPx were measured in serum by the spectrophotometric method using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits.ResultsAfter adjusting for age and years of education, there was a significant lower activity of SOD and lower GPX activity in the UHR group compared to the healthy control group (rate ratio [RR]=0.330, 95% CI 0.187; 0.584, p&lt;0.001 and RR=0.509, 95% CI 0.323; 0.803, p=0.004, respectively). There were also positive correlations between GAF functioning scores and GPx and SOD activities.ConclusionOur results suggest that oxidative imbalances could be present prior to the onset of full-blown psychosis, including in at-risk stages. Future studies should replicate and expand these results.

scholarly journals Serum endocan levels in children with febrile neutropenia

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eylem Kiral ◽  
Ener Cagri Dinleyici ◽  
Ayse Bozkurt-Turhan ◽  
Ozcan Bor ◽  
Yurdanur Akgun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Study ◽  
Febrile Neutropenia ◽  
Healthy Control Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Pediatric Leukemia ◽  
Median Serum ◽  
Healthy Control

Endocan is an endotelial cell specific molecule; previous studies have shown that serum endocan levels increased in cancer and sepsis and are also related to the severity of sepsis. There are no clinical study about serum endocan levels in children with febrile neutropenia. The aim of this study was to evaluate serum endocan levels in pediatric leukemia patients with febrile neutropenia (n=33) and compare them with children with leukemia without fever (n=33) and also with healthy children (n=24). The median serum endocan level in the first group (children with febrile neutropenia) was statistically significantly higher compared to the leukemic children without febrile neutropenia and also control group (P&lt;0.01 for both). No difference was determined between the serum endocan levels of the leukaemia patients without febrile neutropenia and the healthy control group (P&gt;0.05). Serum endocan levels were also similar with febrile neutropenia due to bacterial causes comparing with the idiopathic febril neutropenia. The results of this study showed increased serum endocan in children with leukemia during the febrile neutropenia episode, and no changes of serum endocan levels in children without leukemia without infection/fever. The monitoring of a series of serum endocan levels would be helpful for the course of febrile neutropenia.

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