Chitosan level effects on fermentation profile and chemical composition of sugarcane silage

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of increasing levels of chitosan (CHI) on sugarcane fermentation profile and losses, chemical composition, and in situ degradation. Treatments were: 0, 1, 2, 4, and 8 g of CHI/kg of dry matter (DM). Twenty experimental silos (PVC tubing with diameter 28 cm and height 25 cm) were used. Sand (2 kg) was placed at the bottom of each silo to evaluate effluent losses, and silos were weighed 60 d after ensiling to calculate gas losses. Samples were collected from the center of the silo mass to evaluate silage chemical composition, in situ degradation, fermentation profile, and mold and yeast count. Data were analyzed as a completely randomized design, and the treatment effect was decomposed using polynomial regression. Chitosan linearly increased acetic acid and NH3-N concentration, while yeast and mold count, and ethanol concentration decreased. Intermediary levels of CHI (from 4.47 to 6.34 g/kg DM) showed the lower values of effluent, gas, and total losses. There was a quadratic effect of CHI on the content of non-fiber carbohydrates, neutral and acid detergent, and in situ DM degradation. The lowest fiber content was observed with levels between 7.01 and 7.47 g/kg DM, whereas the highest non-fiber carbohydrate content and in situ DM degradation were found with 6.30 and 7.17 g/kg DM of CHI, respectively. Chitosan linearly increased acetic acid and NH3-N concentration, whereas it linearly reduced ethanol concentration and count of yeast and mold. Thus, intermediary levels of CHI, between 4.47 and 7.47 g/kg of DM, decrease fermentation losses and improve the nutritional value of sugarcane silage.

Download Full-text

Effects of xylanase on the fermentation profile and chemical composition of sugarcane silage

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859618001090 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 156 (9) ◽

pp. 1123-1129 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

T. A. Del Valle ◽

G. Antonio ◽

T. F. Zenatti ◽

M. Campana ◽

E. M. C. Zilio ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Acetic Acid ◽

Chemical Composition ◽

Acid Concentration ◽

Quadratic Effect ◽

Positive Effects ◽

Silage Fermentation ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Aerobic Stability ◽

Xylanase Enzyme ◽

Fermentation Profile

AbstractThe current study aims to evaluate the effects of increasing levels of xylanase enzyme (XYL) on sugarcane silage fermentation, fermentative losses, chemical composition, dry matter (DM), neutral detergent fibre (NDF) degradation and aerobic stability. A completely randomized design trial was performed with five treatments and 50 experimental silos. Treatments were: 0, 100, 200, 300 and 400 mg of XYL per kg of DM. XYL contained 10 000 U/g. There was a quadratic effect of XYL on silage pH and acetic acid concentration: lower pH and higher acetic acid concentrations were found at intermediary levels of the enzyme. XYL decreased lactic acid concentration linearly. Furthermore, the enzyme had a quadratic effect on effluent and total losses, with higher losses at intermediary XYL levels. There was a quadratic effect of XYL on organic matter (OM), non-fibre carbohydrates (NFC) and crude protein (CP) content. In addition, a quadratic effect of XYL was observed on NDF content and degradation. Intermediary levels of XYL showed higher concentration of OM and NFC. The addition of XYL had no effect on silage temperature and pH after aerobic exposure. Thus, intermediate levels of XYL increased acetic acid and decreased silage pH. Besides positive effects on silage composition, intermediary XYL levels decreased NDF degradation.

Download Full-text

Ruminal degradation of Panicum grasses in three post-regrowth ages

Ciência Animal Brasileira ◽

10.1590/1809-6891v21e-55699 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 21 ◽

Author(s):

Bruno Spindola Garcez ◽

Arnaud Azevêdo Alves ◽

Ernando de Oliveira Macedo ◽

Claudiane Morais dos Santos ◽

Daniel Louçana da Costa Araújo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chemical Composition ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽

Composition Analysis ◽

Acid Detergent Fiber ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Ruminal Degradation ◽

In Situ Degradation ◽

Completely Randomized Design

Abstract The objective was to evaluate the chemical composition and in situ degradation of Maasai, Mombasa and Tanzania grasses belonging to the genus Panicum, at 22, 34 and 46 days after regrowth. The contents of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) were determined. For the evaluation of ruminal degradation, 4 g sample were placed in nylon bags and incubated in the rumen of a fistulated animal, for 6, 24 and 72 h. The experiment had a completely randomized design for chemical composition analysis and a split-split plot completely randomized design for in situ degradation, with means compared by Tukey test at 5%. There was an increase in the contents of DM (+ 1.69%) and NDF (+ 5.06%) (P <0.05) of the grasses at the highest cutting ages with reduction in the CP fraction. The potential degradation (PD) of DM, NDF and CP decreased with advancing age of grasses, with an increase in colonization time (0.69 h) and NDF degradation rate (1.14%/h). The increase in the post-regrowth age of the Massai, Mombasa, and Tanzania grasses increases the acid detergent fiber content and reduces the crude protein content, with a negative effect on the degradation of DM, PB and NDF. The management of these cultivars is indicated at 22 and 34 days post-regrowth to obtain forage with better nutritional value.

Download Full-text

In situ caecal degradation of roughages in horses

Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia ◽

10.1590/s1516-35982010000200018 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 39 (2) ◽

pp. 349-355 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Vinícius Pimentel Silva ◽

Fernando Queiroz de Almeida ◽

Eliane da Silva Morgado ◽

Liziana Maria Rodrigues ◽

Tiago Marques dos Santos ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cynodon Dactylon ◽

Pigeon Pea ◽

Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽

Desmodium Ovalifolium ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Degradation Rates ◽

Digestion Technique ◽

In Situ Degradation ◽

The Times

The present study was carried out to evaluate the in situ degradation of dry matter (DM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and crude protein (CP) in roughages by the in situ caecal digestion technique in horses. The roughages evaluated were: Lucerne hay (Medicago sativa), peanut (Arachis pintoi cv. Amarillo), desmodio(Desmodium ovalifolium), stylo (Stylosanthes guianensis cv. Mineirão), pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan), lime-yellow pea (Macrotyloma axillare) and coastcross hay (Cynodon dactylon cv. coastcross). The assay was conducted in a complete randomized design with seven roughages and three replications. One mare with a cannula fitted in the caecum was used, fed diet consisting of coastcross hay (80%) and concentrate (20%) at 2.0% BW, four times a day. Nylon 6.5 × 20 cm bags were used with 45 μ/pore, containing 5.2 g DM/bag, inserting 3 or 4 bags in the caecum at the times of 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24 and 48 hours incubation. The caecum in situ degradability parameters of nutrients were obtained by Ørskov model. The DM degradability parameters of all the roughages were significant. There was no fit to the model for pigeon pea for CP and NDF and desmodio. Peanut, stylo and lime-yellow pea presented larger potentially degradable DM with values of 53, 46.5 and 40%, respectively, and higher values for the soluble fraction of 20, 21, 28.6%, with high degradability rates of 10.36, 20.26 and 14.8% h-1. Higher NDF degradation rates were observed in these foodstuffs with values of 9.1 and 11.3, 11.2% h-1, high potentially degradable fraction with values of 55, 51.8 and 47.2%, and greater CP degradation at 48 hours with values of 87, 95, and 94.8%. Peanut, stylo and lime-yellow pea presented potential for use in horses diets.

Download Full-text

Effects of the types of sealing on chemical-fermentation characteristics of corn silage from the feed out face of trench silos

Semina Ciências Agrárias ◽

10.5433/1679-0359.2021v42n3supl1p1891 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1891-1908

Author(s):

Mikael Neumann ◽

◽

Fernando Braga Cristo ◽

Giovanna Bobato Pontarolo ◽

Marlon Richard Hilario da Silva ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chemical Composition ◽

Temperature Gradient ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Fiber Quality ◽

Protein Composition ◽

Corn Silage ◽

Different Types ◽

Fermentation Profile ◽

Polyamide Film

The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of different types of sealing on the physical losses of dry matter, chemical and fermentation characteristics and in situ digestibility of the dry matter of corn silage stored in the feed out face (ramp) of trench silos. The experimental design used randomized blocks, composed of three treatments, namely: T1 - corn silage preserved with double-sided polyethylene of 110 μm thickness (conventional seal); T2 - corn silage preserved with double-sided polyethylene of 200 μm thickness (double-sided); and T3 - corn silage preserved with oxygen-impermeable film composed of double-sided polyethylene of 80 μm thickness on a translucent vacuum polyamide film of 20 μm thickness (double sealing), with four repetitions each. The use of double-sided polyethylene with 200 μm thickness (double-sided) and oxygen impermeable film composed of double-sided polyethylene and polyamide (double sealing), were effective in preserving the chemical composition, fermentation profile, raw protein composition and fiber quality, in addition, the use of these polymers resulted in greater ruminal digestibility of dry matter and reduced the pH, temperature, temperature gradient and physical losses of corn silage from the feed out face (ramp) of trench silos compared to the conventional sealing.

Download Full-text

Chemical Composition and Energy Yield of Elephant-Grass Biomass as Function of Five Different Production Ages

Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.5539/jas.v10n1p343 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 343

Author(s):

Rafael Souza Freitas ◽

Tatiane Da Costa Barbé ◽

Rogério Figueiredo Daher ◽

Ana Kesia Faria Vidal ◽

Wanessa Francesconi Stida ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chemical Composition ◽

Polynomial Regression ◽

Animal Feed ◽

Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽

Energy Yield ◽

Elephant Grass ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Two Factors ◽

Harvest Intervals ◽

Second Degree

Elephant grass has high biomass production, with qualities suitable for conversion into bioenergy, but has long been used exclusively for animal feed and only in recent years has it become an energetic alternative. Therefore, it is necessary to select genotypes with potential for energy production. This study evaluated the effect of five harvest times (8, 12, 16, 20, and 24 weeks) on the yield and chemical composition related to biomass quality through combined polynomial regression analyses of the following elephant grass genotypes: Cubano Pinda, Mercker 86-México, Pusa Napier n°1, Mole de Volta Grande, P-241-Piracicaba, and King Grass. A completely randomized design with three replicates, in a split-plot arrangement, was adopted, including two factors (plots = genotypes, subplots = harvest times). The evaluated variables were whole-plant dry matter yield, in t ha-1 (DMY), percentage of neutral detergent fiber (%NDF), and percentage of acid detergent fiber (%ADF). The elephant-grass genotypes Cubano de Pinda, Mercker 86-México, and P-241-Piracicaba showed a linear first-degree effect as a function of the harvest intervals, indicating that they did not reach their maximum production potential. Genotypes Pusa Napier n°1, Mole de Volta Grande, and King Grass, in turn, had a linear second-degree effect. For the NDF variable, all genotypes showed a significant linear second-degree effect as a function of the harvest intervals, except P-241-Piracicaba, for which no regression was observed. For this genotype, there was a significant linear first-degree effect on the %ADF variable.

Download Full-text

Effects of Microbial Inoculation and Storage Length on Fermentation Profile and Nutrient Composition of Whole-Plant Sorghum Silage of Different Varieties

Frontiers in Microbiology ◽

10.3389/fmicb.2021.660567 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

E. Cole Diepersloot ◽

Matheus R. Pupo ◽

Lucas G. Ghizzi ◽

Jessica O. Gusmão ◽

Celso Heinzen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Acetic Acid ◽

Butyric Acid ◽

Sweet Sorghum ◽

Microbial Inoculation ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Aerobic Stability ◽

Fermentation Profile ◽

Sorghum Sudangrass ◽

Sorghum Silage ◽

And Storage

This study aimed to assess the effects of a heterofermentative microbial inoculant and storage length on fermentation profile, aerobic stability, and nutrient composition in whole-plant sorghum silage (WPSS) from different varieties. Experiment 1, a completely randomized design with a 2 × 3 factorial treatment arrangement, evaluated microbial inoculation [CON (50 mL distilled water) or LBLD (Lactobacillus plantarum DSM 21762, L. buchneri DSM 12856, and L. diolivorans DSM 32074; 300,000 CFU/g of fresh forage)] and storage length (14, 28, or 56 d) in forage WPSS. The LBLD silage had lower pH compared to CON, and greater concentrations of succinic acid, ethanol, 1,2-propanediol (1,2-PD), 1-propanol, 2,3-butanediol and total acids. After 56 d, lactic acid concentration was greater for CON, while acetic acid and aerobic stability were greater in LBLD silage. Experiment 2, a completely randomized design with a 2 × 3 factorial treatment arrangement, evaluated effects of microbial inoculation (same as experiment 1) and storage length (14, 28, or 56 d) in WPSS of three varieties [forage sorghum (Mojo Seed, OPAL, Hereford, TX), sorghum-sudangrass (Dyna-gro Seed, Fullgraze II, Loveland, CO, United States), or sweet sorghum (MAFES Foundation Seed Stocks, Dale, MS State, MS)]. The LBLD forage sorghum had greater acetic acid and 1,2-PD concentrations at 56 d and 28 d, respectively, but lower concentrations of propionic acid at 56 d and butyric acid at 14 and 28 d. Additionally, WSC concentration was greater for CON than LBLD at 28 d. Furthermore, CON sweet sorghum had greater lactic acid, propionic acid, and butyric acid concentrations. However, greater acetic acid and 1,2-PD were observed for LBLD sweet sorghum. The CON sweet sorghum had greater concentration of WSC and yeast counts. The CON sorghum sudangrass had greater lactic and butyric acid concentrations than LBLD at 14 d, but lower acetic acid and 1,2-PD concentrations at 56 d. Yeast counts were greater for CON than LBLD sorghum sudangrass silage. Overall, results indicate inoculation of WPSS with Lactobacillus plantarum DSM 21762, L. buchneri DSM 12856, and L. diolivorans DSM 32074 improves heterofermentative co-fermentation allowing the accumulation of acetic acid concentration and increasing antifungal capacities and aerobic stability of WPSS.

Download Full-text

Fermentation characteristics and nutritional quality of elephant grass silage added the buriti fruit peel

Semina Ciências Agrárias ◽

10.5433/1679-0359.2017v38n2p931 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 38 (2) ◽

pp. 931 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Raimundo Ribeiro Ferreira ◽

Leilson Rocha Bezerra ◽

Carlo Aldrovandi Torreão Marques ◽

Jacira Neves da Costa Torreão ◽

Ricardo Loiola Edvan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chemical Composition ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Insoluble Fraction ◽

Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽

Content Increase ◽

Elephant Grass ◽

Fruit Peel ◽

Grass Silage ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Fermentation Profile

The objective of this research was to evaluated the inclusion of buriti fruit peel as additive on the fermentation profile, losses, chemical composition and degradability of elephant grass silage. We used a completely randomized design with five levels of buriti fruit peel (0, 50, 100, 200 and 400 g kg-1). The silos were opened after 28 days of storage. In situ degradability monitoring was conducted using a split-plot design in which four animals represented the blocks and silage supplemented with five levels of buriti fruit peel represented the treatments. The use of the additive in elephant silage increased dry matter (DM) (P < 0.001), ether extract (EE) (P < 0.001), ash (P < 0.001), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) (P < 0.001) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) (P= 0.0000). The pH (P= 0.0000), N-NH3 (P = 0.024) and there was a decrease in gas losses (P < 0.001), effluent losses and dry matter recovery (P = 0.218) not were influenced by the addition of buriti fruit peel. The inclusion of buriti fruit peel linearly reduced the ruminal degradability DM of soluble fraction (a) (P < 0.001) and potentially degradable insoluble fraction (b) (P < 0.001). The DM content increase with the addition of the buriti fruit peel to the elephant grass silage promotes improvements in the fermentation process, reduces losses of nutrients and ruminal disappearance of dry matter and does not significantly change the chemical composition with the inclusion of 166.7 g kg-1 of the buriti fruit peel.

Download Full-text

Chemical composition and nutrient degradability in elephant grass silage inoculated with Streptococcus bovis isolated from the rumen

Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências ◽

10.1590/0001-37652014112312 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 86 (1) ◽

pp. 465-474 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

DANIELE J. FERREIRA ◽

ANDERSON M. ZANINE ◽

ROGÉRIO P. LANA ◽

MARINALDO D. RIBEIRO ◽

GUILHERME R. ALVES ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Soluble Fraction ◽

Elephant Grass ◽

Streptococcus Bovis ◽

Grass Silage ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Fermentation Profile ◽

Streptococcus Bovis Hc5

The objective of the present study was to assess the chemical and bromatological composition and in situ degradability of elephant grass silages inoculated with Streptococcus bovis isolated from cattle rumen. A complete randomized design was used with four treatments and six replications: elephant grass silage, elephant grass silage inoculated with 106 CFU/g Streptococcus bovis JB1 strains; elephant grass silage inoculated with 106 CFU/g Streptococcus bovis HC5 strains; elephant grass silage inoculated with 106 CFU/g Enterococcus faecium with six replications each. The pH and ammoniacal nitrogen values were lower (P<0.05) for the silages inoculated with Streptococcus bovis JB1 and HC5, respectively. The silage inoculated with Streptococcus bovis had a higher crude protein content (P<0.05) and there were no differences for the fiber contents in the silage. The (a)soluble fraction degradability, especially in the silages inoculated with Streptococcus bovis JB1 and HC5, had higher values, 30.77 and 29.97%, for dry matter and 31.01 and 36.66% for crude protein, respectively. Inoculation with Streptococcus bovis improved the fermentation profile, protein value and rumen degradability of the nutrients.

Download Full-text

Silage of rehydrated corn grain

Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia ◽

10.1590/1678-4162-9676 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 71 (3) ◽

pp. 959-966 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

M.A. Mombach ◽

D.H. Pereira ◽

D.S. Pina ◽

D.C Bolson ◽

B.C. Pedreira

Keyword(s):

Chemical Composition ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Fermentation Profile ◽

Water Inclusion ◽

Completely Randomized Design ◽

Different Levels ◽

Ground Corn ◽

Corn Grain

ABSTRACT The objective with this study was to evaluate the effect of different levels of water inclusion on the chemical composition and fermentation profiles of reconstituted corn grain silage. The experiment was carried out in a factorial arrangement in a completely randomized design, with three replicates per treatment. Five treatments were evaluated with different levels of water inclusion (% of the natural matter): dry corn grain (control); 90% dry corn grain (DCG) and 10% water; 80% DCG and 20% water; 70% DGC and 30% water; and 60% DCG and 40% water, totaling 45 experimental silos. Inclusion of water in the silage of reconstituted corn grain promoted a reduction in the CP (%) and NDF (%) contents. However, the water increase elevated the NPN/TN contents and the amount of effluent, gas and dry matter (%) losses. The treatment with inclusion of 30% water in the natural matter leads to a better fermentation profile and fewer losses of effluent and dry matter, so it is recommended for ensiling dry ground corn grain.

Download Full-text

Rumen In Vitro Fermentation and In Situ Degradation Kinetics of Winter Forage Brassicas Crops

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani9110904 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (11) ◽

pp. 904 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Daza ◽

Benavides ◽

Pulido ◽

Balocchi ◽

Bertrand ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chemical Composition ◽

Degradation Kinetics ◽

Brassica Species ◽

Gas Production ◽

Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽

In Vitro Fermentation ◽

Fermentation Products ◽

In Situ Degradation

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the nutritional value, the rumen in vitro fermentation, and the in situ degradation of Brassica oleracea (L.) ssp. acephala (kales) and Brassica napus (L.) ssp. napobrassica (swedes) for winter use. Five varieties of each brassica were used in three field replicates and were randomized in a complete block nested design. All forage varieties were harvested at 210 days post-sowing to analyze the chemical composition, in vitro gas production, volatile fatty acid (VFA) production and in situ dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) degradability. Kales presented higher DM and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content (p < 0.01), whereas swedes showed higher CP, metabolizable energy (ME), glucose, fructose, total sugars, NFC, and nonstructural carbohydrate (NSC) content (p < 0.01). The kale and swede varieties differed in their CP and sugar concentrations, whereas the kale varieties differed in their DM and raffinose content. The rates of gas production were higher for swedes than for kales (p < 0.01). No differences between the brassica species (p > 0.05) were observed in the total VFA production, whereas kales had a higher proportion of acetate and swedes had higher proportions of butyrate (p < 0.05). Only the swede varieties showed differences in VFA production (p < 0.05). The soluble fraction “a”, potential and effective in situ DM degradability were higher in swedes (p < 0.01), but kales presented greater DM and CP degradation rates. Differences were observed between brassica species in the chemical composition, degradation kinetics, and ruminal fermentation products, whereas differences among varieties within species were less frequent but need to be considered.

Download Full-text