scholarly journals On the impact of earthquake-induced landslides on Red Panda Ailurus fulgens (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae) habitat in Langtang National Park, Nepal

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 19191-19202
Author(s):  
Yogesh Rana Magar ◽  
Man Kumar Dhamala ◽  
Ajay Mathema ◽  
Raju Chauhan ◽  
Sijar Bhatta
Keyword(s):  
National Park ◽  
Geographical Information ◽  
Infrastructure Development ◽  
Gorkha Earthquake ◽  
Potential Habitat ◽  
2015 Gorkha Earthquake ◽  
Red Panda ◽  
Average Size ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Panda Habitat

In addition to the threats of human encroachment, infrastructure development, tourism activities, habitat fragmentation, and human-wildlife interactions, natural disasters also pose a threat to the habitat of endangered species such as the Red Panda. This study aims to assess the impact of the 2015 Gorkha earthquake-induced landslides on the Red Panda’s habitat in Langtang National Park (LNP), central Nepal Himalaya. Remote sensing and geographical information system were applied to estimate the potential and core habitats of the Red Panda, and collect information on earthquake-induced landslides. Field sampling and verification of remotely collected data were done within a year of the earthquake. Considering preferred vegetation types, elevation range, aspects, distance from water sources, and Red Panda presence points, an area of 214.34 km2 was estimated as the potential habitat of Red Panda in the Park. Thirty-nine landslides were identified in LNP triggered by the Gorkha earthquake, 14 of which occurred in the core Red Panda habitat. As a result of the earthquake-induced landslides, a significant decrease in tree density was observed in the areas affected by the landslides. Similarly, the bamboo cover was observed to be significantly lower in the areas affected by landslides compared to the unaffected adjacent areas. The average size of the landslide, causing damage to the Red Panda habitat was 0.8 ha. The potential habitat damaged by the earthquake-induced landslide was estimated to be 11.20 ha which is equivalent to the habitat required by one Red Panda. The findings could be useful in initiating restoration of the damaged Red Panda habitat in LNP. 

scholarly journals Comparison of Earthquake-Triggered Landslide Inventories: A Case Study of the 2015 Gorkha Earthquake, Nepal

Geosciences ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 437 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meena ◽  
Tavakkoli Piralilou
Keyword(s):  
Risk Mitigation ◽  
Landslide Susceptibility Mapping ◽  
Gorkha Earthquake ◽  
Area Distribution ◽  
2015 Gorkha Earthquake ◽  
The World ◽  
Mapping Techniques ◽  
Event Based ◽  
The Impact

Despite landslide inventories being compiled throughout the world every year at different scales, limited efforts have been made to critically compare them using various techniques or by different investigators. Event-based landslide inventories indicate the location, distribution, and detected boundaries of landslides caused by a single event, such as an earthquake or a rainstorm. Event-based landslide inventories are essential for landslide susceptibility mapping, hazard modeling, and further management of risk mitigation. In Nepal, there were several attempts to map landslides in detail after the Gorkha earthquake. Particularly after the main event on 25 April 2015, researchers around the world mapped the landslides induced by this earthquake. In this research, we compared four of these published inventories qualitatively and quantitatively using different techniques. Two principal methodologies, namely the cartographical degree of matching and frequency area distribution (FAD), were optimized and applied to evaluate inventory maps. We also showed the impact of using satellite imagery with different spatial resolutions on the landslide inventory generation by analyzing matches and mismatches between the inventories. The results of our work give an overview of the impact of methodology selection and outline the limitations and advantages of different remote sensing and mapping techniques for landslide inventorying.

scholarly journals Mapping habitat suitability for Asiatic black bear and red panda in Makalu Barun National Park of Nepal from Maxent and GARP models

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Huiyi Su ◽  
Manjit Bista ◽  
Mingshi Li
Keyword(s):  
Land Cover ◽  
Habitat Suitability ◽  
National Park ◽  
Black Bear ◽  
Suitable Habitat ◽  
Ecological Niche Models ◽  
Asiatic Black Bear ◽  
Habitat Suitability Modeling ◽  
Red Panda ◽  
Panda Habitat

AbstractHabitat evaluation is essential for managing wildlife populations and formulating conservation policies. With the rise of innovative powerful statistical techniques in partnership with Remote Sensing, GIS and GPS techniques, spatially explicit species distribution modeling (SDM) has rapidly grown in conservation biology. These models can help us to study habitat suitability at the scale of the species range, and are particularly useful for examining the overlapping habitat between sympatric species. Species presence points collected through field GPS observations, in conjunction with 13 different topographic, vegetation related, anthropogenic, and bioclimatic variables, as well as a land cover map with seven classification categories created by support vector machine (SVM) were used to implement Maxent and GARP ecological niche models. With the resulting ecological niche models, the suitable habitat for asiatic black bear (Ursus thibetanus) and red panda (Ailurus fulgens) in Nepal Makalu Barun National Park (MBNP) was predicted. All of the predictor variables were extracted from freely available remote sensing and publicly shared government data resources. The modeled results were validated by using an independent dataset. Analysis of the regularized training gain showed that the three most important environmental variables for habitat suitability were distance to settlement, elevation, and mean annual temperature. The habitat suitability modeling accuracy, characterized by the mean area under curve, was moderate for both species when GARP was used (0.791 for black bear and 0.786 for red panda), but was moderate for black bear (0.857), and high for red panda (0.920) when Maxent was used. The suitable habitat estimated by Maxent for black bear and red panda was 716 km2 and 343 km2 respectively, while the suitable area determined by GARP was 1074 km2 and 714 km2 respectively. Maxent predicted that the overlapping area was 83% of the red panda habitat and 40% of the black bear habitat, while GARP estimated 88% of the red panda habitat and 58% of the black bear habitat overlapped. The results of land cover exhibited that barren land covered the highest percentage of area in MBNP (36.0%) followed by forest (32.6%). Of the suitable habitat, both models indicated forest as the most preferred land cover for both species (63.7% for black bear and 61.6% for red panda from Maxent; 59.9% black bear and 58.8% for red panda from GARP). Maxent outperformed GARP in terms of habitat suitability modeling. The black bear showed higher habitat selectivity than red panda. We suggest that proper management should be given to the overlapping habitats in the buffer zone. For remote and inaccessible regions, the proposed methods are promising tools for wildlife management and conservation, deserving further popularization.

scholarly journals Response of the Endangered red panda Ailurus fulgens fulgens to anthropogenic disturbances, and its distribution in Phrumsengla National Park, Bhutan

Oryx ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 701-708 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pema Dendup ◽  
Ellen Cheng ◽  
Choki Lham ◽  
Ugyen Tenzin
Keyword(s):  
Protected Areas ◽  
Anthropogenic Disturbance ◽  
National Park ◽  
Anthropogenic Disturbances ◽  
Livestock Grazing ◽  
Sensitive Species ◽  
Faecal Pellets ◽  
Red Panda ◽  
Ailurus Fulgens ◽  
Panda Habitat

AbstractAcross much of Asia protected areas have a dual objective of conserving biodiversity and supporting rural and indigenous livelihoods. For the red panda Ailurus fulgens and other sensitive species of concern, even limited anthropogenic disturbance may influence their use of protected areas. We quantified the prevalence of timber collection and livestock grazing, and their impacts on red panda habitat use, in Phrumsengla National Park, Bhutan. Red pandas used sites with at least 20% bamboo cover, as evidenced by presence of their faecal pellets. They avoided sites disturbed by livestock, regardless of bamboo availability. Timber collection itself was not an important predictor of red panda presence but bamboo may be harvested opportunistically from sites where timber is collected. Conservation efforts for the red panda should not rely on protected areas alone but should explicitly consider and mitigate impacts of anthropogenic disturbances in protected areas.

scholarly journals Status, Distribution and Potential Habitat of Himalayan Tahr (Hemitragus jemlahicus), and Conflict Areas with Livestock in Sagarmatha National Park, Nepal

2007 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bikram Shrestha
Keyword(s):  
Land Surface ◽  
National Park ◽  
Geographical Information ◽  
Winter Habitat ◽  
Potential Habitat ◽  
Total Potential ◽  
Sagarmatha National Park ◽  
Hemitragus Jemlahicus ◽  
Himalayan Tahr ◽  
Habitat Variables

Study on status, distribution and potential habitat of Himalayan tahr (Hemitragus jemlahicus), and conflict areas with livestock in Sagarmatha National Park, Nepal was carried out from 21th June to 14th July 2004 in Sagarmatha National Park, which is important for conservation of this animal, pastureland and snow leopard. The numbers of tahr sighted, their age/sex, and distance to escape terrain and habitat variables were collected from five scan points and four transects. Grazing pasturelands were identified by field visits and questionnaire survey. Maps of potential habitat suitability and areas of spatial overlap with livestock were prepared by using geographical information system (GIS). A total population of 205 tahrs within 11 groups was estimated in the park. Tahrs were recorded at various altitudes ranging from 3685 to 4380 m with a mean elevation of 4059.18 m. The male groups were found at higher elevation than female groups, and the latter had larger group sizes. The overall mean group size was 18.7 with 45 being the largest group. Normally more number of tahrs were found on smooth terrain of vegetated surface on southern aspects. All observations ranged from 50 to 200 m distances from a escape terrain. An analysis on potential habitat of the tahr revealed the occurrences of 56442.5 ha of land surface in the protected area of which summer habitat covers 29483.25 ha, winter habitat with 4064.0 ha and overlapping areas of summer and winter accounts amounts to 22895.25 ha. The present analysis showed 17.43% of the total potential areas of the Himalayan tahr is under conflict inside the park. <i>Nepal Journal of Science and Technology</i> Vol. 7, 2006

scholarly journals Willingness to pay by using travel cost method in Chitwan National Park, Nepal

2018 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
M. Aryal ◽  
J. P. Dutta ◽  
P. P. Regmi ◽  
K. R. Pandey
Keyword(s):  
Willingness To Pay ◽  
National Park ◽  
Consumer Surplus ◽  
Buffer Zone ◽  
Travel Cost ◽  
Infrastructure Development ◽  
Public Infrastructure ◽  
Chitwan National Park ◽  
The Impact

This study assessed the impact of tourism and willingness to pay by foreigners in Chitwan National Park of Chitwan district during the year 2007-2008. Eighty tourists were selected randomly to evaluate the recreational value of Chitwan National Park to protect the biodiversity of buffer zone area in Chitwan National Park. The tourism created the local employment opportunities to local people but it was unplanned and location specific. Since the program has focused in both community development and conservation awareness activities however, the study showed that only public infrastructure development was emphasized instead of sensitizing the members towards the conservation issues of protected areas. The study examined how much Park visitors were willing to pay to visit the Park. Annual benefits from the Park were considerable - the total annual consumer surplus obtained from recreation in the Park was approximately USD 233 million. Various factors influence the visitors like travel cost, household income, and the quality of the Park. Improvements in quality of the Park were likely to increase recreational benefits.Journal of the Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science. Vol. 33-34, 2015, page :1-10

Seismic Assessment of RC Arch Bridge: A Case of 2015 Gorkha Earthquake

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-53
Author(s):  
Prakash Gaire ◽  
Ma Hongwang
Keyword(s):  
Ground Motion ◽  
Time History ◽  
Time History Analysis ◽  
Nonlinear Time History Analysis ◽  
Gorkha Earthquake ◽  
Arch Bridge ◽  
History Analysis ◽  
2015 Gorkha Earthquake ◽  
Seismic Force ◽  
The Impact

Nepal Himalayas is one of the most seismic vulnerable zones. The active tectonic action impels the assessment of structures in possible seismic hazards including the bridge structures. This paper presents the impact of the 2015 Gorkha earthquake on the existing reinforced concrete arch bridge at Chobhar, Nepal. A three-dimensional model of the bridge is constructed using Open Sees platform. Nonlinear pushover analysis was performed to find the displacement capacity of the bridge. Ground motion from the main shock of the 2015 Gorkha earthquake is used in this study. Nonlinear time history analysis is performed with three orthogonal ground motions applied in the transverse, longitudinal and vertical direction of the bridge. The study investigates the safety of the bridge scaling up the ground motion to potential PGA in Nepal Himalayas; the result demonstrated the necessity of retrofit to ensure the safety level. Moreover, the horizontal seismic force obtained from the time history analysis is compared with the force obtained from the design code of the bridge. Also, the design force as per the present code (revised code) is presented.

Where does all the gravel go? Tracking landslide sediment from the 2015 Gorkha earthquake along the Kosi River, Nepal

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emma Graf ◽  
Hugh Sinclair ◽  
Mikael Attal
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Size Fraction ◽  
Sediment Supply ◽  
Gorkha Earthquake ◽  
Gangetic Plain ◽  
Gangetic Plains ◽  
2015 Gorkha Earthquake ◽  
Channel Aggradation ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Himalaya

&lt;p&gt;Rivers draining the Himalaya and feeding the Indo-Gangetic plain support around 10% of the world&amp;#8217;s population. However, these rivers are also prone to frequent and often devastating floods such as the 2008 Kosi floods which displaced more than 2.5 million people. Changes in sediment supply from the Himalaya influence the magnitude and distribution of floods through changing capacity and routing respectively. Widespread landsliding following the 2015 Gorkha (Nepal) earthquake increased suspended sediment supply to the river network and is expected to result in some degree of coarse bedload aggradation and increased rates of channel migration at the mountain front. Given the significant amounts of channel aggradation observed in the aftermath of similar events, understanding the timescales of sediment transport following the 2015 Gorkha earthquake and the impact of any resulting sediment wave on flooding in the Gangetic plains is crucial. We track the gravel size fraction of the landslide sediment along the Kosi River (East Nepal) by mapping zones of sediment input from optical satellite imagery and constructing a time series of high-resolution channel cross-sections using an Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) in the years following the earthquake. We use these datasets to identify zones of channel aggradation and migrating sediment, and test whether the changes are consistent with the location of sediment sources (landslides) and magnitude of the monsoon floods with the aid of landslide inventories and flow data. While initial results show a marked increase in coarse sediment following the 2015 monsoon, we see little evidence of large-scale downstream migration of any sediment pulse, indicating the Gorkha landslides may have less of an impact on flood and sediment dynamics on the Indo-Gangetic plains than expected from comparison with similar events. We suggest that the Gorkha landslides may not be connected to the fluvial system to the same extent as for similar events and revegetated rapidly, and therefore did not release significant amounts of sediment into channels after the initial post-2015 monsoon pulse.&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals Dynamics of Domestic Water Consumption in the Urban Area of the Kathmandu Valley: Situation Analysis Pre and Post 2015 Gorkha Earthquake

Water ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 222 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sadhana Shrestha ◽  
Yoko Aihara ◽  
Arun Prasad Bhattarai ◽  
Niranjan Bista ◽  
Sudarshan Rajbhandari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Kathmandu Valley ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
Wealth Status ◽  
Gorkha Earthquake ◽  
2015 Gorkha Earthquake ◽  
Domestic Water Consumption ◽  
The Impact

Information regarding domestic water consumption is vital, as the Kathmandu Valley will soon be implementing the Melamchi Water Supply Project; however, updated information on the current situation after the 2015 Gorkha Earthquake (GEQ) is still lacking. We investigated the dynamics of domestic water consumption pre- and post-GEQ. The piped water supply was short, and consumption varied widely across the Kathmandu Upatyaka Khanepani Limited (KUKL) branches and altitude. The reduction in piped, ground, and jar water consumption and the increase in tanker water consumption post-GEQ appeared to be due to the impact of the GEQ. However, the impact did not appear to be prominent on per capita water consumption, although it was reduced from 117 to 99 L post-GEQ. Piped, ground, and tanker water use were associated with an increase and jar water use was associated with a decrease in water consumption. Despite improvements in quantity, inequality in water consumption and inequity in affordability across wealth status was well established. This study suggests to KUKL the areas of priority where improvements to supply are required, and recommends an emphasis on resuming performance. Policy planners should consider the existing inequity in affordability, which is a major issue in the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.

Some reflections on social structure: Theoretical and practical aspects

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 1063-1078
Author(s):  
T.N. Skorobogatova ◽  
I.Yu. Marakhovskaya
Keyword(s):  
Service Industry ◽  
External Factors ◽  
Infrastructure Development ◽  
Social Infrastructure ◽  
Social Sphere ◽  
The Social ◽  
Study Results ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Internal And External Factors ◽  
The Impact

Subject. This article discusses the role of social infrastructure in the national economy and analyzes the relationship between the notions of Infrastructure, Service Industry and Non-Productive Sphere. Objectives. The article aims to outline a methodology for development of the social infrastructure of Russia's regions. Methods. For the study, we used the methods of statistical and comparative analyses. The Republic of Crimea and Rostov Oblast's social infrastructure development was considered as a case study. Results. The article finds that the level of social infrastructure is determined by a number of internal and external factors. By analyzing and assessing such factors, it is possible to develop promising areas for the social sphere advancement. Conclusions. Assessment and analysis of internal factors largely determined by the region's characteristics, as well as a comprehensive consideration of the impact of external factors will help ensure the competitiveness of the region's economy.

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