Risk Classification for Metabolic Syndrome and the Incidence of Cardiovascular Disease in Japan With Low Prevalence of Obesity: A Pooled Analysis of 10 Prospective Cohort Studies

Background It is uncertain whether risk classification under the nationwide program on screening and lifestyle modification for metabolic syndrome captures well high‐risk individuals who could benefit from lifestyle interventions. We examined the validity of risk classification by linking the incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Methods and Results Individual‐level data of 29 288 Japanese individuals aged 40 to 74 years without a history of CVD from 10 prospective cohort studies were used. Metabolic syndrome was defined as the presence of high abdominal obesity and/or overweight plus risk factors such as high blood pressure, high triglyceride or low high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, and high blood glucose levels. The risk categories for lifestyle intervention were information supply only, motivation‐support intervention, and intensive support intervention. Sex‐ and age‐specific hazard ratios and population attributable fractions of CVD, which were also further adjusted to consider non–high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, were estimated with reference to nonobese/overweight individuals, using Cox proportional hazard regression. Since the reference category included those with risk factors, we set a supernormal group (nonobese/overweight with no risk factor) as another reference. We documented 1023 incident CVD cases (565 men and 458 women). The adjusted CVD risk was 60% to 70% higher in men and women aged 40 to 64 years receiving an intensive support intervention, and 30% higher in women aged 65 to 74 years receiving a motivation‐support intervention, compared with nonobese/overweight individuals. The population attributable fractions in men and women aged 40 to 64 years receiving an intensive support intervention were 17.7% and 6.6%, respectively, while that in women aged 65 to 74 years receiving a motivation‐support intervention was 9.4%. Compared with the supernormal group, nonobese/overweight individuals with risk factors had similar hazard ratios and population attributable fractions as individuals with metabolic syndrome. Conclusions Similar CVD excess and attributable risks among individuals with metabolic syndrome components in the absence and presence of obesity/overweight imply the need for lifestyle modification in both high‐risk groups.

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Differences in physical function and metabolic syndrome risk factors according to the level of physical activity in elderly Korean men: a pilot study

10.31083/jomh.v17i1.200 ◽

2020 ◽

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Physical Function ◽

Vigorous Physical Activity ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

The Elderly ◽

Berg Balance Scale ◽

Lower Percentage ◽

Mineral Density

Background and objective: Managing the decrease in physical function in the elderly is a major task in aging societies globally. Here, we aimed to compare the physical function and metabolic syndrome (MetS) risk factors according to levels of physical activity (PA). Material and methods: We measured PA in 77 elderly Korean men (74.21 ± 6.26 years old) with an accelerometer and recorded body composition, physical function, and MetS-related risk factors. Participants were divided into three groups based on daily moderate-vigorous physical activity (MVPA): low (under 60 min), middle (60-120 min), and high (over 120 min). The groups were compared using a one-way analysis of variance and the Scheffe post hoc test. Odds ratios (OR) were calculated by logistic regression analysis. Results: Signiﬁcant differences were found between the groups for sedentary behavior time (P < 0.001), light PA (P < 0.05), moderate PA (P < 0.001), vigorous PA (P < 0.05), and total energy expenditure (P < 0.001). The high PA group showed a signiﬁcantly lower percentage of body fat and fat mass and higher muscle mass than did the low and middle PA groups (P < 0.05). The 6-min walk test was signiﬁcantly better in the high PA group than in the low and middle PA groups (P < 0.05). Grip strength and the Berg balance scale were also signiﬁcantly better in the high PA group (P < 0.05). Bone mineral density (BMD) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) were signiﬁcantly higher in the high PA group than in the low PA group (P < 0.05). Systolic blood pressure (SBP) was signiﬁcantly higher in the middle PA group than in the low PA group (P < 0.05). Participants with more than three MetS criteria showed an OR of 0.09 (95% conﬁdence interval 0.01-0.82) in the high PA group as compared with the low PA group (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Moderate-vigorous physical activity of more than 120 min daily showed better physical function and lower OR of MetS than did lower MVPA levels in elderly Korean men.

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Sex-based differences in and risk factors for metabolic syndrome in adults aged 40 years and above in Northeast China: Results from the cross-sectional China national stroke screening survey

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2020-038671 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. e038671

Author(s):

Feng-E Li ◽

Fu-Liang Zhang ◽

Peng Zhang ◽

Dong Liu ◽

Hao-Yuan Liu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Junior High School ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Northeast China ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

High Body Mass Index ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Sample Data ◽

High Incidence

ObjectivesLow levels of income and education are risk factors for metabolic syndrome in the population of Northeast China, which has a high incidence of metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular diseases. This study aimed to determine sex-based differences associated with the prevalence of and risk factors for metabolic syndrome among people older than 40 years in Northeast China; this has not been previously investigated.DesignThis study analysed a portion of the large sample data of the national cross-sectional screening of China from 2016. Metabolic syndrome was defined as the presence of any three of the following five risk factors: abnormal waist circumference; high levels of triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol or fasting plasma glucose; and elevated blood pressure. Multiple regression analysis was used to investigate sex-based differences in the prevalence of, and risk factors for metabolic syndrome.SettingThe study was conducted in Dehui City, Jilin Province, China.ParticipantsA total of 4052 participants with complete questionnaire information and laboratory examination results were included.ResultsThe prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 50.1% overall (38.4% in men and 57.9% in women; p<0.001). High body mass index and hip circumference were associated with metabolic syndrome in both sexes. In addition, physical inactivity (OR and 95% CI 1.44 (1.06 to 1.97); p=0.022) in men and advanced age (OR and 95% CI 1.54 (1.15 to 2.04); p=0.003) in women were factors associated with metabolic syndrome. Women with junior high school education or above and living in rural areas were less likely to have metabolic syndrome. For men, education and rural or urban living had no association with metabolic syndrome.ConclusionsThe risk factors for metabolic syndrome have similarities and differences in different sexes; thus, the prevention and treatment of metabolic syndrome should be based on these sex differences.

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Preventable Risk Factors for Dementia: Population Attributable Fractions in a Brazilian Population-Based Study

SSRN Electronic Journal ◽

10.2139/ssrn.3980551 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Wyllians Vendramini Borelli ◽

Vanessa Bielefeldt Leotti ◽

Matheus Zschornack Strelow ◽

Márcia Lorena Fagundes Chaves ◽

Raphael Machado Castilhos

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Population Based ◽

Brazilian Population ◽

Population Based Study ◽

Population Attributable Fractions ◽

Attributable Fractions

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Problems Of Metabolic Syndrome

The American Journal of Medical Sciences and Pharmaceutical Research ◽

10.37547/tajmspr/volume03issue06-08 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 03 (06) ◽

pp. 52-55

Author(s):

Maksuda Ahmedjanovna Karimova ◽

◽

Dilnoza Kakhramanovna Kurbanbaeva ◽

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Lifestyle Modification ◽

Syndrome X ◽

Steady Increase ◽

The Third ◽

Calorie Content ◽

Single Term ◽

Life Threatening

At the beginning of the third millennium, for mankind, which overcame the epidemic of life-threatening infections during its centuries-old history, the problem of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) came to the fore in relevance among all causes of morbidity and mortality. A significant role in this was played by lifestyle modification associated with limiting physical activity, increasing the calorie content of food, and a steady increase in emotional stress. All of this potentiates the main risk factors for CVD, which are a “negative asset of progress,” namely increased blood pressure (BP), dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus (DM) and obesity. Since 1988, after G. Reaven's Banting lecture, it is customary to designate the interconnected combination of these pathologies by the single term "metabolic syndrome X".

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Effectiveness of the Complete Health Improvement Program in a Geriatric Population

American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine ◽

10.1177/15598276211049320 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 155982762110493

Author(s):

Emily Scriven ◽

Bhakti Chavan ◽

David Drozek

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Lifestyle Modification ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

The Elderly ◽

Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽

Health Improvement ◽

Cvd Risk ◽

Improvement Program ◽

Geriatric Population ◽

Complete Health

The Complete Health Improvement Program (CHIP) is an intensive therapeutic lifestyle modification program (ITLMP) with well-documented success in decreasing risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Plant-based diets and physical activity are components of the program that contribute to these improvements. Yet, there are few studies on how ITLMPs affect risk factors specifically for the geriatric population. The goal of this study was to examine results of CHIP participants with a focus on the older (greater than 65 years) population in Athens, Ohio. Retrospective data from 2011 to 2017 were analyzed for 26 CHIP classes. Recorded variables included body mass index (BMI), blood pressure (BP), total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), blood glucose (BG), and exercise level. Among geriatric participants, significant changes were found in BMI, BP, TC, LDL, HDL, BG, and exercise level ( P < .001). As compared to the younger population, changes in variables were equivalent in the geriatric population in all variables ( P > .05). These improvements in CVD risk factors among the elderly support the hypothesis that CHIP should be considered for CVD prevention and treatment in the geriatric population.

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Dietary fibre, lente carbohydrates and the insulin-resistant diseases

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114500001100 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 83 (S1) ◽

pp. S157-S163 ◽

Cited By ~ 110

Author(s):

David J. A. Jenkins ◽

Mette Axelsen ◽

Cyril W. C. Kendall ◽

Livia S. A. Augustin ◽

Vladimir Vuksan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Insulin Sensitivity ◽

Ldl Cholesterol ◽

Oxidized Ldl ◽

Major Type ◽

Clotting Factors ◽

Soluble Fibre ◽

Cholesterol Levels ◽

The Metabolic Syndrome

Several epidemiological studies link consumption of fibre-rich foods to a reduced risk of type 2 diabetes and CHD. The ‘fibre hypothesis’ suggested that this was a direct effect of fibre. However, fibre-rich foods contain different types of fibre as well as other potentially beneficial compounds, and many foods naturally high in fibre have low glycaemic and insulinaemic indices, possibly due to food form. The question therefore emerges as to the effect of isolated fibre per se on insulin sensitivity, lipids and other risk factors associated with the metabolic syndrome. Many beneficial effects are seen with pharmacological doses of isolated viscous soluble fibre, including improved insulin sensitivity, decreased LDL-cholesterol levels and decreased clotting factors. Similar effects are seen with low glycaemic-index foods. In contrast, insoluble non-viscous cereal fibre is not seen to act directly on risk factors when taken in refined foods such as in milled flour. Since cereal fibre, the major type of fibre in western diets, does not directly act on the risk factors for the metabolic syndrome, the question remains as to possible mechanisms. Until now, fibre and the nature and processing of the starch and particle size have been seen as the main determinants of the metabolic response to starchy foods. However, fibre-rich foods also have an increased protein-to-carbohydrate ratio. Hence we suggest that the protective effect of fibre may also be due to increased vegetable protein content, which may act directly to reduce clotting factors and oxidized LDL-cholesterol levels.

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Study on health risk factors as a basis to implement programs that promote a nutritional culture in students of the la Sabana University

Roczniki Państwowego Zakładu Higieny ◽

10.32394/rpzh.2021.0153 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 89-94

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Low Density Lipoprotein ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Blood Chemistry ◽

Monitoring And Control ◽

The Metabolic Syndrome

Background. Nowadays the importance of lifestyles in the prevention of type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome has been largely accertained. Objective. The purpose of our work is to implement programs that promote a nutritional culture in adolescents and young adults of the La Sabana University. Methods. The methodology entailed, after the corresponding informed consent, taking measures of the triceps and supraescapular skinfolds, waist circumference, body mass index (BMI), lean mass, and fat mass. Fasting blood samples were also taken to quantify cholesterol, triglycerides, high density lipoprotein (HDL) and low density lipoprotein (LDL). Results. The results obtained show that of the 165 students, 10.3% were underweight, 13.93% were overweight and 0.6% were obese. With regards to gender, 4.8% of the men and 9% of the women were overweight, 3% of the men and 7.2% of the women were underweight, and 0.6% of the women were obese. The blood chemistry showed that 30% had hypercholesterolemia, 18% hypertriglyceridemia, 17% reported low HDL levels and 67% reported high LDL levels. Of all the cases studied, 40% are at risk of a metabolic syndrome. 60% claimed not to practice any physical activity - especially women who reported 44.70%. Conclusions. These findings have allowed us at the institution to implement a culture of healthy habits. The have also allowed us to identify students with risk factors for type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome. This is why the cardiometabolic monitoring and control based on healthy eating and physical activity are important.

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Investigating The Definitions of Metabolic Syndrome Among High School Students in Taipei and The Optimal Cutoff Points of Relevant Risk Factors

10.21203/rs.3.rs-34076/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Shao Chia Chiu Lin ◽

Mei-Ju Chen

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

High School ◽

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

High School Students ◽

International Diabetes Federation ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Discriminatory Power ◽

School Students ◽

Optimal Cutoff ◽

Cutoff Points

Abstract Background: The effects of different definitions for metabolic syndrome (MetS) on its prevalence were examined, and the differences in the discriminatory power, as well as the optimal cutoff points of relevant risk factors, were analyzed in this study. Methods: 45,756 health checkup data sets from 2011 to 2014 of high school students aged between 15 to 17 years were sourced in Taipei city. The database included the students’ gender, age, height, weight, waist circumference (WC), systolic and diastolic blood pressure, as well as biochemical markers such as triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and fasting glucose (FG) levels. The ROC curve statistical approach was used to analyze the discriminatory power and optimal cutoff points of the relevant MetS risk factors. Results: The prevalence of MetS among adolescents in Taipei was 2.3% and 1.2%, according to the criteria of the modified National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP ATP III) and the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) respectively. The prevalence increased to 4.3% when this study’s criteria were used. Among the components of MetS analyzed, WC and TG had stronger discriminatory powers, while FG had the weakest. The optimal cutoff point for WC was approximately the 90 th percentile, while that for the TG was similar to the criteria of the modified NCEP ATP III. About 44.6% of adolescents had at least one MetS component. Body mass index also had good discriminatory power. Conclusions: The prevalence of MetS differs depending on the diagnostic criteria used. Redefining the cutoff points for the components of MetS in adolescents in different regions, as well as further screening and intervention, are crucial to prevent cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus in the future.

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Caffeic Acid on Metabolic Syndrome: A Review

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules26185490 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (18) ◽

pp. 5490

Author(s):

Nellysha Namela Muhammad Abdul Kadar ◽

Fairus Ahmad ◽

Seong Lin Teoh ◽

Mohamad Fairuz Yahaya

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Caffeic Acid ◽

Central Obesity ◽

Fruits And Vegetables ◽

Fasting Glucose ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Wide Range ◽

Single Strategy ◽

Natural Way

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a constellation of risk factors that may lead to a more sinister disease. Raised blood pressure, dyslipidemia in the form of elevated triglycerides and lowered high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, raised fasting glucose, and central obesity are the risk factors that could lead to full-blown diabetes, heart disease, and many others. With increasing sedentary lifestyles, coupled with the current COVID-19 pandemic, the numbers of people affected with MetS will be expected to grow in the coming years. While keeping these factors checked with the polypharmacy available currently, there is no single strategy that can halt or minimize the effect of MetS to patients. This opens the door for a more natural way of controlling the disease. Caffeic acid (CA) is a phytonutrient belonging to the flavonoids that can be found in abundance in plants, fruits, and vegetables. CA possesses a wide range of beneficial properties from antioxidant, immunomodulatory, antimicrobial, neuroprotective, antianxiolytic, antiproliferative, and anti-inflammatory activities. This review discusses the current discovery of the effect of CA against MetS.

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Regional variations in the economic burden attributable to excess weight, physical inactivity and tobacco smoking across British Columbia

Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention in Canada ◽

10.24095/hpcdp.36.4.02 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 36 (4) ◽

pp. 76-86 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

H. Krueger ◽

J.M. Koot ◽

D.P. Rasali ◽

S. E. Gustin ◽

M. Pennock

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

British Columbia ◽

Tobacco Smoking ◽

Economic Burden ◽

Physical Inactivity ◽

Excess Weight ◽

Prevalence Rates ◽

Population Attributable Fractions ◽

Attributable Fractions ◽

Social Environmental

Introduction Prevalence rates of excess weight, tobacco smoking and physical inactivity vary substantially by geographical region within British Columbia (B.C.). The purpose of this study is to determine the potential reduction in economic burden in B.C. if all regions in the province achieved prevalence rates of these three risk factors equivalent to those of the region with the lowest rates. Methods We used a previously developed approach based on population-attributable fractions to estimate the economic burden associated with the various risk factors. Sexspecific relative risk and age/sex-specific prevalence data was used in the modelling. Results The annual economic burden attributable to the three risk factors in B.C. was about $5.6 billion in 2013, with a higher proportion of this total attributable to excess weight ($2.6 billion) than to tobacco smoking ($2.0 billion). While B.C. has lower prevalence rates of the risk factors than any other Canadian province, there is significant variation within the province. If each region in the province were to achieve the best prevalence rates for the three risk factors, then $1.4 billion (24% of the $5.6 billion) in economic burden could be avoided annually. Conclusion There are notable disparities in the prevalence of each risk factor across health regions within B.C., which were mirrored in each region’s attributable economic burden. A variety of social, environmental and economic factors likely drive some of this geographical variation and these underlying factors should be considered when developing prevention programs.

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