Abstract 2676: Lipoprotein associated-phospholipase A2 Activity Level is Increased in Acute Cerebral Ischemic Events

Introduction: Lipoprotein associated -phospholipase A2 (Lpa-A2) mass and activity can help identify high risk TIA patients. We evaluate the yield of Lpa-A2 mass and activity to differentiate acute cerebral ischemic events from non-ischemic events. Methods: From July 2007 to March 2009, 48 patients presenting to the Stanford Unversity Medical Center Emergency room with stroke or TIA symptoms were prospectively enrolled and blood samples were obtained at time of presentation, 24 hours, and 72 hours after presentation. Blood samples were analyzed for Lpa-A2 mass and activity using commercially available assays (diaDexus, Inc). Patients with final diagnosis of stroke or TIA were classified as ischemic and others as non-ischemic. The size of the ischemic lesion was measured among stroke patients on diffusion weighted imaging (DWI). Results: Twenty eight patients (58%) had a diagnosis of brain infarction [median NIHSS=7 (IQR=4-12)], 9 (19%) had a diagnosis of TIA [median ABCD2=4, (IQR=3-6)] and 11(23%) had a non ischemic event (1 peripheral vertigo, 2 infections, 3 seizures, 4 peripheral neuropathy/myopathy, 1 multiple sclerosis relapse). Among the 37 ischemic patients, stroke mechanisms were according to TOAST criteria: 6 (16%) large artery atherosclerosis, 21 (57%) cardioembolic, 1 (3%) small artery, 4 (11%) other determined and 5 (13%) undetermined. At admission, Lpa-A2 activity level was higher among patients experiencing an ischemic event (stroke or TIA) compared to non ischemic event (p=0.007). Among ischemic patients, Lpa-A2 activity measured at admission was lower than the activity measured at day 1 (p=0.006) and day 3 (p=0.002) and was stable among non ischemic patients. Among the 24 ischemic patients who underwent acute MRI and were found to have an ischemic lesion on DWI, there was no relation between Lpa-A2 activity level and infarct volume. Lipoprotein associated -phospholipase A2 mass level was not different between ischemic and non ischemic patients. The mass levels remained stable over time in each group and were not related to infarct volume. Conclusions: Lpa-A2 activity levels were higher among ischemic patients compared with non ischemic etiologies. Lpa-A2 activity levels rose during the first days after brain ischemia. This exploratory data suggests Lpa-A2 activity level could possibly help physicians discriminate cerebral ischemic from non ischemic events. Further research is warranted and ongoing.

Download Full-text

Chronic Hemodynamic Compromise and Cerebral Ischemic Events in Asymptomatic or Remote Symptomatic Large-Artery Intracranial Occlusive Disease

American Journal of Neuroradiology ◽

10.3174/ajnr.a3491 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 34 (9) ◽

pp. 1704-1710 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

H. Yamauchi ◽

T. Higashi ◽

S. Kagawa ◽

Y. Kishibe ◽

M. Takahashi

Keyword(s):

Occlusive Disease ◽

Large Artery ◽

Hemodynamic Compromise ◽

Cerebral Ischemic ◽

Ischemic Events

Download Full-text

Neutrophils and Platelets: Immune Soldiers Fighting Together in Stroke Pathophysiology

Biomedicines ◽

10.3390/biomedicines9121945 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (12) ◽

pp. 1945

Author(s):

Junaid Ansari ◽

Felicity N. E. Gavins

Keyword(s):

Serine Proteases ◽

Ischemic Event ◽

Effector Functions ◽

Extracellular Traps ◽

Obstructive Sleep ◽

Clinical Strategies ◽

Artery Disease ◽

Cerebral Ischemic ◽

Ischemic Events

Neutrophils and platelets exhibit a diverse repertoire of functions in thromboinflammatory conditions such as stroke. Most cerebral ischemic events result from longstanding chronic inflammation secondary to underlying pathogenic conditions, e.g., hypertension, diabetes mellitus, obstructive sleep apnea, coronary artery disease, atrial fibrillation, morbid obesity, dyslipidemia, and sickle cell disease. Neutrophils can enable, as well as resolve, cerebrovascular inflammation via many effector functions including neutrophil extracellular traps, serine proteases and reactive oxygen species, and pro-resolving endogenous molecules such as Annexin A1. Like neutrophils, platelets also engage in pro- as well as anti-inflammatory roles in regulating cerebrovascular inflammation. These anucleated cells are at the core of stroke pathogenesis and can trigger an ischemic event via adherence to the hypoxic cerebral endothelial cells culminating in aggregation and clot formation. In this article, we review and highlight the evolving role of neutrophils and platelets in ischemic stroke and discuss ongoing preclinical and clinical strategies that may produce viable therapeutics for prevention and management of stroke.

Download Full-text

Later sleep timing predicts accelerated summer weight gain among elementary school children: a prospective observational study

International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity ◽

10.1186/s12966-021-01165-0 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Jennette P. Moreno ◽

Javad Razjouyan ◽

Houston Lester ◽

Hafza Dadabhoy ◽

Mona Amirmazaheri ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Observational Study ◽

Sleep Duration ◽

Obesity Prevention ◽

Prospective Observational Study ◽

Light Exposure ◽

Activity Level ◽

Activity Levels ◽

School Year ◽

Children’S Sleep

Abstract Objectives and background Social demands of the school-year and summer environment may affect children’s sleep patterns and circadian rhythms during these periods. The current study examined differences in children’s sleep and circadian-related behaviors during the school-year and summer and explored the association between sleep and circadian parameters and change in body mass index (BMI) during these time periods. Methods This was a prospective observational study with 119 children ages 5 to 8 years with three sequential BMI assessments: early school-year (fall), late school-year (spring), and beginning of the following school-year in Houston, Texas, USA. Sleep midpoint, sleep duration, variability of sleep midpoint, physical activity, and light exposure were estimated using wrist-worn accelerometry during the school-year (fall) and summer. To examine the effect of sleep parameters, physical activity level, and light exposure on change in BMI, growth curve modeling was conducted controlling for age, race, sex, and chronotype. Results Children’s sleep midpoint shifted later by an average of 1.5 h during summer compared to the school-year. After controlling for covariates, later sleep midpoints predicted larger increases in BMI during summer, (γ = .0004, p = .03), but not during the school-year. Sleep duration, sleep midpoint variability, physical activity levels, and sedentary behavior were not associated with change in BMI during the school-year or summer. Females tended to increase their BMI at a faster rate during summer compared to males, γ = .06, p = .049. Greater amounts of outdoor light exposure (γ = −.01, p = .02) predicted smaller increases in school-year BMI. Conclusions Obesity prevention interventions may need to target different behaviors depending on whether children are in or out of school. Promotion of outdoor time during the school-year and earlier sleep times during the summer may be effective obesity prevention strategies during these respective times.

Download Full-text

New-onset type 2 diabetes in heart failure: impact of heart failure and death versus ischemic events – a Danish nationwide cohort study

European Heart Journal ◽

10.1093/ehjci/ehaa946.1145 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 41 (Supplement_2) ◽

Author(s):

B Zareini ◽

P.B Blanche ◽

A.H Holt ◽

M.M Malik ◽

D.P Rajan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heart Failure ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Risk Ratio ◽

Real Life ◽

Ischemic Event ◽

Increased Risk ◽

The Absolute ◽

Ischemic Events ◽

New Onset

Abstract Background Development of type 2 diabetes (T2D) is common in patients with heart failure (HF), but knowledge of future cardiovascular events is lacking. Purpose We compared risk of heart failure hospitalization (HFH) or death versus ischemic events in real-life HF patients with new-onset T2D, prevalent T2D and no T2D. Methods Using the Danish nationwide registers, we identified all patients with HF between 1998–2016. The patients were separated in two different HF cohorts based on the status of T2D. One cohort consisted of HF patients with either prevalent or absent T2D at the time of HF diagnosis. The other cohort consisted of HF patients, who developed new-onset T2D, included at time of diagnosis. The two HF cohorts were analyzed separately. Outcomes for both cohorts were analyzed as time-to-first event as either an ischemic event (i.e. composite outcome of fatal and non-fatal myocardial infarction, stroke, and peripheral artery disease), HFH, or event-free death (not related to HFH or the ischemic event). For each cohort, we estimated the five-year absolute risk of ischemic event, HFH and event-free death, along with five-year risk ratio of HFH or event-free death versus ischemic events. Effects among subgroups were investigated by stratifying both cohorts based on age, gender and comorbidities present at inclusion. Results A total of 139,264 HF patients were included between 1998 and 2016, of which 29,078 (21%) patients had prevalent T2D at baseline. A total of 11,819 (8%) developed new-onset T2D and were included in the second cohort. The median duration of time between HF diagnosis and new-onset T2D diagnosis was: 4.1 years (IQR:1.5; 5.8). The absolute five-year risk of an ischemic event in patients with new-onset T2D, prevalent T2D and no T2D was: 17.9% (95% confidence interval (CI): 17.2; 18.6), 26.1% (95% CI: 25.6; 26.7), and 18.8% (95% CI:18.6; 19.0). Corresponding estimates for HFH were: 31.5% (95% CI: 30.6; 32.3), 33.6% (95% CI: 33.0; 34.2), and 30,7% (95% CI: 30.5; 31.0). The absolute five-year risk of event-free death among patients with new-onset T2D, prevalent T2D and no T2D was: 20.9% (95% CI: 20.2; 21.7), 18.9% (95% CI:18.4; 19.3), and 18.6% (95% CI: 18.4; 18.8) (see Figure). The five-year risk ratio of experiencing HFH or event-free death versus an ischemic event was: 2.9 (95% CI: 2.8; 3.1), 2.0 (95% CI:2.0; 2.1), and 2.6 (95% CI: 2.6; 2.7) for patients with new-onset T2D, prevalent T2D and no T2D, respectively. Similar results of absolute and relative risk were present across all subgroups. Conclusion In our population of HF patients, 8% developed new-onset diabetes. Development of T2D in patients with HF increases the risk of HFH and mortality three-fold. The increased risk of new-onset T2D is higher than the importance of prevalent T2D in patients with HF. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding source: None

Download Full-text

Choroidal Thickness and Volume Modifications Induced by Aerobic Exercise in Healthy Young Adults

Ophthalmic Research ◽

10.1159/000511201 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Gema Insa-Sánchez ◽

Lorena Fuentes-Broto ◽

Alberto Cobos ◽

Elvira Orduna Hospital ◽

Francisco Segura ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Young Adults ◽

Physical Exercise ◽

Choroidal Thickness ◽

Activity Level ◽

Enhanced Depth Imaging ◽

Activity Levels ◽

Imaging Protocol ◽

Post Exercise ◽

Physical Activity Levels

Introduction: Our aim was to evaluate the changes in choroidal thickness (CT) and volume (CV) following aerobic physical exercise in healthy young adults. Methods: This study included 72 eyes from healthy volunteers between 22 and 37 years old. Using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire, total physical activity was computed. Measurements using an autorefractometer, ocular biometry, and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography using the Enhanced Depth Imaging protocol were taken. OCT was performed as a baseline measurement and after performing 10 min of dynamic physical exercise (3 and 10 min post-exercise). The choroidal layer was manually segmented, and the CT and CV in different areas from the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study grid were obtained. Results: In healthy adults, at 3 min post-exercise, CT was higher in the subfoveal, the 3-mm nasal, and the 6-mm superior areas. Between 3 and 10 min post-exercise, the CT was reduced in all areas, and in some areas, the values were even smaller than the baseline measurements. The CV values showed changes after exercise similar to those of thickness. The total CV recovery after exercise was related to sex and physical activity level. Conclusion: Individuals with higher physical activity habits had greater CV at rest than those with lower physical activity levels. During exercise, healthy young people adjust CT and CV. At 3 min post-exercise, CT and CV increase. Women and individuals with greater physical activity levels reduce their total CV more than others during recovery.

Download Full-text

82 The impact of feeding treats containing cannabidiol (CBD) on the daily activity level of dogs

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skaa278.109 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽

pp. 60-61

Author(s):

Elizabeth M Morris ◽

Susanna E Kitts-Morgan ◽

Dawn M Spangler ◽

Kyle R McLeod ◽

David L Harmon

Keyword(s):

Daily Activity ◽

Block Design ◽

Companion Animals ◽

Total Activity ◽

Time Of Day ◽

Activity Level ◽

Activity Levels ◽

Quiet Time ◽

Activity Duration ◽

The Impact

Abstract Growing public interest in and use of Cannabidiol (CBD) in companion animals has amplified the need to elucidate potential impacts. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the impact of CBD on daily activity of adult dogs. Twenty-four dogs (18.0 ± 3.4 kg) were utilized in a randomized complete block design with treatments consisting of control, 2 mg CBD/kg BW/d, and 4 mg CBD/kg BW/d split between two treats administered after twice-daily exercise (7:00-9:00 and 17:00-19:00). Four hours each day (10:00-12:00, AM and 13:30-15:30, PM), were designated as time when no persons entered the kennels, with 2 h designated as Quiet Time and the other 2 h as Music Time, where calming music played over speakers. Quiet and Music sessions were randomly allotted to daily AM or PM times. Activity monitors were fitted to dogs’ collars for continuous collection of activity parameters. Data were collected over a 2-wk baseline period to block dogs by activity level (high or low) before randomly assigning dogs within each block to treatments. After 1 wk of treatment adaptation, activity parameters were collected for 2 wk. Data were tested for normality using the UNIVARIATE procedure in SAS before examining differences using the MIXED procedure in SAS, including effects of treatment, day, session (Quiet or Music), time of day (AM or PM), and accompanying interactions. CBD did not alter total activity points (P = 0.9971) or activity duration (P = 0.8776). CBD tended (P = 0.0692) to reduce scratching compared to control. Irrespective of treatment, dogs were more active in PM than AM (P < 0.0001). Regardless of session, dogs receiving 4 mg/kg/d tended (P = 0.0914) to be less active in the PM than control. CBD did not affect activity duration during exercise periods (P = 0.1425), but dogs receiving CBD ran more than control (P = 0.0339). These results indicate that when supplemented up to 4 mg/kg/d, CBD does not negatively impact daily activity levels of dogs.

Download Full-text

Neuroprotective mechanisms of erythropoietin in a rat stroke model

Translational Neuroscience ◽

10.1515/tnsci-2020-0008 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 48-59

Author(s):

Martin Juenemann ◽

Tobias Braun ◽

Nadine Schleicher ◽

Mesut Yeniguen ◽

Patrick Schramm ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Flow ◽

Infarct Size ◽

Cerebral Edema ◽

Infarct Volume ◽

Artery Occlusion ◽

Lesion Volume ◽

Ischemic Lesion ◽

Human Erythropoietin ◽

Male Wistar Rats ◽

Cerebral Artery Occlusion

AbstractObjectiveThis study was designed to investigate the indirect neuroprotective properties of recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) pretreatment in a rat model of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO).MethodsOne hundred and ten male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to four groups receiving either 5,000 IU/kg rhEPO intravenously or saline 15 minutes prior to MCAO and bilateral craniectomy or sham craniectomy. Bilateral craniectomy aimed at elimination of the space-consuming effect of postischemic edema. Diagnostic workup included neurological examination, assessment of infarct size and cerebral edema by magnetic resonance imaging, wet–dry technique, and quantification of hemispheric and local cerebral blood flow (CBF) by flat-panel volumetric computed tomography.ResultsIn the absence of craniectomy, EPO pretreatment led to a significant reduction in infarct volume (34.83 ± 9.84% vs. 25.28 ± 7.03%; p = 0.022) and midline shift (0.114 ± 0.023 cm vs. 0.083 ± 0.027 cm; p = 0.013). We observed a significant increase in regional CBF in cortical areas of the ischemic infarct (72.29 ± 24.00% vs. 105.53 ± 33.10%; p = 0.043) but not the whole hemispheres. Infarct size-independent parameters could not demonstrate a statistically significant reduction in cerebral edema with EPO treatment.ConclusionsSingle-dose pretreatment with rhEPO 5,000 IU/kg significantly reduces ischemic lesion volume and increases local CBF in penumbral areas of ischemia 24 h after transient MCAO in rats. Data suggest indirect neuroprotection from edema and the resultant pressure-reducing and blood flow-increasing effects mediated by EPO.

Download Full-text

Reduced level of physical activity during COVID-19 pandemic is associated with depression and anxiety levels: an internet-based survey

BMC Public Health ◽

10.1186/s12889-021-10470-z ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Paulo José Puccinelli ◽

Taline Santos da Costa ◽

Aldo Seffrin ◽

Claudio Andre Barbosa de Lira ◽

Rodrigo Luiz Vancini ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Mood Disorders ◽

Physical Activity Level ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Mood State ◽

Activity Level ◽

Activity Levels ◽

Depression And Anxiety ◽

Social Distancing ◽

Physical Activity Levels

Abstract Background The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has resulted in a strong negative impact on economic and social life worldwide. It has also negatively influenced people’s general health and quality of life. The aim of the present study was to study the impact of social distancing on physical activity level, and the association between mood state (depression and anxiety level) or sex with actual physical activity levels, the change in physical activity caused by social distancing period, the adhesion level to social distancing, the adoption time of social distancing, family income and age. Methods A self-administered questionnaire with personal, quarantine, physical activity, and mood state disorders information’s was answered by 2140 Brazilians of both sex who were recruited through online advertising. Results The physical activity level adopted during the period of social distancing (3.5 ± 0.8) was lower than that the adopted prior to the pandemic period (2.9 ± 1.1, p < 0.001). Thirty percent of the participants presented symptoms of moderate/severe depression and 23.3% displayed moderate/severe anxiety symptoms. A greater presence of symptoms related to anxiety and depression were associated with low physical activity levels, low family monthly income, and younger age. A higher percentage of men who had no mood disorders was observed among those who were very active than among those less active. Conclusion The COVID-19 pandemic has a negative impact on physical activity. Those who reduced their level of physical activity had the highest levels of mood disorders. Therefore, physical activity programs should be encouraged, while respecting the necessary social distancing to prevent the spread of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2.

Download Full-text