Abstract TP300: Implementation of Stroke Pathways to Reduce Length of Stay, Cost, Readmissions, and Mortality

Stroke ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (Suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jayme Strauss ◽  
Andrew Waisbrot ◽  
Daniel D'Amour ◽  
Amy K Starosciak
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Length Of Stay ◽  
Readmission Rate ◽  
Clinical Pathways ◽  
Transitions Of Care ◽  
Fiscal Year ◽  
Variable Cost ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Iv Tpa ◽  
Order Set

Introduction: Acute stroke is a major contributor to healthcare costs. In 2012, estimated direct costs associated with stroke was $71B, which is projected to double to $184B by 2030. As healthcare evolves and reimbursements decrease, cost control in disease specific populations is critical. In November 2017, length of stay (LOS) peaked at 5.78 days, as did variable and total cost/case (Table). In fiscal year 2017 the 30-d readmission rate was 9% and the mortality rate was 12%. Compliance with stroke admission order sets was at 55%. Methods: A multidisciplinary committee was formed in February 2017 to develop standardized, evidence-based clinical pathways for three populations: Ischemic stroke (IS) treated with IV tPA, TIA/IS without IV tPA, and intracerebral hemorrhage. The team met biweekly to standardize clinical pathways, decrease time to follow-up imaging, focus on physician order set utilization, and control costs. A comprehensive education program for all clinical staff was completed; official implementation of the pathways was in November 2017. A stroke financials team meets monthly to continue to look at opportunities and transitions of care. We reviewed a retrospective financial report of all in-hospital cases coded as MS-DRG 61-69 from 12/2017 through 7/31/2019 and compared it the 11/2017 report. Results: A total of 83 cases were available for 12/2017 and 2192 for 1/2018 through 7/2019. There was a reduced LOS by 26% (4.34 days), reduced variable cost/case by 24% ($5,958), reduced total cost/case by 23% ($13,790), reduced the 30-d readmission rate to 6%, and reduced the mortality rate to 4%. Case mix index was 12% higher at 1.3272 (vs. 1.2055 previously). Order set compliance improved to 94% (Table). A total cost saving dollar realization of $4.5 million. Discussion: Standardization of stroke clinical pathways led to improved order set compliance, almost 1/4 reduction in variable and total costs per case, shortened LOS, and reduced mortality and readmission rates.

Effects of pharmacy interventions at transitions of care on patient outcomes

2020 ◽  
Vol 77 (12) ◽  
pp. 943-949
Author(s):  
Susan Fosnight ◽  
Philip King ◽  
Jacqueline Ewald ◽  
John Feucht ◽  
Angela Lamtman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Length Of Stay ◽  
Readmission Rate ◽  
Average Length ◽  
Care Transitions ◽  
Outcome Data ◽  
Transitions Of Care ◽  
Readmission Rates ◽  
Average Length Of Stay ◽  
Pharmacy Intervention ◽  
Surgical Unit

Abstract Purpose An interdisciplinary group developed a care transitions process with a prominent pharmacist role. Methods The new transitions process was initiated on a 32-bed medical/surgical unit. Demographics, reconciliation data, information on medication adherence barriers, medication recommendations, and time spent performing interventions were prospectively collected for 284 consecutive patients over 54 days after the pharmacy participation was completely implemented. Outcome data, including 30-day readmission rates and length of stay, were retrospectively collected. Results When comparing metrics for all intervention patients to baseline metrics from the same months of the previous year, the readmission rate was decreased from 21.0% to 15.3% and mean length of stay decreased from 5.3 days to 4.4 days. Further improvement to a 10.2% readmission rate and a 3.6-day average length of stay were observed in the subgroup of intervention patients who received all components of the pharmacy intervention. Additionally, greater improvements were observed in intervention-period patients who received the full pharmacy intervention, as compared to those receiving only parts of the pharmacy intervention, with a 10.2-percentage-point lower readmission rate (10.2% vs 20.4%, P = 0.016) and a 1.7-day shorter length of stay (3.6 days vs 5.3 days; 95% confidence interval, 0.814-2.68 days; P = 0.0003). For patients receiving any component of the pharmacy intervention, an average of 9.56 medication recommendations were made, with a mean of 0.89 change per patient deemed to be required to avoid harm and/or increased length of stay. Conclusion A comprehensive pharmacy intervention added to a transitions intervention resulted in an average of nearly 10 medication recommendations per patient, improved length of stay, and reduced readmission rates.

scholarly journals Evaluating the effect of inpatient diabetes education on length of stay, readmission rates and mortality rates: a systematic review

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 96-103
Author(s):  
Zeeshan Hussain ◽  
Mohammed Alkharaiji ◽  
Iskandar Idris
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Length Of Stay ◽  
Clinical Outcomes ◽  
Readmission Rate ◽  
Diabetes Education ◽  
Free Text ◽  
Readmission Rates ◽  
Inpatient Diabetes ◽  
Hospitalised Patients ◽  
Patients With Diabetes

Background: Hospitalised patients with diabetes experience a longer duration of inpatient stay, increased readmission rates and excess mortality compared with patients without diabetes.Objectives: To determine whether inpatient diabetes education (IDE), provided to hospitalised patients with diabetes, is an effective intervention in improving one or all of the following clinical outcomes: length of stay (LOS), readmission rate and mortality rate.Methods: A free-text search on MEDLINE, PubMed, CINAHL, BNI and EMBASE was conducted on literature published from the date of each databases’ inception to March 2019. In addition, grey literature was used to support the search with the following key terms: ‘IDE’, ‘LOS’, ‘readmission’ and ‘mortality’, along with their possible substitutes and alternatives combined.Results: In total, eight studies met the inclusion criteria with a total number of 3,828 participants. Seven studies investigated LOS outcome for which accumulated mean LOS and median LOS were both lower (16.5% and 26.67%, respectively) in the IDE group compared with the non-IDE group. Six studies investigated readmittance rates, for which accumulated readmission rate (up to 12 months) was 15.9% lower in the IDE group than in the non-IDE group. Finally, the mortality rate was 36.6% lower in the IDE group compared with the non-IDE group, but this was non-significant and only one study reported this outcome.Conclusion: The findings of this review support the efficacy of an IDE programme in a hospital setting by reducing LOS and readmission rates in patients with diabetes. In addition, a possible trend towards a decreased mortality rate was observed. IDE is therefore recommended to improve clinical outcomes of hospitalised patients with diabetes.

scholarly journals Etiologies and Predictors of 30-Day Readmission in Patients Undergoing Induction Chemotherapy for Acute Myeloid Leukemia

Blood ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 134 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 4759-4759
Author(s):  
Shivani Handa ◽  
Kamesh Gupta ◽  
Jasdeep Singh Sidhu ◽  
Giulia Petrone ◽  
Sridevi Rajeeve ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Myeloid Leukemia ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Length Of Stay ◽  
Induction Chemotherapy ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Myeloid Leukemia ◽  
Readmission Rate ◽  
Index Admission ◽  
Hospitalization Costs ◽  
Acute Myeloid

Introduction: Early readmissions are important indicators of quality of health-care. National-level data is currently lacking for patients admitted for induction chemotherapy for acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Our study is to investigate characteristics and predictors of 30-day hospital readmission in patients with AML after receiving induction chemotherapy. Methods: We analyzed the 2016 United States National Readmission Database, the latest and largest readmission database available so far. The authors identified hospitalizations for patients using ICD-10 codes for "encounter for chemotherapy" or a procedure code for administration of antineoplastic agent as the primary diagnosis with a secondary diagnosis of acute myeloid leukemia or myeloid sarcoma. We excluded patients who had a personal history of chemotherapy or those in remission or relapse in order to avoid counting patients admitted for consolidation/ re-induction chemotherapy. A readmission was defined as the first admission to any hospital for any non-traumatic diagnosis within 30 days of discharge after the index admission. Same day admissions and discharges were excluded. The primary outcome was 30-day readmission rate. Secondary outcomes were 30-day mortality rate, most common reasons for readmission, readmission mortality rate and resource utilization (length of stay and hospitalization costs). Independent risk factors for readmission were identified using multivariate regression analysis. Results: A total of 18,140 admissions were identified for induction chemotherapy. The median age was 64.1 years and 45% of patients were female. The all cause 30-day readmission rates were 30.1%. The in-hospital and 30-day mortality rate were 3.9% and 4.8%, respectively. The in-hospital mortality rate for readmitted patients was 3.8%. The top five causes for unplanned readmissions were neutropenia (7.2%), sepsis (6.1%), pneumonia (2.6%), acute kidney injury (2.5%) and neoplasm related pain (2.3%). Mean total charges were higher during index admission than readmission ($118,449 vs $49,087, p=.000). Table 1 shows the base patient characteristics and Table 2 shows the odds ratios of the various factors tested as independent predictors of readmission. Independent predictors of readmission were younger age, low income, Medicaid, uninsured or Private Insurance, co-morbidities, urban hospital and length of stay during index hospitalization. The total hospital days associated with readmission were 102,924 days, with a total healthcare economic burden of $303 million. Conclusions: Our study reveals that there is a significant readmission rate in this study population generating a substantial financial burden. 30-day readmissions are primarily due to neutropenia and infectious etiologies including sepsis and pneumonia. This emphasizes the urgent need for organizing better outpatient follow up for these patients post-hospitalization as well as increased awareness for antibiotic prophylaxis. Further research into development of clinical models for risk stratification is also required. Disclosures Rajeeve: ASH-HONORS Grant: Research Funding.

Thirty-Day Readmission Rate Using an Outpatient Infusion Pathway after Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass

2018 ◽  
Vol 84 (9) ◽  
pp. 1429-1432 ◽  
Author(s):  
William P.L. Main ◽  
Amy E. Murphy ◽  
Lala R. Hussain ◽  
Katherine M. Meister ◽  
Kevin M. Tymitz
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Bypass ◽  
Folic Acid ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Length Of Stay ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Readmission Rate ◽  
Length Of Hospital Stay ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Cent Saline ◽  
Postoperative Length

The objective of this study was to determine whether implementing an outpatient infusion pathway (OIP) resulted in a decreased 30-day readmission rate after laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LRYGB). Data were retrospectively gathered on all patients who underwent LRYGB at our institution between April 1, 2015, and March 31, 2016, after instituting an OIP (postinfusion group). Thirty-day readmission rate, length of stay, and 30-day mortality rate were compared with patients who underwent LRYGB between January 1, 2014, and December 31, 2014, before implementing the OIP (preinfusion group). Patients not able to take 40 ounces of fluid orally at discharge after surgery were enrolled in the OIP. One OIP session would include an antiemetic, 1 liter bolus of 0.9 per cent saline, and intravenous multivitamin, thiamine, and folic acid. A total of 174 patients were included for analysis. Seventy-nine patients were in the pre-infusion group and 95 patients in the postinfusion group. Of the 95 patients in the postinfusion group, 18 patients (18.9%) met inclusion criteria for the OIP. There was a 45 per cent decrease in 30-day readmission rate after the institution of the OIP for patients who underwent LRYGB, however this was not statistically significant (11.39% vs 6.31%; OR 1.907; 95% confidence interval: 0.648–5.613, P = 0.235). There was no difference in postoperative length of hospital stay (1.65 vs 1.41 days, P = 0.114) or mortality (0.7% vs 0%, P = 0.454), in the pre- and postinfusion groups, respectively. Implementation of an OIP decreased 30-day readmission rate after LRYGB by 45 per cent; however, this was not statistically significant.

ID: 14: DIGITALIS INCREASES THE 30-DAY READMISSION RATE IN PATIENTS WITH HEART FAILURE AND REDUCED EJECTION FRACTION

2016 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 924.1-924
Author(s):  
H Alkhawam ◽  
J Sall ◽  
JJ Lieber ◽  
TJ Vittorio
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Length Of Stay ◽  
Ejection Fraction ◽  
Readmission Rate ◽  
Systolic Dysfunction ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Reduced Ejection Fraction ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Patients With Heart Failure

IntroductionDigitalis has been used for over 200 years to treat patients with heart failure (HF). Evidence from clinical trials supports the use of digitalis in patients with HF due to left ventricular (LV) systolic dysfunction, particularly in patients with more advanced symptoms. However, there is no evidence that digitalis improves survival.HypothesisWe evaluated the role of digitalis use in the 30-day readmission rate, mortality rate and length of stay (LOS) in patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF).MethodsWe performed a retrospective chart analysis of 1,616 patients who were admitted to the hospital from 2005 to 2012 due to decompensated HF. 781 patients had HFrEF. The medications of all 781 patients with HFrEF were reviewed. The HFrEF patients were divided into two groups: digitalis-treated and non-digitalis treated. The 30-day readmission rate, mortality rate and LOS were subsequently determined.ResultsOf the 781 patients with HFrEF, 196 (25%) did receive digitalis treatment versus 584 (75%) did not receive Digitalis treatment. After the other medications in each group were standardized, the digitalis-treatment HFrEF group had a higher 30-day readmission rate compared to the non-digitalis treatment HFrEF group (OR: 1.5, 95% CI: 1.1–2.2, p=0.04). The morality rate and LOS between the digitalis-treatment and non-digitalis treatment groups did not differ (p=0.7 and 0.4, respectively).ConclusionOur study confirmed that digitalis use in HFrEF does not improve the survival rate and length of stay. However, our study showed that digitalis use can increase the 30-day readmission rate.

Implementing Potentially Better Practices to Improve Neonatal Outcomes After Reducing Postnatal Dexamethasone Use in Infants Born Between 501 and 1250 Grams

PEDIATRICS ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 111 (Supplement_E1) ◽  
pp. e534-e541
Author(s):  
Joseph W. Kaempf ◽  
Betty Campbell ◽  
Ronald S. Sklar ◽  
Cindy Arduza ◽  
Robert Gallegos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Ventilation ◽  
Intensive Care ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Length Of Stay ◽  
Clinical Outcomes ◽  
Airway Pressure ◽  
Neonatal Intensive Care ◽  
Positive Airway Pressure ◽  
Late Onset ◽  
Late Onset Sepsis

Objective. The purpose of this article is to describe how a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) was able to reduce substantially the use of postnatal dexamethasone in infants born between 501 and 1250 g while at the same time implementing a group of potentially petter practices (PBPs) in an attempt to decrease the incidence and severity of chronic lung disease (CLD). Methods. This study was both a retrospective chart review and an ongoing multicenter evidence-based investigation associated with the Vermont Oxford Network Neonatal Intensive Care Quality Improvement Collaborative (NIC/Q 2000). The NICU specifically made the reduction of CLD and dexamethasone use a priority and thus formulated a list of PBPs that could improve clinical outcomes across 3 time periods: era 1, standard NICU care that antedated the quality improvement project; era 2, gradual implementation of the PBPs; and era 3, full implementation of the PBPs. All infants who had a birth weight between 501 and 1250 g and were admitted to the NICU during the 3 study eras were included (era 1, n = 134; era 2, n = 73; era 3, n = 83). As part of the NIC/Q 2000 process, the NICU implemented 3 primary PBPs to improve clinical outcomes related to pulmonary disease: 1) gentle, low tidal volume resuscitation and ventilation, permissive hypercarbia, increased use of nasal continuous positive airway pressure; 2) decreased use of postnatal dexamethasone; and 3) vitamin A administration. The total dexamethasone use, the incidence of CLD, and the mortality rate were the primary outcomes of interest. Secondary outcomes included the severity of CLD, total ventilator and nasal continuous positive airway pressure days, grades 3 and 4 intracranial hemorrhage, periventricular leukomalacia, stages 3 and 4 retinopathy of prematurity, necrotizing enterocolitis, pneumothorax, length of stay, late-onset sepsis, and pneumonia. Results. The percentage of infants who received dexamethasone during their NICU admission decreased from 49% in era 1 to 22% in era 3. Of those who received dexamethasone, the median number of days of exposure dropped from 23.0 in era 1 to 6.5 in era 3. The median total NICU exposure to dexamethasone in infants who received at least 1 dose declined from 3.5 mg/kg in era 1 to 0.9 mg/kg in era 3. The overall amount of dexamethasone administered per total patient population decreased 85% from era 1 to era 3. CLD was seen in 22% of infants in era 1 and 28% in era 3, a nonsignificant increase. The severity of CLD did not significantly change across the 3 eras, neither did the mortality rate. We observed a significant reduction in the use of mechanical ventilation as well as a decline in the incidence of late-onset sepsis and pneumonia, with no other significant change in morbidities or length of stay. Conclusions. Postnatal dexamethasone use in premature infants born between 501 and 1250 g can be sharply curtailed without a significant worsening in a broad range of clinical outcomes. Although a modest, nonsignificant trend was observed toward a greater number of infants needing supplemental oxygen at 36 weeks’ postmenstrual age, the severity of CLD did not increase, the mortality rate did not rise, length of stay did not increase, and other benefits such as decreased use of mechanical ventilation and fewer episodes of nosocomial infection were documented.

B. ANALISA KELAYAKAN BISNIS PADA UMKM (Study Kasus Pada Usaha Tempe Murni Ita)

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-19
Author(s):  
Agus Jonikar Ndraha ◽  
Avan Joko Prasetyawan ◽  
Ida Kurnia Wati ◽  
Ilmia Cahyasari ◽  
Nafa Alya Shintya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Production Costs ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
Variable Cost ◽  
Fixed Costs ◽  
Net Income ◽  
Average Income ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Net Profit ◽  
Business Analysis ◽  
Gross Income

Abstrak Tahun demi tahun, persaingan bisnis tempe di wilayah Surabaya kian ketat. Oleh karena itu diperlukan sebuah studi untuk mengkaji kelayakan bisnis tersebut. Tujuan dari makalah ini adalah Sebagai acuan untuk mengetahui semua biaya produksi, pendapatan kotor dan pendapatan bersih usaha tempe serta kelayakan usaha tempe di Surabaya. Penelitian dilaksanakan di daerah Sukomanunggal dengan menggunakan metode surve. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: Rata-rata biaya total sebesar Rp 2.144.590 yang dihasilkan dari penjumlahan biaya tetap rata-rata sebesar Rp 160.590 dengan biaya variabel rata-rata sebesar Rp 1.984.000. Laba bersih rata-rata sekitar Rp 955.410 dari pendapatan rata-rata sebesar Rp 3.100.000 dikurangi dengan semua pengeluaran Rp 2.144.590. Analisis kewajaran usaha adalah dengan menyusun pendapatan dan pengeluaran secara keseluruhan. Rata-rata semua pendapatan Rp 3.100.000 dan semua pengeluaran rata-rata sebesar Rp 2.144.590. Dengan rasio 1,45 usaha tempe murni ITA layak untuk dijalankan.  Kata Kunci : Biaya produksi, Pendapatan kotor, Pendapatan bersih, Kelayakan usaha   Abstract From year to year, Tempe business competition in the Surabaya area is getting tougher. Therefore a study is needed to study the feasibility of the business. The purpose of this paper is as a reference to find out all the production costs, gross income, and net income of tempe businesses and the feasibility of tempe businesses in Surabaya. The study was carried out in the Sukomanunggal area using a survey method. The results showed that: The average total cost of Rp 2,144,590 resulted from the sum of the average fixed costs of Rp 160,590 with an average variable cost of Rp 1,984,000. Net profit averaged around Rp. 955,410 from an average income of Rp. 3,100,000 minus all expenses of Rp. 2,144,590. The reasonableness of business analysis is to compile overall income and expenditure. The average income of all Rp 3,100,000 and all expenses averaged Rp 2,144,590. With a ratio of 1.45, pure ITA tempe business is feasible to run.  Keywords : Production costs, Gross income, Net income, Business feasibility

Abstract 13317: Acute Pulmonary Embolism in Covid-19 Patients: Presenting Characteristics, Outcomes and Risk Stratification Strategies

Circulation ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 142 (Suppl_3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hai Xu ◽  
Angel Martin ◽  
Avneet SINGH ◽  
Mangala Narasimhan ◽  
Joe Lau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Embolism ◽  
Intensive Care ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Length Of Stay ◽  
Risk Stratification ◽  
Clinical Outcomes ◽  
Acute Pulmonary Embolism ◽  
Severe Bleeding ◽  
Study Cohort ◽  
D Dimer

Introduction: Pulmonary Embolism in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients have been increasingly reported in observational studies. However, limited knowledge describing their diagnostic features and clinical outcomes exist to date. Our study aims to systemically analyze their clinical characteristics and to investigate strategies for risk stratification. Methods: We retrospectively studied 101 patients with concurrent diagnoses of acute pulmonary embolism and COVID-19 infection, admitted at two tertiary hospitals within the Northwell Health System in New York City area. Clinical features including laboratory and imaging findings, therapeutic interventions, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, mortality and length of stay were recorded. D-dimer values were respectively documented at COVID-19 and PE diagnoses for comparison. Pulmonary Severity Index (PESI) scores were used for risk stratification of clinical outcomes. Results: The most common comorbidities were hypertension (50%), obesity (27%) and hyperlipidemia (32%) among our study cohort. Baseline D-dimer abnormalities (4647.0 ± 8281.8) were noted on admission with a 3-fold increase at the time of PE diagnosis (13288.4 ± 14917.9; p<0.05). 5 (5%) patients required systemic thrombolysis and 12 (12%) patients experienced moderate to severe bleeding. 31 (31%) patients developed acute kidney injury (AKI) and 1 (1%) patient required renal replacement therapy. Throughout hospitalization, 23 (23%) patients were admitted to intensive care units, of which 20 (20%) patients received invasive mechanical ventilation. The overall mortality rate was 20%. Majority of patients (65%) had Intermediate to high risk PESI scores (>85), which portended a worse prognosis with higher mortality rate and length of stay. Conclusions: This study provides characteristics and early outcomes for hospitalized patients with COVID-19 and acute pulmonary embolism. D-dimer levels and PESI scores may be utilized to risk stratify and guide management in this patient population. Our results should serve to alert the medical community to heighted vigilance of this VTE complication associated with COVID-19 infection, despite the preliminary and retrospective nature inherent to this study.

The Association between Prolonged Antibiotic Use in Culture Negative Infants and Length of Hospital Stay and Total Hospital Costs

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wesam Sourour ◽  
Valeria Sanchez ◽  
Michel Sourour ◽  
Jordan Burdine ◽  
Elizabeth Rodriguez Lien ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Length Of Stay ◽  
Blood Culture ◽  
Hospital Stay ◽  
Length Of Hospital Stay ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Hospital Length Of Stay ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Multivariate Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Negative Blood Culture ◽  
Total Cost

Objective This study aimed to determine if prolonged antibiotic use at birth in neonates with a negative blood culture increases the total cost of hospital stay. Study design This was a retrospective study performed at a 60-bed level IV neonatal intensive care unit. Neonates born <30 weeks of gestation or <1,500 g between 2016 and 2018 who received antibiotics were included. A multivariate linear regression analysis was conducted to determine if clinical factors contributed to increased hospital cost or length of stay. Results In total, 190 patients met inclusion criteria with 94 infants in the prolonged antibiotic group and 96 in the control group. Prolonged antibiotic use was associated with an increase length of hospital stay of approximately 31.87 days, resulting in a $69,946 increase in total cost of hospitalization. Conclusion Prolonged antibiotics in neonates with negative blood culture were associated with significantly longer hospital length of stay and increased total cost of hospitalization. Key Points

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document