Shadows in the Brain

2003 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 862-872 ◽  
Author(s):  
Umberto Castiello ◽  
Dean Lusher ◽  
Carol Burton ◽  
Peter Disler
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Temporal Lobe ◽  
Shape Perception ◽  
Conscious Awareness ◽  
Visual Neglect ◽  
Object Shape ◽  
Brain Injured ◽  
The Right ◽  
Injured Patients ◽  
The Brain

The aims of the present study were to investigate whether the processing of an object shadow occurs implicitly, that is without conscious awareness, and where physically within the human brain shadows are processed. Here we present neurological evidence, obtained from studies of brain-injured patients with visual neglect, that shadows are implicitly processed and that this processing may take place within the temporal lobe. Neglect patients with lesions that do not involve the right temporal lobe were still able to process shadows to optimize object shape perception. In contrast, shadow processing was not found to be as efficient in neglect patients with lesions that involve the right temporal lobe.

Neuroaudiologic Correlates to Anatomical Changes of the Brain

1991 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank E. Musiek ◽  
Suzanne Lenz ◽  
Karen M. Gollegly
Keyword(s):  
Hearing Loss ◽  
Human Brain ◽  
Diagnostic Workup ◽  
Functional Improvement ◽  
Anatomical Changes ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Brain

1. There appears to be a relationship among the improved overall behavior of this patient, anatomical changes in the brain, and enhanced performance of both psychophysical and electrophysiological central auditory tests. 2. The right-sided peripheral hearing loss was one of the primary indicators for further diagnostic workup, but probably is unrelated to the lesion that was later discovered. 3. In demonstrating structural as well as functional improvement, this case demonstrates the plasticity of the young human brain.

3. Beyond amyloid

2020 ◽  
pp. 51-73
Author(s):  
Kathleen Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Lifestyle Factors ◽  
The Body ◽  
Amyloid Cascade Hypothesis ◽  
Brain Injured ◽  
Injured Patients ◽  
Amyloid P ◽  
Amyloid Cascade ◽  
The Brain

‘Beyond amyloid’ outlines recent challenges to the amyloid cascade hypothesis of Alzheimer’s disease. This theory’s enduring popularity has not been matched by success in the clinic. Some people without dementia appear to have high amyloid levels and some brain-injured patients with more amyloid have better outcomes than those with less. One possible explanation is that neurodegeneration begins long before symptoms appear. Other theories include amyloid as the defence rather than cause, and the idea of an immune response to infection causing inflammation in the brain. All this points towards the importance of method and the acknowledgement of the roles played by other parts of the body and lifestyle factors.

scholarly journals Unilateral neglect syndrome clinical and topographic study of 20 subjects

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 188-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luciano Ribeiro Pinto Jr. ◽  
Sylvio Saraiva ◽  
Wilson Luiz Sanvito
Keyword(s):  
Parietal Lobe ◽  
Visual Neglect ◽  
Unilateral Neglect ◽  
Anatomical Region ◽  
Cat Scan ◽  
Neglect Syndrome ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Crossing Test ◽  
Line Crossing

Twenty patients with unilateral neglect syndrome were studied. They were 10 males and 10 females, and they ranged from 29 to 76 years of age. All were submitted to a CAT scan of the brain. Based on the findings in our sample we drew the following conclusions: the extinction phenomenon was a constant manifestation of unilateral neglect; the line crossing test proved to be most efficient for the identification of visual neglect; the right parietal lobe was the anatomical region most often involved in the unilateral neglect syndrome.

scholarly journals Optic nerve sheath diameter: A novel way to monitor the brain

2017 ◽  
Vol 04 (04) ◽  
pp. S13-S18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seelora Sahu ◽  
Amlan Swain
Keyword(s):  
Optic Nerve ◽  
Intracranial Pressure ◽  
Optic Nerve Sheath Diameter ◽  
Optic Nerve Sheath ◽  
Pressure Management ◽  
Pressure Monitoring ◽  
Nerve Sheath ◽  
Brain Injured ◽  
Injured Patients ◽  
The Brain

AbstractMeasurement and monitoring of intracranial pressure is pivotal in management of brain injured patients. As a rapid and easily done bed side measurement, ultrasonography of the optic nerve sheath diameter presents itself as a possible replacement of the conventional invasive methods of intracranial pressure management. In this review we go through the evolution of optic nerve sheath diameter measurement as a novel marker of predicting raised intracranial pressure, the modalities by which it can be measured as well as its correlation with the invasive methods of intracranial pressure monitoring.

scholarly journals Residual Pituitary Function after Brain Injury-Induced Hypopituitarism: A Prospective 12-Month Study

2005 ◽  
Vol 90 (11) ◽  
pp. 6085-6092 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gianluca Aimaretti ◽  
Maria Rosaria Ambrosio ◽  
Carolina Di Somma ◽  
Maurizio Gasperi ◽  
Salvatore Cannavò ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Injury ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Gh Deficiency ◽  
Pituitary Function ◽  
Brain Injured ◽  
Injured Patients ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Context: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) and subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) are conditions at high risk for the development of hypopituitarism. Objective: The objective of the study was to clarify whether pituitary deficiencies and normal pituitary function recorded at 3 months would improve or worsen at 12 months after the brain injury. Design and Patients: Pituitary function was tested at 3 and 12 months in patients who had TBI (n = 70) or SAH (n = 32). Results: In TBI, the 3-month evaluation had shown hypopituitarism (H) in 32.8%. Panhypopituitarism (PH), multiple (MH), and isolated (IH) hypopituitarism had been demonstrated in 5.7, 5.7, and 21.4%, respectively. The retesting demonstrated some degree of H in 22.7%. PH, MH, and IH were present in 5.7, 4.2, and 12.8%, respectively. PH was always confirmed at 12 months, whereas MH and IH were confirmed in 25% only. In 5.5% of TBI with no deficit at 3 months, IH was recorded at retesting. In 13.3% of TBI with IH at 3 months, MH was demonstrated at 12-month retesting. In SAH, the 3-month evaluation had shown H in 46.8%. MH and IH had been demonstrated in 6.2 and 40.6%, respectively. The retesting demonstrated H in 37.5%. MH and IH were present in 6.2 and 31.3%, respectively. Although no MH was confirmed at 12 months, two patients with IH at 3 months showed MH at retesting; 30.7% of SAH with IH at 3 months displayed normal pituitary function at retesting. In SAH, normal pituitary function was always confirmed. In TBI and SAH, the most common deficit was always severe GH deficiency. Conclusion: There is high risk for H in TBI and SAH patients. Early diagnosis of PH is always confirmed in the long term. Pituitary function in brain-injured patients may improve over time but, although rarely, may also worsen. Thus, brain-injured patients must undergo neuroendocrine follow-up over time.

Oral-Movement Abilities and Articulatory Characteristics of Brain-Injured Adults

1974 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonard L. La Pointe ◽  
Robert T. Wertz
Keyword(s):  
Brain Injury ◽  
Apraxia Of Speech ◽  
Oral Motor ◽  
Brain Injured ◽  
History Of ◽  
Injured Patients ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Normal Adults

We compared the performance of 28 brain-injured adults who displayed articulation problems with that of 28 adults with no history of brain-injury on tests of isolated oral movement and oral-motor sequencing. An attempt was made to classify the brain-injured patients by administering an articulation test and employing three criteria for differentiating apraxia of speech from dysarthria: presence of initiation errors, more substitution errors than combined omission and distortion errors, and the presence of islands of error-free production. While the brain-injured group performed significantly worse on the isolated oral-movement and oral-motor sequencing tests than the normal adults, not all brain-injured patients demonstrated difficulty on these tasks. We were able to identify 13 patients who met all three criteria (apraxia of speech), 3 who met none (dysarthria), and 12 who met one or two but not all (mixed apraxia of speech and dysarthria). Isolated oral-movement and oral-motor sequencing deficits were found in all three groups, but no significant differences among groups on these tasks were observed.

Sizing up Consciousness

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcello Massimini ◽  
Giulio Tononi
Keyword(s):  
Information Integration ◽  
Cortical Neurons ◽  
General Rule ◽  
Integration Theory ◽  
Guiding Principle ◽  
Ethical Implications ◽  
Information Integration Theory ◽  
Brain Injured ◽  
Injured Patients ◽  
The Brain

Sizing up Consciousness explores, at an introductory level, the potential practical, clinical, and ethical implications of a general principle about the nature of consciousness. Using information integration theory (IIT) as a guiding principle, the book takes the reader along a scientific trajectory to face fundamental questions about the relationships between matter and experience. What is so special about a piece of flesh that can host a subject who sees light or experiences darkness? Why is the brain associated with a capacity for consciousness, but not the liver or the heart, as previous cultures believed? Why the thalamocortical system, but not other complicated neural structures? Why does consciousness fade during deep sleep, while cortical neurons remain active? Why does it recover, vivid, and intense, when the brain is disconnected from the external world during a dream? Can unresponsive patients with a functional island of cortex surrounded by widespread damage be conscious? Is a parrot that talks, or an octopus that learns and plays conscious? Can computers be conscious? Could a system behave like us and yet be devoid of consciousness—a zombie? The authors take on these basic questions by translating theoretical principles into anatomical observations, novel empirical measurements—such as an index of brain complexity that can be applied at the bedside of brain-injured patients—and thought experiments. The aim of the book is to describe, in an accessible way, a preliminary attempt to identify a general rule to size up the capacity for consciousness within the human skull and beyond.

History of Neuropsychology in Germany

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Eling
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Elementary Functions ◽  
Holistic View ◽  
Mental Functions ◽  
Brain Injured ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Injured Patients ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Brain

German neuroscientists played a crucial role in the foundation of neuropsychology. In the 19th century, Gall formulated new assumptions with respect to the nature and localization of mental functions in the brain. Wernicke popularized an approach in which mental functions were represented as networks of centers of more elementary functions. His followers, like Kussmaul, Lissauer and Liepmann, using this approach, created influential theories of aphasia, agnosia, and apraxia. In the 20th century, Goldstein and others opposed to this approach, arguing in favor of a more holistic view of the behavior of brain-injured patients. Many neuropsychological tests originate from assessment and rehabilitation procedures developed in German clinics for brain-injured soldiers. Because of the Nazi regime, individuals like Goldstein, Quadfasel, and Teuber emigrated to the United States and there contributed significantly to the rise of modern neuropsychology. From the 1960s, Poeck played a significant role in the “resurrection” of neuropsychology in Germany.

scholarly journals MORPHOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE VENTRICULAR BRAIN SYSTEMS IN THE ELDERLY AGE

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 15-19
Author(s):  
O. Slobodian ◽  
V. Kryvetskyi ◽  
T. Khmara
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Human Brain ◽  
Lateral Ventricle ◽  
Hemispheric Asymmetry ◽  
Ventricular System ◽  
The Body ◽  
Elderly Persons ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Anterior Posterior

The introduction into medical practice of new methods of neuroimaging - computed and magnetic resonance imaging, has changed the principles of diagnosing morphological changes in the brain and opened up new horizons in the study of its structure. The literature sources provide conflicting and fragmentary data on the anatomical features and morphometric parameters of the parts of the brain, and especially its ventricular system, at different age periods of a person's life. The human brain is characterized by significant age-sex anatomical variability. It differs in men and women in different races, ethnic groups. Signs of difference persist from generation to generation and can be an important characteristic of the variability of the human brain as a species. However, the sex and age features of the structure of the cerebral ventricles, taking into account their individual anatomical variability, have not been sufficiently studied. During morphometric study of magnetic resonance tomograms a comprehensive in vivo characteristic of the cerebral ventricular system in elderly persons is presented. Gender peculiarities and inter-hemispheric asymmetry of relevant indicators are studied. The examinations were conducted in standard anatomical planes (sagittal, frontal and axial) in people with no visual signs of organic lesions of the brain and skull. 38 tomograms of elderly patients were analyzed 38 (14 men and 24 women). 13 indicators of the liquor system of the brain were studied and a significant increase of the following parameters were found in males: the length of the anterior horn of the right lateral ventricle, the length and width of the central part of the lateral ventricle both on the right and left, the length of the lower horn of the lateral ventricle on the left and right, and anterior-posterior size of the lateral ventricle on the right and left. Some of the parameters studied possessed reliable inter-hemispheric asymmetry, namely, in men on the left: the body width of the lateral ventricle, the length and width of the posterior horn of the lateral ventricle, anterior-posterior size of the lateral ventricle; in women – the length of the lower horn of the lateral ventricle on the right.

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