Cooperation Strategies in Mongolian Pastoralism During the Socialist Collective Economy

Inner Asia ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-214
Author(s):  
Christian Ressel
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
State Policies ◽  
Climatic Changes ◽  
Socialist Society ◽  
Economic Action ◽  
Socialist State ◽  
The Given ◽  
Seasonal Climatic Changes

AbstractMy analysis of cooperation strategies considers pastoralism in the context of its long-term relationship to the steppe environment, geographical conditions and seasonal climatic changes. Under the influence of socialist state policies, previous socio–economic patterns were superseded by a ‘progressive’ re-organisation of production that created a new frame for economic action. The resultant forms of cooperation, as implemented by herders, related to different modes of production, which D. Sneath describes as ‘specialist’ and ‘domestic’ modes. During the collective period these modes largely correlated with different concepts of animal property.Within large–scale collective farms communal production became central to herders’ activities. Specialist production was carried out with collective-owned animals according to new formal structures, whereas the management of limited private herds was largely unaffected by official regulations and continued to be organised informally. Correspondingly, different cooperation strategies among herders’ groups were implemented in accordance with different kinds of social obligations and interests, each being adjusted adequately to the given socio-economic and environmental conditions. The differences between concepts of socialist society and the way herders acted in practice to some degree enabled the accumulation of larger private herds and facilitated the continuation of ‘old’ pre-collective patterns under ‘new’ socialist conditions.

Introduction

2008 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Robb
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Social Stratification ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Academic Life ◽  
Local Context ◽  
Archaeological Theory ◽  
Local Response ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Power Strategies

Time and change have been among the most widely discussed themes in archaeological theory, though they have varying fortunes in the vicissitudes of academic life. British and American anthropology, it has been observed, have long oscillated between history and evolution, between studying culture in its local context and in a long-term narrative. Following Steward and White rather than Kroeber and Boas, the New Archaeology's banner was evolution, and many of its theoretical goals were explicitly reductionist, for example, in viewing human actions as a local response to large-scale environmental conditions. Yet, at the same time, from its inception the New Archaeology also contained the seeds of a humanistic, historical approach (for instance, in tracing social stratification to chiefly power strategies to local, short-term political contexts).

scholarly journals Palaeogeographic and palaeoenvironmental characteristics of major marine incursions in northwestern Europe during the Westphalian C (Bolsovian)

2001 ◽  
Vol 3 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 331-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michiel DUSAR ◽  
Eva PAPROTH ◽  
Maurice STREEL ◽  
Martin J.M. BLESS
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Sedimentary Facies ◽  
Close Correlation ◽  
Climatic Changes ◽  
Delta Plain ◽  
Tree Ferns ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Stratigraphic Interval

The Westphalian C was a time of marked tectonic and climatic changes within the Variscan Foreland, but our understanding of these changes is hampered by a poor appreciation of large-scale palaeogeography and palaeogeographic evolution within this key stratigraphic interval. The distribution of tonsteins, marine bands and faunal occurrences related to marine incursions or the proximity of marine conditions in Britain and on the European mainland during the Westphalian C (Bolsovian) is briefly summarised. The favoured environmental conditions of some selected fossil taxa (Lingula, arenaceous foraminifers, Geisina, conchostracan faunas and Torispora producing tree ferns) are highlighted. A palaeogeographic model shows the relationship between major sedimentary facies belts in the Westphalian C of western Europe and the influence of major marine incursions on the distribution pattern of incursion-related faunas. The frequent succession of transgressive-regressive faunal phases in beds with marine faunas and the close correlation between the distribution of these beds and the distribution of upper delta plain environments in the Westphalian C of northwestern Europe suggest that marine incursions were long-lived, related to glacio-eustatic events, and cannot be regarded as catastrophic « flash floods ».

scholarly journals Clustering heuristic for time-dependent periodic routing problems with complex constraints

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomasz Śliwiński
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Optimization Problems ◽  
Solution Concept ◽  
Objective Evaluation ◽  
Routing And Scheduling ◽  
Long Term Stability ◽  
Personnel Allocation ◽  
The Given ◽  
Periodic Routing

Periodic routing and scheduling is of utmost importance in many industries with mobile personnel working in the field: sales representatives, service technicians, suppliers, etc. The resulting optimization problems are of large scale and complexity, mostly due to discrete, combinatorial nature of the systems and due to complicated, nonuniform constraints. In many cases the long-term stability of the customer to personnel allocation is required, leading to the decomposition of the major problem into single employee subproblems.The paper deals with building clusters of customers visited by a single salesperson. The procedure takes into account diverse system requirements and constraints, possible traveling schedules and expected operational costs. The difficulty of the problem lies in its large scale and constraints complexity as well as in troublesome objective evaluation for the given solution. The general solution concept is presented. Its usefulness is supported by the results of the computational experiments.

scholarly journals Paleontological methods in environmental science

1992 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 40-40
Author(s):  
Grace S. Brush ◽  
Humaira Khan
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Human Disturbance ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Ecological Requirements ◽  
Inorganic Substances ◽  
Stratigraphic Record

Long term environmental changes, induced both by natural and anthropogenic causes, cannot be assessed by looking solely at historical records of temperature, rainfall, water quality, etc. Frequently, such records are nonexistent. Where they do exist, they are often too short to be of much use. However, sediments contain a stratigraphic record of environmental change that allows comparison of the historic period influenced largely by humans, with prehistoric time when climate was the major determinant of environmental conditions.The stratigraphic record contains various fossilized organic materials which reflect environmental conditions at the time of the their deposition. Most abundant are pollen and spores of aquatic and terrestrial plants. Correspondence between pollen assemblages and vegetation has been found in all parts of the world. Therefore stratigraphic changes in pollen taxa reveal much information regarding the vegetational history of a region. Knowledge of the ecological requirements of various taxa can then be used to infer past climatic conditions. For example, dominance of Juglans (walnut) pollen indicates wet conditions while abundance of Pteridium (bracken fern) spores is an indicator of fire, suggesting drier conditions. Pollen can also be used to trace human disturbance to the environment. Sharp increases in the pollen of Ambrosia (ragweed) in sediment cores indicate large scale land clearance by man.Seeds preserved in sediments provide another measure of temporal vegetational change. Generally, seeds are not dispersed far from the parent plant; hence they provide a more local record of vegetation than pollen. A decrease in seeds of aquatic plants and increase in seeds of higher ground taxa when accompanied by increased sedimentation rates is an indicator of infilling of an aquatic environment. If unaccompanied by increased sedimentation, the change more likely represents lowering of sea level. Disappearance of seeds of taxa sensitive to turbidity and eutrophication provide another long term record of human disturbance.Distributions of diatoms are affected by temperature, salinity, oxygen, light availability and nutrient levels in the water. Therefore changes in diatom species preserved in the sediments can be used as indicators of climate, turbidity, anoxia and eutrophication in aquatic ecosystems.Many inorganic substances preserved in sediments also provide a long term record of changes in the environment. Nitrogen and phosphorus can be measured in cores and used as a surrogate record of water quality in lakes and estuaries. Sharp increases in sedimentary accumulation of metals record wastewater discharge and fuel emissions, related to human activity.

scholarly journals Climatic changes in the abundance of anchovy in the Southeast Pacific ocean

2020 ◽  
Vol 222 ◽  
pp. 05004
Author(s):  
Irma Martyn ◽  
Yaroslav Petrov ◽  
Sergey Stepanov ◽  
Artem Sidorenko
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Climatic Changes ◽  
Commercial Fish ◽  
Climate Fluctuations ◽  
Southeast Pacific ◽  
Commercial Species ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Fish Productivity ◽  
Productive Zone

The article discusses the issue of the relationship between climate change and the productivity of oceanic ecosystems. The data on the course of the number of commercial populations in the productive zone of the ocean are analyzed. Comparison of data on climate fluctuations and populations of commercial fish over a period of 16 years, which will reveal the conjugation of climate fluctuations and fish productivity. On the basis of the results obtained, a model is proposed for predicting the abundance of a commercial species for several years, depending on the climate. The results obtained provide an answer to the question of whether long-term fluctuations in the abundance of commercial species are influenced by the climate or large-scale fishing.

scholarly journals Temperature and precipitation effects on the isotopic composition of global precipitation reveal long-term climate dynamics

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Vystavna ◽  
I. Matiatos ◽  
L. I. Wassenaar
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Ice Cores ◽  
Climatic Changes ◽  
Climate Dynamics ◽  
Climate History ◽  
Temperature And Precipitation ◽  
Time Series Modelling ◽  
Non Linear ◽  
Global Precipitation

AbstractEarth’s climate history is traced through the long-term covariance between the isotopic (δ18O) composition of archived meteoric waters (groundwater, ice cores) with air temperature (T) and amount of precipitation (P). To assess recent multi-decadal climatic changes, we analysed δ18O, T and P, and the relationships between these parameters at 20 stations having 60 years of continuous monthly isotopic records. Using nonparametric regressions and time series modelling we found significant linear and non-linear relationships for δ18O with T and P and showed that the δ18O dependency on these two parameters varied over decadal scales, thereby revealing complex relationships related to recycled moisture, large-scale convective processes and atmospheric-oceanic oscillations. Due to multiple factors controlling the δ18O composition of precipitation including P and T effects, we found that time-varying relationships between δ18O in precipitation P and T were better explained using the non-linear regressions. Our results affirmed that δ18O distributions in global precipitation are integrative indicators of climate dynamics whose patterns can be applied to better understand region-specific climatic changes in the present, past, and future.

Evolution of Large-Scale Coronal Structures

1994 ◽  
Vol 144 ◽  
pp. 29-33
Author(s):  
P. Ambrož
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Field Line ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Coronal Magnetic Field ◽  
Source Surface ◽  
Solar Cycles ◽  
Characteristic Relationship ◽  
The Magnetic Field ◽  
Coronal Structures

AbstractThe large-scale coronal structures observed during the sporadically visible solar eclipses were compared with the numerically extrapolated field-line structures of coronal magnetic field. A characteristic relationship between the observed structures of coronal plasma and the magnetic field line configurations was determined. The long-term evolution of large scale coronal structures inferred from photospheric magnetic observations in the course of 11- and 22-year solar cycles is described.Some known parameters, such as the source surface radius, or coronal rotation rate are discussed and actually interpreted. A relation between the large-scale photospheric magnetic field evolution and the coronal structure rearrangement is demonstrated.

Computer Analyses in Preventive Health Research

1967 ◽  
Vol 06 (01) ◽  
pp. 8-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. F. Collen
Keyword(s):  
Medical Research ◽  
Preventive Medicine ◽  
Health Research ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Preventive Health ◽  
New Era ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Normal Test ◽  
Computer Analyses

The utilization of an automated multitest laboratory as a data acquisition center and of a computer for trie data processing and analysis permits large scale preventive medical research previously not feasible. Normal test values are easily generated for the particular population studied. Long-term epidemiological research on large numbers of persons becomes practical. It is our belief that the advent of automation and computers has introduced a new era of preventive medicine.

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