scholarly journals Early Medieval Central Asian Population Estimates

2017 ◽  
Vol 60 (6) ◽  
pp. 788-817
Author(s):  
Étienne de la Vaissière
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Asian Population ◽  
Population Estimates ◽  
Early Medieval ◽  
The North ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
The Individual

Abstract Census data from 8th-century Eastern Central Asian oases, combined with the measurements of the oases and data from archives discovered there, allow us to calculate estimates both of the individual oases’ populations and of their respective feeding capacities, which is to say the number of people who could be fed from the output of one hectare of agricultural land. These numbers in turn have parallels in Western Central Asia, where oasis sizes can also be calculated by examination of preserved archaeological landscapes and oasis walls. It is therefore possible to reach a rough idea of the populations dwelling in the main oases and valleys of sedentary Central Asia. As regards nomadic regions, the data are far more hypothetical, but references in certain sources to the sizes of nomad armies and rates of nomadic military levying can allow us to calculate at least the possible scales of magnitude for populations living to the north of the Tianshan.

Late Paleozoic oroclinal bending, arc amalgamation, and large-scale transcurrent tectonics in the western Central Asian Orogenic Belt: termination of accretionary orogenesis and initiation of aridification in Central Asia?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pengfei Li
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Development Program ◽  
Orogenic Belt ◽  
Central Asian Orogenic Belt ◽  
Late Paleozoic ◽  
International Partnership ◽  
The North ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
Current Coordinate

<p>The western Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB) underwent the prolonged accretion from Neoproterozoic to latest Paleozoic, and evolved into an intracontinental orogenic environment in the Mesozoic to Cenozoic, which was accompanied by significant changes of climatic environments. To constrain earlier accretion mechanisms and processes of the CAOB is fundamentally important given its control on the orogenic architecture and paleogeography, which inevitably affects the subsequent intracontinental orogeny. Here, I focus on the late Paleozoic tectonic reconstruction of the western CAOB with an aim to understand the role of oroclinal bending, arc amalgamation, and large-scale transcurrent tectonics in shaping the orogenic architecture of the western CAOB. My results show that the development of the U-shaped Kazakhstan Orocline in the western CAOB may have been controlled by the along-strike variation of the trench retreat, which was accompanied by the consumption of the Junggar Ocean in the core area of the orocline. The subsequent amalgamation of multiple arcs in the western CAOB may further amplify the oroclinal structure, and I emphasize that the orogen-parallel extension plays a significant role in arc amalgamation of the western CAOB. In the Permian, the large scale of strike-slip faults characterized the western CAOB with sinistral shearing in the north (Chinese Altai) and dextral kinematics in the south (Tianshan), which together indicates the eastward migration of orogenic materials (current coordinate). Following the termination of accretionary orogeny, the western CAOB was in an intracontinental environment with relatively arid climate in the early to middle Triassic as indicated by the widespread occurrence of red beds, which may mark the initiation of aridification in Central Asia.</p><p>Acknowledgements: this study was financially supported by the Hong Kong Research Grant Council (HKU17302317), the international partnership program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (132744KYSB20200001), the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2017YFC0601205), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41872222) and a project from Guangdong Province (2019QN01H101).</p>

scholarly journals Prospective and proximative: results and perspectives of their research in Turkic languages

2020 ◽  
pp. 158-172
Author(s):  
I. A. Nevskaya ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Lexical Semantics ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
Preliminary Stage ◽  
Auxiliary Verbs ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
The North ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
Turkic Languages

This paper describes the category of proximative (also called prospective), which is supposed to express the prototypical semantics be going / about to do something and refer to a preliminary stage of action. Proximative means are extremely diverse and numerous in Turkic lan-guages. All Turkic languages use various intentional forms and constructions to render proximative semantics under certain conditions, mostly with inanimate subjects or involun-tary actions. Oghuz Turkic seems to be the only branch that does not use proximative forms based on the infinitive or purpose converb of the lexical verb in combination with existential and positional auxiliary verbs. Only Oghuz Turkic seems to have a proximative form with the postposition üzere ‘on’. Both Azeri varieties show convergence with Persian (and other Iranian languages spoken in the Caucasus, and also with Aramaic). Kipchak Turkic languages spoken in Central Asia have an array of isoglosses in common with South Eastern Turkic in their proximative morphology. We can probably speak of a Central Asian linguistic area representing a Turkic dialect contin-uum that had existed there long before the formation of modern national states. Within South Siberian Turkic, a very heterogeneous branch of Turkic, the North Altai varie-ties are closer to Shor and Khakas than to Southern Altai Turkic in many features, also includ-ing Proximative language encoding. Southern Altai Turkic, in its turn, shows a certain close-ness to Tuvan in some proximative isoglosses, but also Kipchak languages of Central Asia in others. Tuvan is characterized by numerous Mongolian loans, also in the proximative sphere. It appears that only the category of avertive employs materially identical language means (with minor variations) in all branches of Turkic. It is the specialized actional form “converb -A + verb yaz- / žas- / čas- / d’asta- / žazda-, etc.” with the lexical semantics “err, fail, miss the target, lose one’s way, sin, etc.”

scholarly journals Features of historical and cultural development in different geographical conditions (in example of Central Asia)

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 267-277
Author(s):  
Anatoliy Sagdullaev ◽  
Utkir Abdullaev ◽  
Jasur Togaev
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Bronze Age ◽  
Human Activity ◽  
Asian Population ◽  
Cultural Development ◽  
Tribal Communities ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
History Of ◽  
Cultural Types ◽  
The Bronze Age

The history of all societies is associated with human activity, his economic and cultural needs, therefore, activity and needs as vital qualities of people are widely reflected in their interaction with nature and the environment. In the process of labor and production, nature is the main object of human activity, and certain economic and cultural types have developed in different geographic conditions. This law of historical and cultural development is confirmed by the example of the history of the Bronze Age in Central Asia. In the Bronze Age, among the population living on the territory of the steppes, the socio-economic system was preserved, characteristic of the tribal communities of cattle-breeding tribes, which were at the stage of decomposition of primitive communal relations. In Central Asia at this time, the process of allocation of historical and cultural regions and ethnic territories was noted. This article is dedicated to analysis of features of historical and cultural development of Central Asian population in different geographical conditions. The main attention is paid to the fact that the history of economic-cultural types and their development is connected with geographical atmosphere.

HOOMAN PEIMANI, Regional Security and the Future of Central Asia: The Competition of Iran, Turkey, and Russia (Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 1998). Pp. 165.

2001 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 160-163
Author(s):  
A. WILLIAM SAMII
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
United Nations ◽  
National Security ◽  
Central Asia ◽  
Regional Security ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
Independent States ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
East West

Hooman Peimani, a consultant with United Nations agencies in Geneva and an independent researcher on the Middle East, West Asia, and the Commonwealth of Independent States, has written an ambitious work based on the premise that the Central Asian states (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan) share geographical, societal, political, economic, and military factors, combined with common concerns. These commonalties mean that the individual states are linked so closely that their national-security concerns cannot be considered independently. Thus, one has a “security complex” in which there is interdependence, rivalry, and shared interests.

scholarly journals Phylogenetic History of Kara Kum Desert Focus

2020 ◽  
pp. 56-61
Author(s):  
G. A. Eroshenko ◽  
L. M. Kukleva ◽  
Zh. V. Al’khova ◽  
A. N. Balykova ◽  
N. V. Popov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Yersinia Pestis ◽  
Caspian Sea ◽  
Asian Population ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Snp Analysis ◽  
Whole Genome ◽  
The North ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
History Of ◽  
Active Processes

Objective of the study was to analyze phylogenetic relation of the strains and dissemination routes of Yersinia pestis in Kara Kum desert focus in XX century.Materials and methods. We have carried out whole genome sequencing of 8 Yersinia pestis strains isolated in Kara Kum desert focus between 1949 and 1985. We also used nucleotide sequences of 16 Y. pestis strains from neighboring foci of East and North Caspian Sea region dated 1917–2002, sequenced at the premises of RusRAPI “Microbe” on Genestudio Ion S5XL platform (Thermo Fischer Scientific). Phylogenetic analysis was performed based on 1720 identified core SNPs. Phylogenetic dendrogram was constructed using Maximum Likelihood algorithm, PhyML v. 3.1 software package, and nucleotide substitution model GTR.Results and discussion. On the basis of whole-genome SNP analysis of Y. pestis strains from Kara Kum desert focus, West and North Caspian Sea region foci analysis of plague agent populations circulating in Turkmenistan in XX century was conducted. It has been demonstrated that three separate waves of Y. pestis dissemination swept the territory of Kara Kum desert focus. The origin of the first one, registered in 1912, plague outbreak in south-eastern part of the focus and its etiological agent remain unspecified so far. The second wave is associated with distribution of North-Aral 2.MED1 population of medieval biovar in 1949–1970, which led to the emergence of epizootic activity in 1949, as well as subsequent cases and outbreaks of plague in this territory in the middle of the XX century. In the mid-second half of the past century, one more 2. MED1 dissemination wave from the North Balkhash region hit the Kara Kum desert focus. This central-asian  population has also taken root in the natural biocoenosis of the Kara Kum focus. The data obtained testify to active processes of distribution of Y. pestis of medieval biovar in East Caspian Sea region in southern sub-zone of Eurasian deserts in XX century. 

scholarly journals SECURITY CHALLENGES AND THREATS FOR CENTRAL ASIAN STATES IN LIGHT OF THE RUSSIAN ANNEXATION OF CRIMEA IN 2014

2017 ◽  
pp. 13-23
Author(s):  
I. Mingazutdinov ◽  
H. Mingazutdinova
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Military Bases ◽  
The North ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
The Crimea ◽  
Xxist Century ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Oil And Gas Resources ◽  
Economic Collaboration

The article examines the position of the governments of Central Asian states upon the Crimea annexation by Russia in 2014. It as well analyses top challenges and threats to the region’s security within the framework of Russia’s expansive policy. Basic instruments of influence of Russia and China on Central Asia in early XXIst century have been investigated. For Russia, the levers of influence have been represented by military bases located in three out of five countries of the region, as well as weapon transfers to support the states’ armies and the Russian-speaking minorities residing in Central Asia. In its turn, China strengthened its positions in the region throughout importing oil and gas resources, raising investments and proposing profitable economic collaboration. It is determined that the events of 2014 shall have notable impact on the balance of powers in the region of Central Asia. In particular, Russia’s desire to spread its influence on its traditional sphere of interests, i.e. on Central Asia, resulted in deepening cooperation between Central Asia and basic Russian competitors – China and the USA, as well as in developing Central Asia’s collaboration with the North Atlantic Alliance. Thus, China has laid a course for driving Russia out of the Central Asian market of oil and gas, and region’s cooperation with the USA and NATO has been enhanced.

THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE EU STRATEGIC PRIORITIES IN POST-SOVIET CENTRAL ASIA

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 007-017
Author(s):  
Agnieszka KONOPELKO
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Central Asia ◽  
Global Strategy ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
Mutual Relations ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Soviet Central Asia ◽  
Great Game ◽  
The Eu

The Central Asian region has never been a priority area of EU external policy, although the European Union Global Strategy underlines its support for multilateralism in global strategy. The European Union has been more actively engaged in the region since the launch of the New Great Game in Central Asia between China, Russia and the U.S. Following the “neighbors of neighbors” concept, the EU shapes its relations with post-Soviet Central Asia (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan) on the basis of multilateral strategies and bilateral partnership agreements. The first comprehensive EU strategic document focused on post-Soviet Central Asia, The EU and Central Asia: Strategy for a New Partnership, was concluded in 2007. Despite some allegations that the strategy should take into account the individual needs and specificities of each country, it should be emphasized that the strategy intensified mutual relations between Central Asia and the EU, as well as the EU’s institutional presence in the region, mainly in terms of political and diplomatic dialog. Due to a dynamic approach, the analysis undertaken in the research study allowed for the presentation of positive and negative tendencies, changes and reversals in the implementation of the particular components of the previous EU strategy towards Central Asian countries over time. It should be noted that most objectives outlined in its normative strategy towards Central Asia were achieved to a limited extent, especially in terms of democratization and civil society.

scholarly journals Features of historical and cultural development in different geographical conditions (in example of Central Asia)

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 267-277
Author(s):  
Anatoliy Sagdullaev ◽  
Utkir Abdullaev ◽  
Jasur Togaev
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Bronze Age ◽  
Human Activity ◽  
Asian Population ◽  
Cultural Development ◽  
Tribal Communities ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
History Of ◽  
Cultural Types ◽  
The Bronze Age

The history of all societies is associated with human activity, his economic and cultural needs, therefore, activity and needs as vital qualities of people are widely reflected in their interaction with nature and the environment. In the process of labor and production, nature is the main object of human activity, and certain economic and cultural types have developed in different geographic conditions. This law of historical and cultural development is confirmed by the example of the history of the Bronze Age in Central Asia. In the Bronze Age, among the population living on the territory of the steppes, the socio-economic system was preserved, characteristic of the tribal communities of cattle-breeding tribes, which were at the stage of decomposition of primitive communal relations. In Central Asia at this time, the process of allocation of historical and cultural regions and ethnic territories was noted. This article is dedicated to analysis of features of historical and cultural development of Central Asian population in different geographical conditions. The main attention is paid to the fact that the history of economic-cultural types and their development is connected with geographical atmosphere.

A Medieval Burial from Graham Street, Leith, Edinburgh

2003 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-169
Author(s):  
Paul R. J. Duffy ◽  
Olivia Lelong
Keyword(s):  
Contextual Information ◽  
Human Remains ◽  
Housing Development ◽  
Archaeological Research ◽  
Archaeological Excavation ◽  
Radiocarbon Dates ◽  
Physical Evidence ◽  
Research Division ◽  
The North ◽  
The Individual

Summary An archaeological excavation was carried out at Graham Street, Leith, Edinburgh by Glasgow University Archaeological Research Division (GUARD) as part of the Historic Scotland Human Remains Call-off Contract following the discovery of human remains during machine excavation of a foundation trench for a new housing development. Excavation demonstrated that the burial was that of a young adult male who had been interred in a supine position with his head orientated towards the north. Radiocarbon dates obtained from a right tibia suggest the individual died between the 15th and 17th centuries AD. Little contextual information exists in documentary or cartographic sources to supplement this scant physical evidence. Accordingly, it is difficult to further refine the context of burial, although a possible link with a historically attested siege or a plague cannot be discounted.

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