scholarly journals Phylogenetic History of Kara Kum Desert Focus

2020 ◽  
pp. 56-61
Author(s):  
G. A. Eroshenko ◽  
L. M. Kukleva ◽  
Zh. V. Al’khova ◽  
A. N. Balykova ◽  
N. V. Popov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Yersinia Pestis ◽  
Caspian Sea ◽  
Asian Population ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Snp Analysis ◽  
Whole Genome ◽  
The North ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
History Of ◽  
Active Processes

Objective of the study was to analyze phylogenetic relation of the strains and dissemination routes of Yersinia pestis in Kara Kum desert focus in XX century.Materials and methods. We have carried out whole genome sequencing of 8 Yersinia pestis strains isolated in Kara Kum desert focus between 1949 and 1985. We also used nucleotide sequences of 16 Y. pestis strains from neighboring foci of East and North Caspian Sea region dated 1917–2002, sequenced at the premises of RusRAPI “Microbe” on Genestudio Ion S5XL platform (Thermo Fischer Scientific). Phylogenetic analysis was performed based on 1720 identified core SNPs. Phylogenetic dendrogram was constructed using Maximum Likelihood algorithm, PhyML v. 3.1 software package, and nucleotide substitution model GTR.Results and discussion. On the basis of whole-genome SNP analysis of Y. pestis strains from Kara Kum desert focus, West and North Caspian Sea region foci analysis of plague agent populations circulating in Turkmenistan in XX century was conducted. It has been demonstrated that three separate waves of Y. pestis dissemination swept the territory of Kara Kum desert focus. The origin of the first one, registered in 1912, plague outbreak in south-eastern part of the focus and its etiological agent remain unspecified so far. The second wave is associated with distribution of North-Aral 2.MED1 population of medieval biovar in 1949–1970, which led to the emergence of epizootic activity in 1949, as well as subsequent cases and outbreaks of plague in this territory in the middle of the XX century. In the mid-second half of the past century, one more 2. MED1 dissemination wave from the North Balkhash region hit the Kara Kum desert focus. This central-asian  population has also taken root in the natural biocoenosis of the Kara Kum focus. The data obtained testify to active processes of distribution of Y. pestis of medieval biovar in East Caspian Sea region in southern sub-zone of Eurasian deserts in XX century. 

scholarly journals Evolution and circulation of Yersinia pestis in the Northern Caspian and Northern Aral Sea regions in the 20th-21st centuries

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. e0244615
Author(s):  
Galina A. Eroshenko ◽  
Nikolay V. Popov ◽  
Zhanna V. Al’khova ◽  
Lyubov M. Kukleva ◽  
Alina N. Balykova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Yersinia Pestis ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Caspian Sea ◽  
Temporal Structure ◽  
Aral Sea ◽  
Snp Analysis ◽  
Whole Genome ◽  
Caspian Region ◽  
The Caspian Sea ◽  
Central Asian

According to the whole genome SNP analysis of 38 Yersinia pestis strains isolated in the foci of the Northern Caspian and Northern Aral Sea regions in the 20th–early 21st centuries, between 1912 and 2015, the spatial and temporal structure of the 2.MED population of a medieval biovar in this region was determined. A phylogenetic branch 2.MED4 was identified which preceded the 2.MED1 branch that diverged later. 2.MED1 strains became the etiological agent of high-mortality plague outbreaks that occurred in the Northern Caspian region at the beginning of the 20th century. Later in the 20th century, the 2.MED1 branch became widespread in the Caspian Sea region, Caucasus, and vast areas of Central Asia. Based on the data of phylogenetic analysis, as well as epidemiological and epizootiological data, we reconstructed the paths of spread of the 2.MED1 branch in the Northern Caspian Sea region and in the Northern subzone of the Central Asian deserts. It is shown, that the reason for the activation of plague foci in the Northern Caspian region in the second half of the 20th century after a long inter-epizootic period caused by cyclical climate warming was the return of 2.MED1 from the foci of the Northern Aral Sea region. This led to the formation of stable plague foci in the Northern Caspian Sea region and Pre-Caucasus, which manifested epizootic activity in the second half of the 20th and early 21st centuries.

scholarly journals Early Medieval Central Asian Population Estimates

2017 ◽  
Vol 60 (6) ◽  
pp. 788-817
Author(s):  
Étienne de la Vaissière
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Asian Population ◽  
Population Estimates ◽  
Early Medieval ◽  
The North ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
The Individual

Abstract Census data from 8th-century Eastern Central Asian oases, combined with the measurements of the oases and data from archives discovered there, allow us to calculate estimates both of the individual oases’ populations and of their respective feeding capacities, which is to say the number of people who could be fed from the output of one hectare of agricultural land. These numbers in turn have parallels in Western Central Asia, where oasis sizes can also be calculated by examination of preserved archaeological landscapes and oasis walls. It is therefore possible to reach a rough idea of the populations dwelling in the main oases and valleys of sedentary Central Asia. As regards nomadic regions, the data are far more hypothetical, but references in certain sources to the sizes of nomad armies and rates of nomadic military levying can allow us to calculate at least the possible scales of magnitude for populations living to the north of the Tianshan.

scholarly journals AGE, PETROGENESIS AND TECTONIC IMPLICATIONS OF THE LATE PERMIAN PERALUMINOUS AND METALUMINOUS MAGMATIC ROCKS IN THE MIDDLE GOBI VOLCANOPLUTONIC BELT, MONGOLIA

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ariuntsetseg Ganbat ◽  
Tatsuki Tsujimori ◽  
Laicheng Miao ◽  
Inna Safonova ◽  
Daniel Pastor-Galán ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Active Continental Margin ◽  
Biotite Granite ◽  
Ridge Subduction ◽  
The North ◽  
Magmatic Rocks ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
Isotopic Analyses ◽  
History Of ◽  
Arc Setting ◽  
T Values

The Mongol–Okhotsk Belt, the youngest segment of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt, formed by the evolution and closure of the Mongol–Okhotsk Ocean. The oceanic closure formed two volcanoplutonic belts: Selenge Belt in the north and Middle Gobi Belt in the south (in present day coordinates). However, the origin and tectonic evolution of the Mongol–Okhotsk Belt in general, the origin and formation age of the Middle Gobi Belt in particular, remain enigmatic. To better understand the history of the magmatic activity in the Middle Gobi Belt, we conducted geochemical, U–Pb geochronological, zircon Hf, whole-rock Nd isotopic analyses of volcanic and plutonic rocks of the Mandalgovi suite, the major component of the Middle Gobi Belt. Our results show that the Mandalgovi suite consists of (i) 265 ± 2 Ma biotite-granite; (ii) 250 ± 3 Ma hornblende-granitoids; (iii) their volcanic equivalents of both: and (iv) gabbro-diorites. The geochemical compositions indicate that their precursor magmas were derived from crustal source. The protoliths of the biotite and hornblende-granitoids were metagraywacke and metabasalt, respectively. They are characterized by positive whole-rock εNd(t) and zircon εHf(t) values, indicating the molten protoliths were juvenile crust. The biotite-granites formed by remelting of fore-arc sediments by ridge subduction and later hornblende-granites were emplaced at an intra-oceanic arc by the subduction of the Mongol–Okhotsk Ocean. We conclude that the magmatic rocks of the Middle Gobi formed in an active continental margin and/or intra-oceanic arc setting.

scholarly journals The Issue Of The Central Asian Northern Pilgrimage Route In The Russian-Bukhara Diplomatic Relations In The XVIII Century (On The Example Of The Activities Of Ambassador Ernazar Maqsud Oglu)

2020 ◽  
Vol 02 (11) ◽  
pp. 99-104
Author(s):  
Tanieva Guldona Mamanovna ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Extensive Study ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Xviii Century ◽  
The North ◽  
Central Direction ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Russian Empire

In the Middle Ages, Central Asian pilgrims traveled to Mecca in three directions: the North direction ‒ through the Russian Empire, the central direction‒ through the territory of Persia, and the south direction ‒ along roads through India and the Arabian Sea. Therefore, the question of the directions of the Hajj was reflected in the diplomatic correspondence of the Central Asian khanates with Persia, India, the Russian and Ottoman empires тоо. Depending on the political, economic and ideological interests of these states, sometimes pilgrims were given permits to be sent to Mecca through their territories, and sometimes not. The degree of intensity of pilgrimage movements, in most cases, depended on the activities of interstate ambassadors. On the issue of eliminating various prohibitions and obstacles in the movements of pilgrimage roads, the Central Asian ambassadors were active and historical documents reveal these data to us. In this period the Central Asian ambassadors, who were sent to the reception of the governors those neighbor states on other issues, in most cases negotiated precisely on the direction of the Hajj of the Central Asian pilgrims also. One of such far-sighted ambassadors was a rich merchant from Bukhara, who lived in the XVIII c. Ernazar Maksud ogli officially sent several times by the Central Asian rulers to the Russian Empire. In this article analyzes the question of how the problems of the Hajj road were solved at the international diplomatic level by the example of the activities this ambassador. The history of negotiations between Ernazar and the Russian emperors on matters of the northern direction of the Hajj road and their results illuminated on base documents on this issue, which stored in the fund of the Archive of Foreign Policy of the Russian Empire (AFPRE). The scientific conclusions of this article serve for an extensive study of the issues of diplomatic and economic relations between the Central Asian khanates and the Russian Empire in the XVIII century, revealing the history of the embassy relations of the khanates and the history of the pilgrimage of the Hajj of the Central Asian people and the features of the directions of roads from Central Asia to Mecca.

New paleomagnetic results of the earliest Permian dykes in South Mongolia and their implications for the paleogeography of the Eastern CAOB

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donghai Zhang ◽  
Guochun Zhao ◽  
Baochun Huang ◽  
Qian Zhao ◽  
Hai Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Secular Variation ◽  
North China ◽  
High Coercivity ◽  
The North ◽  
Magnetic Carriers ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
Paleomagnetic Study ◽  
History Of ◽  
Temperature Component ◽  
Funded Project

<p>Debates of the Permo-Carboniferous paleogeography of the eastern Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB) mainly focus on the existence, extent, and thereby evolutionary history of the Paleo-Asian Ocean (PAO) in this period. South Mongolia locates at a key position that denotes the southernmost margin of the Mongolia block. Here, we present a paleomagnetic study on the earliest Permian dykes near the Khanbogd of South Gobi Province in Mongolia to better constrain the paleo-position of the Mongolia block. Zircon U-Pb dating results of the studied dykes indicate an emplacement age of 299 ± 3 Ma. Magnetites are the dominant magnetic carriers as revealed by the synthesized rock magnetic experiments. A likely primary high coercivity/temperature component was isolated from 66 of 125 samples and displays consistent reverse polarity, which coincides with the Kiaman Reverse Superchron that overlapping the emplacement age of our studied dykes. Accordingly, a ~299 Ma paleomagnetic pole is calculated at <em>λ</em>/<em>φ</em> = −4.1°N/146.3°E (<em>dp</em> = 3.8, <em>dm</em> = 5.8, n = 66). Potential influence from Paleo-Secular Variation (PSV) is excluded following the Deenen et al. (2011) procedure. Our new results present a ~30.9°N paleolatitude for the Mongolia block, which differs from the lower paleolatitude of the North China and Xilinhot blocks as well as the much higher paleolititude of Siberia. Surrounded by these blocks of different paleolatitude, the PAO and Mongol-Okhotsk Ocean both remained wide open at least by the earliest Permian.</p><p><strong>Acknowledgments<br></strong>This research was funded by the Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) (41902229, 41730213, 42072264, 41902229, 41972237), China Postdoctoral Science Foundation funded project and Hong Kong RGC GRF (17307918).</p><p><strong>References</strong></p><p>Deenen, M. H. L. , Langereis, C. G. , Van, H. D. J. J. , & Biggin, A. J. . (2011). Geomagnetic secular variation and the statistics of palaeomagnetic directions. Geophysical Journal International(2), 509-520.</p><p></p><p></p>

A clearer view of crustal evolution: U-Pb, Sm-Nd, and Lu-Hf isotope systematics in five detrital minerals unravel the tectonothermal history of northern China

2020 ◽  
Vol 132 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 2367-2381 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guangyan Zhou ◽  
Christopher M. Fisher ◽  
Yan Luo ◽  
D. Graham Pearson ◽  
Long Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Northern China ◽  
Hf Isotope ◽  
Crustal Evolution ◽  
The North ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
History Of ◽  
Specific Affinity ◽  
Isotope System ◽  
Host Rocks ◽  
Nd Model Age

Abstract Much of the global picture of crustal evolution has been constructed using zircon. While this has revealed a rich and complex history, this view is necessarily incomplete because of the lithology-specific affinity of zircon and the high temperatures needed to reset the U-Pb and Lu-Hf systems inherent within it. Here we use a five mineral, multi-isotope system approach to compare the record of crustal evolution recorded by zircon versus the picture provided by monazite, titanite, apatite, and rutile from the Yong-Ding and Luan rivers, northern China. These other minerals sample more diverse lithologies and temperature-pressure conditions that reflect additional tectonothermal events to those recorded solely by zircon. Zircon from both studied rivers predominantly reflects magmatic features, yielding age peaks at 2.6–2.3, 2.0–1.8, and 0.38–0.13 Ga, corresponding to the major magmatic events in their catchments. However, the detrital zircon record from both catchments fails to record and detail several important tectonothermal events. Specifically, the detrital monazite U-Pb ages cluster into two Paleoproterozoic peaks of ca. 1.95 and 1.85 Ga, while detrital apatite and rutile ages document unimodal and protracted U-Pb age peaks at 1.9–1.6 Ga. The different U-Pb closure temperatures of monazite, apatite, and rutile likely record two metamorphic events and the subsequent cooling history—key details that are absent from or obscured in the zircon record. The Phanerozoic mineral U-Th-Pb ages correspond to multiple magmatic events between 0.40 and 0.24 Ga and subsequent 0.24–0.20 Ga metamorphism. The 0.60–0.25 Ga rutile U-Pb ages along with 0.33–0.24 Ga U-Pb ages in some zircon grains with radiogenic Hf isotope compositions from the Luan River do not match the geological records in the North China Craton, but instead reflect the protracted subduction-accretionary history of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt. In addition to their U-Th-Pb ages, Nd model ages of monazite, titanite, and apatite, plus zircon Hf model ages provide additional constraints on regional crustal evolution. The Nd model age information is blurred by the fact that the relationship between the Sm/Nd of these minerals and their former host rocks is not precisely known. Taken at face value, the monazite Nd model ages have two Neoarchean peaks at 2.9–2.7 and ca. 2.5 Ga, that may correspond to two crustal growth episodes, while the titanite Nd model ages with predominant peaks at 2.2–1.8 and 1.5–1.3 Ga broadly correspond with those derived from the whole-rock analyses of the wide spread Phanerozoic granitoids, and hence record extensive crustal reworking. In contrast, the zircon Hf model ages are strongly skewed to a 2.9–2.7 Ga period and fail to record the post-Archean evolution of this region. These data highlight the power of integrating the U-Th-Pb age and Lu-Hf/Sm-Nd isotope compositions of multiple detrital minerals, with a broad range in geochemical behavior and closure temperatures, to gain a more complete understanding of tectonothermal history and crustal evolution than zircon alone.

scholarly journals Phylogeny of Yersinia pestis Strains Belonging to 0.ANT Branch, Isolated in Tien-Shan and Pamir-Alay in XX–XXI Centuries

2020 ◽  
pp. 76-84
Author(s):  
G. A. Eroshenko ◽  
A. K. Dzhaparova ◽  
E. G. Oglodin ◽  
Zh. V. Al’khova ◽  
L. M. Kukleva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Yersinia Pestis ◽  
Tien Shan ◽  
Whole Genome Sequence ◽  
Clinical Strain ◽  
Snp Analysis ◽  
Whole Genome ◽  
Kyrgyz Republic ◽  
Natural Foci ◽  
First Time ◽  
Wide Dissemination

Objective of the study was to conduct phylogenetic analysis of Yersinia pestis strains of the main subspecies, belonging to antique biovar, phylogenetic branch 0.ANT, isolated in XX – early XXI centuries in the foci of Tien-Shan and Pamir-Alay to identify the regularities of spatial-temporal circulation of plague agent in the territory of the foci. Materials and methods. We have carried out whole genome SNP-analysis of Y. pestis strains of antique biovar, isolated in natural foci of Kyrgyz Republic in 1928–2016. Phylogenetic investigation is based on 1646 identified core SNPs in 51 included in the analysis strains of different phylogenetic lines. Phylogenetic tree was constructed using Maximum Likelihood algorithm, PHYML software package, and HKY85 model. Results and discussion. All 29 studied Y. pestis strains isolated between 1928 and 2016 in the foci of Tien-Shan and Pamir-Alay fall under the phylogenetic branches 0.ANT3 and 0.ANT5 of antique biovar of the main subspecies. Strains of 0.ANT3 branch were collected predominantly in Aksay and Alay foci, while strains of 0. ANT5 – in Upper-Naryn and Sarydzhas foci of Tien-Shan. Strains of phylogenetic lines 0.ANT1 and 0.ANT2 were not found in the foci of Kyrgyz Republic. According to the results of whole genome SNP-analysis, Y. pestis strains isolated in the XXI century belong to phylogenetic branch 0.ANT5. This branch also comprises a strain obtained from a patient (lethal case) in Sarydzhas plague focus in 2013. Genetic homogeneity of the modern strains of 0.ANT5 branch and their wide dissemination testify to the extension of the areal of this population and activation of Tien-Shan foci, caused by climate warming. For the first time ever, genomes of Y. pestis 0.ANT5 branch, isolated in XXI century, including clinical strain dated 2013, have been sequenced. We have obtained the whole-genome sequence of Y. pestis strain, 0.ANT3 branch, which caused pneumonic plague outbreak in Tien-Shan in 1928.

scholarly journals FILOSOFIE OP POTCHEFSTROOM DIE AFGELOPE EEU (1917-2017) Deel 4: Op die tweesprong?

2019 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Barend van der Walt
Keyword(s):  
Philosophical Theology ◽  
Academic Training ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Philosophical Approach ◽  
North West ◽  
The Past ◽  
The North ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Cross

ABSTRACT PHILOSOPHY AT POTCHEFSTROOM THE PAST CENTURY (1917-2017). Part 4: At the cross-roads? Three previous articles in this journal reviewed the history of philosophy at Potchefstroom from the beginning of the previous century up to about 2009. In this and the next contribution the writer, acting again as a fly on the wall, provides a peephole on the current situation at the end of 2017. As the subtitle suggests, it seems that Christian philosophy at Potchefstroom has arrived at the cross-roads. Different reasons, like the on-going secularisation of the North-West University have contributed to the situation. A cause for differences within the School of Philosophy may also be that lecturers from outside the tradition of a Reformational approach are critical about the traditional Christian philosophical approach of more than a century. Since his viewpoint is one clear example of such an alternative approach the academic training, publications and viewpoint of Prof Anné H. Verhoef will be investigated in detail in a last (fifth) contribution. The present article about the main contours of a Reformational approach in philosophy serves as a necessary background from which the philosophical theology of Verhoef will be analysed and evaluated in the conclusion of this series. SAMEVATTING In drie vorige artikels in hierdie tydskrif is die geskiedenis van filosofie op Potchefstroom vanaf die begin van die vorige eeu tot ongeveer 2009 behandel. In hierdie en die volgende bydrae bied die skrywer, weer ʼn vlieg teen die muur, ʼn volgende kyk op die huidige situasie teen die einde van 2017. Soos die subtitel van die huidige artikel aandui, wil dit voorkom asof die Potchefstroomse Christelike filosofie tans voor ʼn tweesprong te staan gekom het. Verskillende redes kan daarvoor aangevoer word, soos die voortgaande sekularisering van die Noordwes-Universiteit (NWU). ʼn Oorsaak vir die verskille binne die Skool vir Filosofie kan moontlik ook daarin gesoek word dat dosente van buite die tradisionele Christelik-Reformatoriese tradisie bygekom het en die denkgemeenskap van meer as ʼn eeu nie deel nie. As een voorbeeld van so ʼn alternatiewe visie sal die akademiese agtergrond, publikasies en standpunt van prof. A.H. Verhoef in ʼn laaste (vyfde) bydrae in besonderhede nagegaan word. Die huidige artikel oor die hoofkontoere van ʼn Reformatoriese wysbegeerte dien as agtergrond waarteen die filosofiese teologie van Verhoef in die slotartikel analiseer en evalueer sal word.

scholarly journals Phylogeny and Historical-Geographical Analysis of Yersinia pestis Strains from Vietnam

2020 ◽  
pp. 98-107
Author(s):  
K. A. Nikiforov ◽  
L. M. Kukleva ◽  
Zh. V. Al’khova ◽  
E. G. Oglodin ◽  
M. A. Makashova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Whole Genome Sequencing ◽  
Yersinia Pestis ◽  
Genome Sequencing ◽  
Yunnan Province ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Snp Analysis ◽  
Whole Genome ◽  
Separate Branch ◽  
Second Wave

Objective of the work was to identify molecular-genetic peculiarities, to conduct whole genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of Yersinia pestis strains isolated inVietnam between 1962 and 1989.Materials and methods. We have studied the properties of 50 Y. pestis strains, carried out whole genome sequencing of 18 and fragment sequencing of 32 strains from Vietnam. Phylogenetic analysis was performed on the basis of whole genome SNPanalysis by 1391 identified SNPs. Whole genome SNP-analysis and search for marker SNPs were conducted applying Wombac 2.0 software package. Phylogenetic diagram construction was done using Maximum Likelihood algorithm.Results and discussion. Several phylogenetic branches and Y. pestis populations coinciding with geographical and historical dissemination of the strains have been distinguished. The major part of the strains from Vietnam falls under the branch designated by us as 1.ORI2v. Two strains form a separate branch together with the strain from India belonging to 1.ORI2 line, one more strain, 55-801 Saigon, is set among the strains of 1.ORI1 line. Based on the data obtained and evidence from the literature sources it can be assumed that introduction of plague into Vietnam occurred through several waves: Nha Trang city in 1898, by sea; north provinces of the country – 1908. The second wave of Y. pestis dissemination across the territory of Vietnam began in 1960s with the emergence of the strains from the natural plague focus in Yunnan province, China.

The need for paleoflood investigations on the American reach of the Red River of the North

The Holocene ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 095968362110605
Author(s):  
Scott St. George ◽  
Joseph Zeleznik ◽  
Judith Avila ◽  
Matthew Schlauderaff
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Flood Frequency ◽  
Red River ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
The Past ◽  
The North ◽  
Diversion Channel ◽  
History Of

Over the past century, the Red River of the North has been the least stationary river in the continental United States. In Canada, historical and paleoenvironmental evidence indicates severe floods were common during the early 1800s, with the record ce 1826 flood having an estimated peak discharge 50% higher than the second-most severe flood ever observed. Unfortunately, the recorded history of flooding upstream in the United States does not begin until seven decades after this event. If 1826 was an equally exceptional flood on American reach of the river, then current flood-frequency curves for the river underestimate significantly the risks posed by future flooding. Alternatively, if the American stretch did not produce a major flood in 1826, then the recent spate of flooding that has occurred over the past two decades is exceptional within the context of the past 200 years. Communities in the Fargo-Moorhead metropolitan area are building a 58-km long, $2.75 billion (USD) diversion channel that would redirect floodwaters westward around the two cities before returning it to the main channel. Because this and other infrastructure in North Dakota and Minnesota is intended to provide protection against low-probability, high-magnitude floods, new paleoflood investigations in the region would help local, state, and federal policy-makers better understand the true flood threats posed by the Red River of the North.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document