Testosterone versus psychological castration in the expression of dominance, territoriality and breeding behavior by male village weavers (Ploceus cucullatus)

Behaviour ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 139 (6) ◽  
pp. 801-824 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald Barfield ◽  
Nicholas Collias ◽  
Edward Tarvyd
Keyword(s):  
Breeding Season ◽  
Dominance Hierarchy ◽  
Testosterone Propionate ◽  
Passerine Bird ◽  
Breeding Behavior ◽  
Subsaharan Africa ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Ploceus Cucullatus ◽  
Normal Males ◽  
The Village

AbstractThe village weaver (Ploceus cucullatus), a tropical passerine bird widely distributed in subSaharan Africa, was the subject of experiments in aviaries at our university. Castrated males fall in the dominance hierarchy, fewer such males establish territorial ownership, they sing less often and weave fewer nests. Injection with testosterone propionate in castrates, or in normal males outside the breeding season, tends to stimulate aggressiveness and breeding behavior. However, the most dominant individuals may strongly suppress breeding behavior by subordinate males (psychological castration). Thus, outside the breeding season, subordinate males that were injected with testosterone propionate to which they at first showed little response, promptly began to sing or sang significantly much more often, and established territories, after dominant males were removed from their aviary.

Old Age and Breeding Behavior in a Tropical Passerine Bird Ploceus cucullatus under Controlled Conditions

The Auk ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 103 (2) ◽  
pp. 408-419 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. E. Collias ◽  
E. C. Collias ◽  
C. H. Jacobs ◽  
C. R. Cox ◽  
F. A. McAlary
Keyword(s):  
Los Angeles ◽  
Old Age ◽  
Passerine Bird ◽  
Tropical Species ◽  
Passerine Birds ◽  
Breeding Behavior ◽  
Reproductive Life ◽  
Ploceus Cucullatus ◽  
Nest Materials ◽  
Number Of Individuals

Abstract Many tropical species of passerine birds have potentially long reproductive lives in both nature and aviaries, but rate of breeding by old individuals may eventually decline. A group of individually color-banded African Village Weavers (Ploceus cucullatus), a polygynous species, was kept in aviaries at Los Angeles for 22 years. At 14-18 years of age, old males built significantly fewer nests per year, displayed to females less often, had fewer mates, and generally fathered fewer clutches than did the same males when 9-13 years old. One male reached 24 years of age, when he rarely sang and no longer wove when provided with nest materials. The females, after reaching "middle age" (9-13 yr), laid significantly fewer eggs per year, and still fewer during "old age" (14-18 yr). When 14 or more years old, weavers of both sexes rested much more than did young adults 4-6 years old in the same aviary. Individuals differed greatly in the decline of breeding behavior with age. Some individual Village Weavers bred at a surprisingly great age for passerine birds, e.g. fertile copulations by one 19-year-old male and by one 18-year-old female. These seem to be the oldest breeding ages yet recorded for any small passerine bird. Long reproductive life of a small number of individuals that contribute disproportionately to the next generation would give a selection pressure for longevity, and also could help explain the evolution of small clutch size (2-3 eggs) in the Village Weaver and in many other tropical birds.

GONADOTROPHIN PATTERNS IN MALE AND FEMALE RATS:

1968 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 600-612 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Boyd ◽  
Donald C. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Testosterone Propionate ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Female Rat ◽  
Feedback Effects ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Prostate Weight ◽  
Male And Female Rats ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Normal Males

ABSTRACT The effects of various doses of testosterone propionate (TP) upon the release of luteinizing hormone (LH or ICSH) from the hypophysis of a gonadectomized male or female rat were compared. Prostate weight in hypophysectomized male parabiotic partners was used to evaluate the quantity of circulating LH. Hypophyseal LH was measured by the ovarian ascorbic acid depletion method. Males castrated when 45 days old secreted significantly more LH and had three times the amount of pituitary LH as ovariectomized females. Administration of 25 μg TP daily reduced the amount of LH in the plasma, and increased the amount in the pituitary gland, in both sexes. Treatment with 50 μg caused a further reduction in plasma LH in males, but not in females, while pituitary levels in both were equal to that of their respective controls. LH fell to the same low level in partners of males or females receiving 100 μg TP. When gonadectomized at 39 days, males and females had the same amount of plasma LH, but males had more stored hormone. Pituitary levels were unchanged from controls following treatment with 12.5, 25 or 50 μg TP daily, but plasma values dropped an equal amount in both sexes with the latter two doses. Androgenized males or females, gonadectomized when 39 days old, were very sensitive to the effects of TP and plasma LH was significantly reduced with 12.5 μg daily. Pituitary LH in androgenized males was higher than that of normal males but was reduced to normal by small amounts of TP. The amount of stored LH in androgenized females was not different from that of normal females and it was unchanged by any dose of TP tested. Results are consistent with the conclusion that the male hypothalamic-hypophyseal axis is at least as sensitive as the female axis to the negative feedback effects of TP. Androgenization increases the sensitivity to TP in both males and females.

Etos Kerja Islam Dan Ketahanan Usaha Kerajinan Tangan

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmad Ubaidillah ◽  
Misbahul Khoir
Keyword(s):  
Group Discussion ◽  
Scientific Methods ◽  
Analysis Techniques ◽  
Religious Rituals ◽  
The People ◽  
Depth Interview ◽  
Qualitative Descriptive ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Village ◽  
Collection Methods

The objectives of research include; first, to describe what local Islamic working ethos are as the basis for the resilience of songkok, whip and slap handicraft businesses in Serah Panceng Gresik Village. Second, to describe the resilience of the songkok, whip and slap handicraft business in the village of Serah Panceng Gresik. This study is a qualitative-descriptive study with the aim of understanding the phenomena experienced by the subject of research including behavior, perception, motivation, and action holistically by utilizing various scientific methods. Data collection methods include; Observation, In-depth Interview or Focus Group Discussion, Documentation. Data analysis techniques include: processing and preparing data for analysis, reading the entire data, analyzing in more detail by coding data, considering detailed instructions that can help the coding process, giving descriptions that will be presented in the report, interpreting and interpreting data. The results showed that in Serah Village local Islamic working ethos were preserved by the community, such as alms giving, reading dziba', reading tahlil, attending haul akbar, and reading sholawat together every Friday. Although in the tradition it does not involve songkok, whip, and slap directly, there is a good impact to support the resilience of songkok, but not whip, and slap production. Religious rituals by praying together asking Allah to facilitate and carry out business in production songkok, whip, and slap are an expression of gratitude for what God gave to the people of Serah Village. All economic activity done by Serah community is meant to get God’s willing. Keywords: Islamic Working Ethos, Handicraft Businesses

Finding a Voice: the Community Dramas of Monticchiello

1991 ◽  
Vol 7 (25) ◽  
pp. 77-96
Author(s):  
Richard Andrews
Keyword(s):  
Social History ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
Cambridge University ◽  
Italian Comedy ◽  
Full Study ◽  
History Of ◽  
Complete Survey ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Regular Contact ◽  
The Village

The regular community drama activity of the village of Monticchiello in Italy has been pursued for nearly a quarter of a century, but is still little known abroad. A full study of the phenomenon is as much a study of the community, past and present, as it is a piece of theatrical analysis, in the area where there is a complete interlock between social history and the theatrical activity which a society produces. Since the work and history of the Teatro Povero have too many ramifications for everything to be summarized or even alluded to in one article, Richard Andrews here sets out to introduce the subject to students of theatre ‘by example’ – aiming to dig a single trench into the strata, in order to convey the outlines of the subject, hopefully without damage to the evidence needed for a more complete survey. Richard Andrews is Professor of Italian at Leeds University, having previously taught at Swansea and Kent. For the past fifteen years his research interests have been mainly concentrated on theatrical material, and he is currently preparing a study of sixteenth-century Italian comedy for Cambridge University Press. His regular contact with Monticchiello dates from 1983, and has been supported by a systematic analysis of all the texts produced there since 1967.

Perencanaan Pelaksanaan Dana Desa Dalam Meningkatkan Kesejahteraan Masyarakat Dalam Perspektif Ekonomi Syariah

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 120-143
Author(s):  
Fajar Royan Safarullah ◽  
Ahmad Mulyadi Kosim ◽  
Retno Triwoelandari
Keyword(s):  
Planning Process ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Implementation Process ◽  
Broad Perspective ◽  
Cash Assistance ◽  
Physical Infrastructure ◽  
Comprehensive Development ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Village Life ◽  
The Village

            The Village law has made the village the subject of development. Villages and villagers jointly initiate village development in order to create a better livelihood and village life. Village funds as village capacity in development have the potential to improve community welfare. This Research is a qualitative research with a descriptive analysis approach in order to analyze the planning and implementation process of village funds in improving community welfare from a sharia economic perspective. Data collection techniques used are interview, observation and documentation methods. The governments, community leaders and villagers became informants so that a broad perspective was obtained about village funds and their implications for walfare. The results showed that the planning and implementation of village funds was not yet participatory, the grassroots community had not been involved. Physical infrastructure became the priority of discussion during the planning process. In an effort to improve welfare in 2019 touching the aspects of health, education, and community residence. In 2020, village funds have a greater role in increasing community income in the form the cash assistance to the community in overcoming the covid 19 pandemic. In order to achieve a comprehensive development, in the process must apply sharia economic values. The value of integrity in the devekopment process in the form of justice, trust and fulfillment of reponsibilities as well as helping each other.

scholarly journals Despotic aggression in pre-moulting painted buntings

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 191510
Author(s):  
Vanya G. Rohwer ◽  
Sievert Rohwer ◽  
John C. Wingfield
Keyword(s):  
Breeding Season ◽  
Social Systems ◽  
Passerine Bird ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Territorial Defence ◽  
Painted Bunting ◽  
High Aggression ◽  
Limited Food ◽  
Ideal Despotic ◽  
Territorial Systems

Aggression in territorial social systems is easy to interpret because the benefits of territorial defence mostly accrue to the territorial holder. However, in non-territorial systems, high aggression seems puzzling and raises intriguing evolutionary questions. We describe extreme rates of despotism between age classes in a passerine bird, the painted bunting ( Passerina ciris ), during the pre-moulting period. Aggressive encounters were not associated with aggressors gaining immediate access to resources. Instead, conspecifics, and even other species, were pursued as though being harassed; this aggression generated an ideal despotic habitat distribution such that densities of adult males were higher in high-quality sites. Aggression was not a by-product of elevated testosterone carried over from the breeding season but, rather, appeared associated with dehydroepiandrosterone, a hormone that changes rates of aggression in non-breeding birds without generating the detrimental effects of high testosterone titres that control aggression in the breeding season. This extraordinary pre-moult aggression seems puzzling because individual buntings do not hold defined territories during their moult. We speculate that this high aggression evolved as a means of regulating the number of conspecifics that moulted in what were historically small habitat patches with limited food for supporting the extremely rapid moults of painted buntings.

A Smiling Head Complex from Central Veracruz, Mexico

1954 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 162-169
Author(s):  
Alfonso Medellin Zenil ◽  
Frederick A. Peterson
Keyword(s):  
Mexico City ◽  
Small Communities ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Village

Various authors in the past have speculated on the epoch and culture to which the so-called “Laughing Faces” belonged. But with only a small number of sporadic finds they have not been able to explain satisfactorily their origin, cultural epoch, symbolism, or typological evolution. There exist, however, some useful works on the subject, such as those by Phillip Drucker, C. W. Weiant, J. L. Melgarejo, Vladimiro Rosado Ojeda, Alfonso Medellin Zenil, and Fredrick Peterson.In the fall of 1952 the antiquity market of Mexico City was suddenly flooded with sculptured pieces of which the “Laughing Faces,” or “Smiling Heads,” formed the chief part. Their source was made known when the Presidente Municipal (Mayor) of the village of Joachin, in the municipality of Tierra Blanca, Veracruz, denounced illegal excavations in his territory. The looting of the archaeological zones had taken place in the small communities of Los Cerros and Dicha Tuerta.

The effect of sex and sex hormones on the infection of rats by Trichinella spiralis

1972 ◽  
Vol 50 (5) ◽  
pp. 597-602 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarojam K. Mankau ◽  
Raymond Hamilton
Keyword(s):  
Sex Hormones ◽  
Worm Burden ◽  
Testosterone Propionate ◽  
Marked Decrease ◽  
Trichinella Spiralis ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Normal Male ◽  
Normal Males

Male hooded rats infected with Trichinella spiralis larvae had three times more larvae in the muscles than females. Gonadectomized males injected with stilbestrol had a lower worm burden than normal males. Gonadectomized females injected with testosterone propionate harbored far more worms than normal females. Stilbestrol administered to normal male rats caused a marked decrease in T. spiralis, while testosterone administered to normal females resulted in a significant increase in the number of parasites.

scholarly journals HUBUNGAN TINGKAT PENGETAHUAN PETANI TENTANG PERUBAHAN IKLIM DENGAN ADAPTASI BUDIDAYA STROBERI DI DESA PANCASARI, KECAMATAN SUKASADA, KABUPATEN BULELENG

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 34
Author(s):  
Kadek Ryan Surya Negara ◽  
Made Antara ◽  
I Nyoman Dhana
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Ecological Approach ◽  
Adaptation To Climate Change ◽  
The Third ◽  
Qualitative Descriptive ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Quantitative Descriptive ◽  
Observation Method ◽  
The Village

This research aims to (1) describe the strawberry farmers ‘knowledge about climate change in the village Pancasari, (2) Describe the farmer adaptation to climate change relating to the cultivation of strawberries in the village Pancasari and (3) to analyze the correlation between farmers’ knowledge about climate change and adaptation to the cultivation of strawberries in Pancasari village. This study was designed as a descriptive study, with the ecological approach. The object of research is the effect of the level of farmers’ knowledge about climate change and adaptation to the cultivation of strawberries, while the subject of the strawberry farmers in the village Pancasari. Then the data is collected using observation method, the method of recording documents and interviews, then analyzed using qualitative descriptive analysis for the formulation of the problem first and second as well as quantitative descriptive formulation of the problem for the third. The results showed (1) Knowledge strawberry farmers about climate change in high categorized Pancasari village with a score of 3.81, (2) Adaptation of farmers to climate change related to the cultivation of strawberries in the village Pancasari categorized either with a score of 4.62 and (3) There is a positive relationship level of farmers’ knowledge about adaptation to climate change to the cultivation of strawberries in the village Pancasari with r = 0.97.

scholarly journals THE AUTHORITY OF VILLAGE CREDIT UNION AS THE SUBJECT OF LIABILITY RIGHTS

Acta Comitas ◽  
2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
I Gusti Ngurah Wairocana ◽  
Putu Gede Arya Sumerthayasa ◽  
Jeanne Wiryandani Ratmaningrum
Keyword(s):  
Credit Union ◽  
Normative Study ◽  
Legal Subject ◽  
Legal Norms ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The One ◽  
Legal Discovery ◽  
The Village

According to the Bali Provincial Regulation No. 8 concerning Village Credit Union (hereinafter referred to as LPD) Article 2 paragraph (1) states that: LPD is a village-owned financial union conducting business in the village and for the benefit of the villagers. This is confirmed by the presence of the Decision of the Third Big Meeting by Village Assembly (MDP) Bali No. 009 / SK-PA III / MDP Bali /Vffl /2014 Article I paragraph (1), namely, the Village Credit Union is one of the possessions of the village. This type of research used in this thesis is a normative study. Normative study is the one that examines the level of legal norms, finding the non-existence of the LPD status as a legal subject of liability rights, so there is a legal vacuum in which the status of the LPD as the subject of a liability rights is not stipulated in the legislation and these problems will be a legal discovery. LPD is the possession of the village, so LPD cannot be the legal subject of liability right because the village itself has not been the subject of law. So the security liability agreement made by LPD is invalid because it does not qualify his legitimate agreements written in Article 1320 paragraph (4) of Civil Code regarding lawful cause or legal cause.

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