The Behavior of the Male Antilope Cervicapra L., Its Development According To Age and Social Rank

Behaviour ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 76 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 62-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
François Feer ◽  
Gérard Dubost
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Dominance Hierarchy ◽  
Qualitative Difference ◽  
The Other ◽  
Physical Contact ◽  
Large Individual ◽  
Courtship Display ◽  
High Ranking ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Antilope Cervicapra

AbstractA population of Antilope cervicapra L. was studied from 1971 to 1976 in the park of Clères, north of Rouen (France). The animals range freely over an area of more than 6 ha, which seems similar to the habitat used by the species in the wild. The social behaviors of the ♂ ♂ blackbuck have been recorded and counted, according to the herd in which each animal lives, and his hierarchical rank. The population splits into a number of social units. Females and young are grouped into a herd that occupies the best grasslands. The strongest ♂ establishes a territory in this area, which he defends against other ♂ ♂ . The other adult or young ♂ ♂ form a bachelor herd that lives on a large grassland on the opposite end of the park. Certain times of day the highest ranking ♂ ♂ in the dominance hierarchy leave the bachelor herd and defend territories adjacent to the harem. The 9 9 sometimes pass through these territories. From time to time the hierarchy changes, and certain ♂ ♂ replace the territorial ♂ ♂ , which in turn rejoin the bachelor herd. Adjacent ♂ ♂ territories divide the 9 ♀ home range. Many threats and parallel displays take place on the borders between neighboring territories. The territorial limits are determined only by the ♂ with the smallest territory, regardless of the identity or strength of his neighbor. The number of territories grows regularly with the size of the harem. The blackbuck ♂ shows 6 different marking behaviors that mature as the animal grows. There is generally no qualitative difference in marking behavior between ♂ ♂ ; however the territorial ♂ performs a more complete urination-defecation sequence than the others and he only emits the barking. All ♂♂ have similar "Flehmen" display, but the α- ♂ shows it more often than other ♂ ♂, as do adults compared to young ♂ ♂ ; the urine of 9 9 releases "Flehmen" more often than that of ♂ ♂ . The courtship display is complex and requires maturation. Yearlings and two-year-old ♂ ♂ perform it indistinctly and direct it incompletely towards any conspecific. Adult ♂ ♂ perform the complete courtship display towards 9 9 , but there is much homosexual mounting. The α- ♂ directs sexual behaviors only towards 9 ♀. In A. cervicapra society, young ♂♂ with 9 -like appearance are often treated by adult ♂♂ as if they were 9 9 . The main type of play is play-sparring. There are 8 agonistic behaviors. In general these are directed towards animals of lower rank. The dominance display is a social agonistic display that develops progressively with age and is only complete in adults. It has the same form when directed towards either ♂ ♂ or 9 ♀. The main characteristic of the behavior of the blackbuck is the avoidance of physical contacts and the preponderance of visual gestures. There is no visible dominance hierarchy among harem 9 ♀ . The strongest ♂ lives with the 9 9 . All the other ♂ ♂ belonging to the bachelor troup are ordered in a linear hierarchy with occasional equal or triangular relationship. Sick or wounded ♂ ♂ may be temporarily outside of the hierarchy. The youngest ♂ ♂ are at the bottom of the hierarchy and only compete with adults at about 3 years of age, when they may also become territorial or harem ♂♂. The α- ♂ is not replaced by the strongest bachelor, but by a ♂ of middle rank. The β- ♂ never becomes α-♂, nor vice versa. Among bachelors there are two independent hierarchies: one leading to α status, and one to β, with no passage from one to the other. Individual ♂ ♂ belong to either one or the other category. Most harem ♂ ♂ are younger than other territorial ♂ ♂ . There is no difference in marking behavior between bachelors, but territorial ♂ ♂ are distinguished by more types of behavior, given more completely and more frequently. There are large individual differences in tendency to play, which is inversely related to the rank in the hierarchy: the α-♂ never plays. Each ♂ has 4 to 6 partners for play. Choice of partners depends directly on rank: high ranking ♂ ♂ (2-5) only play with much lower ranking individuals, thus exluding those in close competition in the hierarchy. Those in the lower half of the herd (6-11), in contrast, are unconstrained and play with partners of any rank. The agonistic behaviors are more often directed towards animals of lower but close rank. Among hornless or small-horned individuals ( 9 9 and young ♂ ♂) there are many encounters involving butting and sparring, but among older ♂ ♂ the more violent engagements involving physical contact are rare. There are large individual differences in agonistic behavior. In general the higher the rank, the more aggressive is the ♂. In contrast to play, each animal has aggressive encounters with all the others in the herd. There is non-random choice of partners, however: high ranking ♂♂ (2-6) most often threaten those of neighboring rank, while those at the bottom of the hierarchy (7 + below) most frequently engage with ♂♂ 5 ranks above them. We thus have a parallel system of aggression between the two halves of the hierarchy: ♂ 7 with ♂ 2, ♂ 8 with ♂ 3, etc... The sharp division of this herd into two halves according to partners for combat corresponds precisely with that seen in relation to play behavior. In the park of Clères, Antilope cervicapra shows a behavior and social organization identical to that of several African Bovidae of open spaces which have been studied in the wild.

Incubation of eggs of three species of Chelid tortoises, and notes on their embryological development

1968 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 749 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Goode ◽  
J Russell
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
The Other ◽  
Large Individual ◽  
Embryological Development ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Early Embryos ◽  
Incubation Periods ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Main Factors ◽  
Chelodina Longicollis

Incubation periods and nest contents of three species of chelid tortoises in northern Victoria were recorded. Mean incubation period for eggs of Emydura macquari (Cuvier) was 75 days and average number of eggs per nest was 15.7; for Chelodina longicollis (Shaw), 138 days and 10.7 eggs per nest; for Chelodina expansa Gray, normally exceeding 324 days and 15.4 eggs per nest. In abnormal seasons C. expansa hatchlings may emerge from the nest in less than 193 days or more than 522 days after eggs were deposited. Eggs artificially incubated at 30�C consistently develop more quickly than those at lower temperatures under natural conditions. In the field nest temperatures closely approximate the mean daily air temperature. Embryos of C. expansa are tolerant to nest temperatures ranging from 4.9�C minimum to 29.6�C maximum. The other species are subject to variations of about 15 degC with up to 8.5 degC variation being recorded in 1 day. Development of early embryos approximated that recorded for cryptodire tortoises. However, there are large individual differences in the period of incubation needed for specific stages to be reached, especially between embryos of the short-necked and long-necked species of these pleurodire tortoises. It is suggested that differences in the anatomy of their eggs are the main factors in the different incubation periods between short-necked and long-necked species.

The Reliability of Retrieval-Induced Forgetting

2012 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosalind Potts ◽  
Robin Law ◽  
John F. Golding ◽  
David Groome
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Recognition Test ◽  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
The Other ◽  
Clinical Factors ◽  
Test Items ◽  
T1 And T2 ◽  
Test Materials ◽  
Induced Forgetting

Retrieval-induced forgetting (RIF) refers to the finding that the retrieval of an item from memory impairs the retrieval of related items. The extent to which this impairment is found in laboratory tests varies between individuals, and recent studies have reported an association between individual differences in the strength of the RIF effect and other cognitive and clinical factors. The present study investigated the reliability of these individual differences in the RIF effect. A RIF task was administered to the same individuals on two occasions (sessions T1 and T2), one week apart. For Experiments 1 and 2 the final retrieval test at each session made use of a category-cue procedure, whereas Experiment 3 employed category-plus-letter cues, and Experiment 4 used a recognition test. In Experiment 2 the same test items that were studied, practiced, and tested at T1 were also studied, practiced, and tested at T2, but for the remaining three experiments two different item sets were used at T1 and T2. A significant RIF effect was found in all four experiments. A significant correlation was found between RIF scores at T1 and T2 in Experiment 2, but for the other three experiments the correlations between RIF scores at T1 and T2 failed to reach significance. This study therefore failed to find clear evidence for reliable individual differences in RIF performance, except where the same test materials were used for both test sessions. These findings have important implications for studies involving individual differences in RIF performance.

Informed Consent for Online Research—Is Anybody Reading?: Assessing Comprehension and Individual Differences in Readings of Digital Consent Forms

2021 ◽  
pp. 155626462110201
Author(s):  
Caitlin Geier ◽  
Robyn B. Adams ◽  
Katharine M. Mitchell ◽  
Bree E. Holtz
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Informed Consent ◽  
Research Process ◽  
The Other ◽  
Consent Form ◽  
Online Research ◽  
Consent Forms ◽  
Potential Benefits

Informed consent is an important part of the research process; however, some participants either do not read or skim the consent form. When participants do not read or comprehend informed consent, then they may not understand the potential benefits, risks, or details of the study before participating. This study used previous research to develop experimentally manipulated online consent forms utilizing various presentations of the consent form and interactive elements. Participants ( n = 576) were randomly exposed to one of six form variations. Results found that the highly interactive condition was significantly better for comprehension than any of the other conditions. The highly interactive condition also performed better for readability, though not significantly. Further research should explore the effects of interactive elements to combat habituation and to engage participants with the parts of the consent form unique to the study.

Individual Differences in Attention and the Prediction of Flight Criteria

1971 ◽  
Vol 33 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1335-1342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Gopher ◽  
Daniel Kahneman
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Selective Attention ◽  
Dichotic Listening ◽  
High Performance ◽  
The Other ◽  
Listening Test ◽  
Transient Instability ◽  
High Performance Aircraft

A dichotic listening test was constructed which requires S to monitor a relevant message and to ignore a concurrent message presented to the other ear. The test has promising validity for predicting different criteria of proficiency in flying high-performance aircraft. An analysis of the most valid type of errors suggests that a change in an existing orientation is accompanied by a transient instability of selective attention. Most errors in continuous attention are omissions, which indicate a failure of the listening set. Intrusions, which indicate a failure of selectivity, are rare and their frequency is not correlated to flight criteria.

The Perception of Distances and Spatial Relationships in Natural Outdoor Environments

Perception ◽  
10.1068/p5304 ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 34 (11) ◽  
pp. 1315-1324 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Farley Norman ◽  
Charles E Crabtree ◽  
Anna Marie Clayton ◽  
Hideko F Norman
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Binocular Vision ◽  
Line Of Sight ◽  
Large Individual ◽  
Spatial Relationships ◽  
Outdoor Environments ◽  
Perceptual Distortions ◽  
Base Width

The ability of observers to perceive distances and spatial relationships in outdoor environments was investigated in two experiments. In experiment 1, the observers adjusted triangular configurations to appear equilateral, while in experiment 2, they adjusted the depth of triangles to match their base width. The results of both experiments revealed that there are large individual differences in how observers perceive distances in outdoor settings. The observers' judgments were greatly affected by the particular task they were asked to perform. The observers who had shown no evidence of perceptual distortions in experiment 1 (with binocular vision) demonstrated large perceptual distortions in experiment 2 when the task was changed to match distances in depth to frontal distances perpendicular to the observers' line of sight. Considered as a whole, the results indicate that there is no single relationship between physical and perceived space that is consistent with observers' judgments of distances in ordinary outdoor contexts.

The Ecology of the Western Swamp Tortoise Pseudemydura Umbrina (Testudines: Chelidae).

1981 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 203 ◽  
Author(s):  
AA Burbidge
Keyword(s):  
Water Temperature ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
The Other ◽  
Restricted Range ◽  
Monotypic Genus ◽  
Insect Larvae ◽  
Relict Species ◽  
Desiccation Rate ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Growth Activity

Western swamp tortoise (Pseudemydura umbrina) was rediscovered in Western Australia in 1954. It is a relict species of a monotypic genus, of very restricted range and specialized habitat. Population was estimated to be 13 to 45 and decreasing at 1 of its 2 native reserves and to be 10 to 45 and static at the other reserve. It does not use permanent water, but lives and feeds in ephemeral winter swamps and spends the other 6 to 9 months of the year in refuges in leaf litter, under fallen branches or in holes in the ground, in contact with the soil. The tortoise is carnivorous and in the wild takes only live aquatic organisms. Captive adults will not take meat until they have starved for many months. Stomach of 1 female (Edward, pers. commun.) had aquatic crustaceans, chiefly Eulimnadia sp., with insects and insect larvae, mainly Coleoptera and Diptera. Study of faeces confirmed that observation had shown that small tadpoles and an aquatic earthworm (Eodrilus cornigravei) were eaten also. Reproduction, growth, activity relative to body and water temperature, and desiccation rate, were noted. One adult female tortoise was eaten by a fox. Foxes and bandicoots (Isoodon obesulus) eat eggs of other tortoises and would eat those of P. umbrina. Hatchlings may be eaten by large wading birds such as straw-necked ibis (Threskiornis spinicollis) and white-faced heron (Notophoyx novaehollandiae).

The Perceived Legitimacy of Rule Violating Behavior in Sport

1983 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 438-448 ◽  
Author(s):  
John M. Silva
Keyword(s):  
Sport Participation ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
The Other ◽  
Physical Contact ◽  
Levels Of Analysis ◽  
Categorical Variables ◽  
Socialization Process ◽  
Organized Sport ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Polynomial Regressions

Some sport scientists have suggested that various rule violating behaviors (including aggressive player behavior) are normative behaviors perceived to be “legitimate violations” by participants (e.g., Silva, 1981; Vaz, 1979). In an attempt to determine if sport socialization influences the degree of perceived legitimacy of rule violating sport behavior, 203 male and female athletes and nonathletes were shown a series of eight slides. Seven of these slides clearly depicted rule violating behavior. The subjects rated the unacceptability-acceptability of the behavior shown on each slide on a scale of 1 to 4 (totally unacceptable-totally acceptable). Subjects were categorized according to: (a) gender, (b) amount of physical contact, (c) highest level of organized sport participation, and (d) years of participation. Regression and polynomial regressions indicated that male respondents rated rule violating behavior significantly more acceptable than females. Trend analyses on the other categorical variables indicated support for an in-sport socialization process that legitimizes rule violating behavior. This perceived legitimacy was considerably more pronounced for males than for females at all levels of analysis.

Controlled Exertion of Force by Developmentally Delayed Young Men and Women

2005 ◽  
Vol 101 (2) ◽  
pp. 487-497
Author(s):  
Yoshinori Nagasawa ◽  
Shinichi Demura
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Young People ◽  
Voluntary Movement ◽  
Large Individual ◽  
Developmentally Delayed ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Function Test ◽  
Delayed Group ◽  
Movement Function

Present purposes were to examine the characteristics of controlled force exertion in 28 developmentally delayed young people (14 men, 14 women), and sex differences compared to 28 normal young students (14 men, 14 women). The subjects matched their submaximal grip strength to changing demand values displayed in a bar chart on the display of a personal computer. The total sum of the differences between the demand value and grip exertion value for 25 sec. was used as an evaluation parameter for the test. The controlled force exertion was significantly poorer for the developmentally delayed group than for controls, and there were large individual differences. The developmentally delayed men scored poorer than women in coordination. Like the controls, the means between trials did not decrease significantly. For these developmentally delayed subjects, performance did not improve after only a few trials. The controlled force-exertion test is useful as a voluntary movement-function test for developmentally delayed subjects.

Predator and prey detection in two species of water bear (Tardigrada)

2019 ◽  
Vol 188 (3) ◽  
pp. 860-864 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harry A Meyer ◽  
Hannah E Larsen ◽  
Nézira O Akobi ◽  
Garret Broussard
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
The Other ◽  
Physical Contact ◽  
Nutrient Agar ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Prey Detection ◽  
Potential Prey ◽  
Predator Prey ◽  
Petri Dishes

Abstract Tardigrade behavioural studies have focused on responses to abiotic environmental conditions. Predator–prey interactions have received some attention, but not how predators and prey might detect one another. Here, we investigate whether a predatory tardigrade species is attracted to, and a potential prey tardigrade avoids, areas previously occupied by the other. In our experiments, Milnesium lagniappe was the predator and Macrobiotus acadianus the prey. Petri dishes with non-nutrient agar were used as experimental arenas. In one treatment, we allowed Macrobiotus to roam over half of the agar for 20 h, while leaving the other half free of Macrobiotus. We then removed the prey and introduced the predator. In the control treatment, no prey were added. Results indicated that Milnesium individuals were significantly concentrated in the area previously occupied by Macrobiotus, whereas no such concentration was evident when Macrobiotus had not been present. A similar protocol was used to test whether Macrobiotus avoided areas previously occupied by the predator. As expected, Macrobiotus were significantly concentrated in the area never occupied by Milnesium, unlike the control treatment. These results suggest that both species can detect the other without physical contact and react accordingly. Given that the experiments were conducted in darkness, detection is probably olfactory.

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